the hemodynamics of restrictive & constrictive cardiomyopathy
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The Hemodynamics of Restrictive & Constrictive
Cardiomyopathy
Jad Skaf, M.D.
11/02/2010
• Heart disease resulting in impaired ventricular filling. High diastolic pressures are required to maintain cardiac output
• Systolic function is usually normal
• Presentation: LV or RV failure or biventricular HF
Definition
Idiopathic (Familial) Restrictive Cardiomyopathy Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Secondary Restrictive Cardiomyopathies
• InfiltrativeAmyloidosisGaucher’sHunter’s, Hurler’s
• Storage diseaseHemochromatosisPompey (glycogen)Fabry’s (glycolipid)
• Endomyocardial
Radiation-induced
Eosinophilic syndromes
Carcinoid heart disease
• Inflammatory
Sarcoidosis
Constrictive Cardiomyopathy
1-Cardiac Tamponade
2-Constrictive pericarditis
3-Effusive-constrictive pericarditis
Differentiation of Constriction vs. Restriction
• Similar clinical presentations• Different etiologies• Similar physical exam signs• Thick pericardium is not necessary or
sufficient to make diagnosis of constriction• Overlapping echo and hemodynamic
features• Important therapeutic implications
Before Cath• HISTORY
– Pericarditis, TB, CTD, Malignancy – Trauma
– Amyloidosis, Sarcoidosis
– Mantle radiation, cardiac surgery
Cath
• PHYSICAL
– JVP• CP• RCM• TR with an enlarged
compliant RA• RHF (pulm HTN, RV-MI)• Circulatory overload with
systemic congestion
– Kussmaul’s sign• RHF• Systemic venous
congestion• Severe TR
Both exhibit Impaired Diastolic Filling:
dyspnea, edema, fatigue, ascites… RHF
Constriction Restriction• Pericardial calcium• Small LV, RV• Dilated LA, RA• Doppler: ventricular
discordance• TDE: E’> 8• PA syst us < 40• Thick pericardium
usual; no biopsy
• None• Small LV , RV• Dilated LA, RA• Doppler: minimal
respiratory variation• TDE: E’<7• PA syst often > 40• Pericardium not
thickened; abnl biopsy
ECHO
• Systolic Dysfunction
• Valvular Dysfunction
• Peric. Effusion with early tamponade physiology
ECHO RULES OUT
VENTRICULAR FILLING PHYSIOLOGY
RCM
Impedance throughout DiastoleCompliance
Atrial filling at end of Diastole
Parietal Parietal PericardiumPericardium Visceral Visceral
PericardiumPericardium
Pericardial Pericardial SpaceSpace
VENTRICULAR FILLING PHYSIOLOGY
CP
Early Diastole End DiastoleMid-Diastole
Normal Compliance Abrupt cessation of ventricular filling
-Fixed intracardiac volume-Ventricular Coupling-Pressure dissociation
CATH
LV
RV
D
D D D D D D D
Traditional Criteria:
Constrictive Restrictive
EDP equalisation LVEDP-RVEDP < 5 mmHg LVEDP-RVEDP > 5 mmHg
High RVEDP RVEDP/RVESP > 1/3 RVEDP/RVESP < 1/3
PAP PASP < 55 mmHg PASP > 55 mmHg
Dip Plateau LV rapid filling wave> 7 mmHg LV rapid filling wave < 7mmHg
Kussmaul’s No Resp Var in mean RAP(<3) Resp Var in mean RAP (fall)
Traditional Criteria:
Constrictive Restrictive Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV
EDP equalisation LVEDP-RVEDP < 5 mmHg LVEDP-RVEDP > 5 mmHg
EDP equalisation 60 38 4 57
PAP PASP < 55 mmHg PASP > 55 mmHg
PAP 93 24 47 25
High RVEDP RVEDP/RVESP > 1/3 RVEDP/RVESP < 1/3
High RVEDP 93 38 52 89
Dip Plateau LV rapid filling wave> 7 mmHg LV rapid filling wave < 7mmHg
Dip Plateau 93 57 61 92
Kussmaul’s No Resp Var in mean RAP(<3) Resp Var in mean RAP (fall)
Kussmaul’s 93 48 58 92
Hurrell et al.
Hurrell et al. n=19p<0.05
Respiratory Dynamic Criteria
Cardiac Tamponade Physiology
Sharp et al. - 1960
INTRAPERICARDIALPRESSURE
INTRATHORACIC PRESSURE
PULMONARYWEDGE
PRESSURE
i e
NORMAL
““E.F.G.”E.F.G.”
““E.F.G.” E.F.G.” = Estimated Filling Gradient = Estimated Filling Gradient
Tamponade
““E.F.G.” E.F.G.” = Estimated Filling Gradient = Estimated Filling Gradient
PULMONARYWEDGE
PRESSURE
““E.F.G.”E.F.G.”
INTRAPERICARDIALPRESSURE
INTRATHORACIC PRESSURE
i e
Hatle et al, 1989
Constrictive Sensitivity Specificity PPV NPV
EDP equalisation 60 38 4 57
PAP 93 24 47 25
High RVEDP 93 38 52 89
Dip Plateau 93 57 61 92
Kussmaul’s 93 48 58 92
PCW-LV resp Gdt
LV/RV ID
Hurrell et al.
93 81 78 94
100 95 94 100
Hurrell, D. G. et al. Circulation 1996;93:2007-2013
Respiratory changes in the early diastolic transmitral pressure gradient as estimated by PCWP and left ventricular
(LV) minimum pressure
n=36 n=15
p<0.05
Hurrell, D. G. et al. Circulation 1996;93:2007-2013
Respiratory changes in LVSP and RVSP
Hatle et al, 1989
Thank you …
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