the cold war & decolonization the cold war & decolonization
Post on 04-Jan-2016
307 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
TheCold War
& Decolonization
TheCold War
& Decolonization
The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &
Eastern Bloc Nations[“Iron
Curtain”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.
METHODOLOGIES:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”
Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]
communist v. non-communist
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the From Stettin in the Baltic, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
The “Iron Curtain”The “Iron Curtain”
The “iron curtain” came to represent…The “iron curtain” came to represent…
Europe’s division into mostly democratic W. Europe’s division into mostly democratic W. Europe & Communist E. Europe.Europe & Communist E. Europe.
Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]
1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.
2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.
3.3. The U.S. should support The U.S. should support countries that rejected countries that rejected communism.communism.
4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.
Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]
1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.”Program.”
2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall
3.3. The US should provide The US should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.poverty, desperation, and chaos.
Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany
Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)
-USSR held W. Berlin hostage
-Led to Berlin airlift (US & British flew in food & supplies)
-USSR admitted defeat, lifted blockade
The Arms RaceThe Arms Race
} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.
} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!
EVENTS
THAT
INCREASED THE
TENSIONS…
EVENTS
THAT
INCREASED THE
TENSIONS…
NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization (1949)rganization (1949)
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
1983: Spain1983: SpainLed to formation of…
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RumaniaRumania
Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev
About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956
De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram
Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)
-The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the technological edge!technological edge!
- Led- Led to… rivalry between 2 to… rivalry between 2 superpowers in science and superpowers in science and educationeducation
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was
shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)
Khruschev Embraces Khruschev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961
Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
1. CIA had been training anti-Castro exiles
2. Landed at Bay of Pigs, no air support, defeated easily
3. US humiliated
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
July 1962 – Khrushchev began building 42 missile sites in Cuba
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
1. Sites discovered in October by USA
2. JFK announced naval blockade of Cuba to prevent installation of more missiles
3. People feared nuclear war for 13 days!
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and they blinked!Russians, and they blinked!
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Khrushchev agreed to remove the missiles if US promised not to invade Cuba
India Achieves FreedomIndia Achieves Freedom
(1920-1960s(1920-1960s
Gandhi
Nehru
1920:1920:
Gandhi launches first nonviolent campaign for independence. See AKS 46e for more details.
1940:1940:
Muslim League proposes Muslim League proposes partition of India:partition of India:1. Concern of Muslim League was that
Congress Party would primarily protect Hindu interests
1947:1947:
India & Pakistan become India & Pakistan become independent:independent:
Problems Faced Prior to Independence:
1. Movement of millions of ppl to new homes
2. Division of courts, military, civil service
3. Violence among religious groups
Problems in Kashmir*:Problems in Kashmir*:*Territory in northern part of India – ruler is
Hindu, but region had majority Muslim population
1. Fought over land
2. U.N. arranged cease-fire – placed 1/3 under Pakistani control & the rest under Indian control
Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru
Contributions to Contributions to Modernization & Democracy:Modernization & Democracy:1. Pushed for industrialization & social
reforms
2. Tried to elevate status of lower castes
3. Tried to improve women’s rights
Indpendence in GhanaIndpendence in GhanaTactics Used by Nkrumah:
1. Organized strikes & boycotts
Nkrumah’s Reforms:
1. Developed industry
2. Developed expensive health, welfare, & education programs
Problems:
1. Economic & political instability
The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-
1953)1953)
Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee
Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung
““Domino Theory”Domino Theory”
Background:Background:1.Taken from Japan (1945)
- Japan surrendered to USSR in north (Communist)
- Japan surrendered to USA in south (democratic)
2. Divided at 38th Parallel
Causes:Causes:Why did the UN
send an international force to Korea?
- Because South Korea asked the UN to intervene when North Koreans crossed the 38th parallel and attacked
Outcome:Outcome:July 1953 – President Eisenhower signed
cease-fire agreement
What was the legacy of the war for North Korea and South Korea?
- Communist N. Korea became a military power but declined economically
- S. Korea industrialized & prospered economically with the help of US aid
French War in VietnamFrench War in Vietnam
Background:Background:
Controlled by France (French Indochina) before WWII
Japan took control of it when France fell to Germany
Causes:Causes:Why did war break
out between the Vietnamese Nationalists and the French?
-After the Japanese lost WWII, nationalists wanted independence
- France wanted to regain its colony
Outcomes:Outcomes:What was the outcome of the war for France
and for Vietnam?
- French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu & surrendered to Ho Chi Minh
- An international peace conference divided Vietnam.
U.S. War in VietnamU.S. War in Vietnam
Causes:Causes:How did the US get involved in Vietnam?
- US feared the overthrow of the anti-Communist gov’t it helped set up in South Vietnam
- US escalated its military involvement as a result
Outcomes:Outcomes:Why did the US withdraw its troops from
Vietnam?
- Unable to win a decisive victory
- Withdrew troops in response to intense pressure at home (mostly due to protests against unfair draft practices)
Conflicts in the Middle Conflicts in the Middle EastEast
The Creation of IsraelThe Creation of Israel
Who were the Zionists?Who were the Zionists?People who favored a Jewish national homeland in Palestine
Why did the Jews claim Why did the Jews claim they had the rights to this they had the rights to this
land?land?Claims dated back 3,000 years, when Jewish kings ruled the region from Jerusalem
Why did the Arabs claim Why did the Arabs claim they had the rights to this they had the rights to this
land?land?
The land had belonged to them since the Jews were driven out around A.D. 135.
Why did the Palestinians Why did the Palestinians claim they had the rights claim they had the rights
to this land?to this land?
The land had belonged to them since their conquest of the area in the 7th century.
What did the UN General What did the UN General Assembly do in 1947?Assembly do in 1947?
Voted for a partition of Palestine into a Palestinian State and a Jewish state.
Why did the UN General Why did the UN General Assembly do this?Assembly do this?
The US & many other European nations had sympathy toward the Jews b/c of the Holocaust.
What about Jerusalem?What about Jerusalem?
It was to be an international city owned by neither side.
…on May 14, 1948
Israel is officially Israel is officially created…created…
The Development of…The Development of…
The Hydrogen BombThe Hydrogen Bomb
Who authorized the H-Who authorized the H-Bomb?Bomb?
President Harry S. Truman
When did he authorize it?When did he authorize it?
1950
When did the US When did the US successfully test the first successfully test the first
H-Bomb?H-Bomb?
1952
When did the USSR When did the USSR successfully test their successfully test their
version?version?
1953
How much more powerful How much more powerful is the H-Bomb than the A-is the H-Bomb than the A-
Bomb?Bomb?
Thousands of times
How is the H-Bomb How is the H-Bomb different from the A-different from the A-
Bomb?Bomb?Power came from fusing (joining together) of atoms rather than splitting of atoms (as with the A-Bomb)
A-Bomb H-Bomb
Policy ShiftPolicy Shift
Policy Under Eisenhower, Policy Under Eisenhower, Kennedy, & JohnsonKennedy, & Johnson
Brinkmanship
-Policy where you are willing to go to the “brink” of war
-Nuclear war seemed possible!
Policy ShiftPolicy Shift
Policy Adopted by NixonPolicy Adopted by Nixon
Detente
-Policy of lessening Cold War tensions
Led to SALT Treaties
SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties
Stands For…Stands For…
Strategic
Arms
Limitation
Talks
SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties
SALT ISALT I
Who signed it?Who signed it?
1.President Nixon (USA)
2.Leonid Breshnev (USSR)
SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties
SALT ISALT I
When?When?
May 1972
SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties
SALT ISALT I
What was the agreement?What was the agreement?Limited the number of ICBM & submarine-launched missiles each country could have
SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties
SALT IISALT II
Who signed it?Who signed it?
1.President Carter (USA)
2.Leonid Breshnev (USSR)
SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties
SALT IISALT II
When?When?
June 1979
SALT TreatiesSALT Treaties
SALT IISALT II
Failed - Why?Failed - Why?
Soviets invaded Afghanistan later in the year – Congress refused to ratify it
Differing PoliciesDiffering Policies
USSR under Khrushchev USSR under Khrushchev (1953-1964)(1953-1964)
-Wanted to maintain a peaceful coexistence between socialism/communism & capitalism
-Periods of peace, periods of crisis
-Wanted to be friends with the West, but also wanted to show he was a firm defender of the Socialist camp
Differing PoliciesDiffering Policies
USSR under Gorbachev USSR under Gorbachev (1985-1991)(1985-1991)
1. GLASTNOST (openness):
- Churches opened, dissidents released from prison, freedom of speech granted
2. PERESTROIKA (economic restructuring):
- Goal was not to throw out communism, but move more toward capitalism
China:China:
Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
Tank Man
China:China:
Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
When?When?
1989
China:China:
Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
Who?Who?
Chinese Students
China:China:
Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
What?What?
Protest for Democracy
China:China:
Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
What Happened?What Happened?1.Deng declared martial law &
ordered troops to surround Beijing
China:China:
Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
What Happened?What Happened?2. Thousands of heavily armed
troops stormed square
3. Tanks smashed through barricades
China:China:
Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
What Happened?What Happened?2. Soldiers sprayed gunfire into
crowd
3. Killed hundreds; wounded thousands
China:China:
Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square
Government Response?Government Response?1.Began to stamp out protests
2.Arrested thousands
Germany:Germany:
Fall of the Berlin WallFall of the Berlin Wall
Germany:Germany:
East German Gov’t Closes East German Gov’t Closes Borders – Why?Borders – Why?
1. Hungary was allowing vacationing East German tourists to cross border into Austria
2. From there, they could go to West Germany
Germany:Germany:
What happened in What happened in response?response?
1.Huge demonstrations
Germany:Germany:
What were they What were they demanding?demanding?
1. Right to travel freely
2. Later demanded free elections
Germany:Germany:
When did the wall When did the wall officially come down?officially come down?
November 9, 1989
Germany:Germany:
What did this mean for E. What did this mean for E. German Communist Party?German Communist Party?
It ceased to exist.
South Africa:South Africa:
Anti-ApartheidAnti-Apartheid
South Africa:South Africa:
What is apartheid?What is apartheid?
Strict separation of blacks and whites
South Africa:South Africa:
African National CongressAfrican National Congress
Formed to fight for the rights of black South Africans
South Africa:South Africa:
Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela1.Leader of ANC2.Put in prison w/ many others by
white gov’t – served 27 years3.Later became South Africa’s
President
South Africa:South Africa:
Anti-Apartheid MovementAnti-Apartheid Movement
1. Violent riots in protest2. Other countries boycotted goods
produced by S. Africa
South Africa:South Africa:
End of ApartheidEnd of Apartheid
1. 1990 – F.W. de Klerk made ANC legal & released Mandela from prison
2. S. African parliament passed a law ending apartheid
Mandela’s Speech
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5OJ205MdKI
top related