the church-and-crusades lecture ver

THE CHURCH1000 CE – 1300 CE& THE CRUSADES

Section 1 The Catholic

Influence Daily LifeReligious CeremoniesHolidays to honor Saints/eventsNo meat on FridaysMass on SundayChurch ran schools, hospitalsMonks, Nuns helped travelersPriests –births, marriages, burials

Political Life

Helped govern

Were lords and vassals

Advised king

Canon law first

Excommunicated

The Inquisition

• Problem with heresy• 1129 council of bishops• Inquisition • 1 month for confession• Whipping and jail time• Seizure of non-confessors• 2 witnesses• Confessors sentenced• Non-confessors tortured

Attempts at Reform

• Tithing at 10%• Nobles donated land

and money• Monks became careless• Selling of “religious

office”• Church under scrutiny

The Monks of Cluny

• Devout fight back• Benedictine Rule• Cluny Monastery• Simple, prayerful• Followed the Pope• Leadership spread

Pope Gregory VII

• Pope was powerful– Religiously/politically

• Ruled from Rome• College of Cardinals• 2 goals as Pope

– Rid the Church of kings/nobles– Increase Pope’s power over Church officials

• Dismissed those who “sold” offices• No marriage

1075 Document lays out Pope’s powers

• Power above the kings and nobles• Choose bishops/church leaders• Government officials removed who

disobeyed• People followed only officials who

followed the Pope

Friars

• 1200’s – spread the word of Christianity and reform

• Like Monks• Sold all belongings• Depended on the people • Did not marry• Roamed from town to town

Orders of Friars

Franciscans– Founded by Francis of Assisi– Cheerfulness, confidence– Nature should be respected

Dominicans

•Founded by Spanish monk named Dominic•Life of poverty•Studied languages•Words and deeds showed loyalty

Going to School in the Middle Ages

• Cathedrals- headed by bishops• Main goal:

– Prepare noble’s SONS for the Church– Government workers – Lawyers– teachers

What did the boys study?

•7 subjects• Grammar• Rhetoric• Logic• Arithmetic• Geometry• Astronomy• Music

• Fæder ure, ðu ðe eart on heofenum, si ðin nama gehalgod; to-becume ðin rice; geweorþe ðin willa on eorðan swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge dæghwamlican hlaf syle us to-deag, and forgyf us ure gyltas swa swa we forgifaþ urum gyltendum, ane ne gelæde ðu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfle. Amen.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Wl-OZ3breE

No free education!

• Paid fees for school• Rented hall• Few books• memorization

Off to college…

• University system created from desire to learn

• Union formed between students/teachers

• Union becomes the “university”• 1200’s spreads throughout Europe

How did the University work?

• Chancellor– Permission to teach– Set times for class– Listened to lectures– Pass tests

• Lecturers (teachers)– 21 yrs old– 6 yrs study

Dorm Life…

• 1st lived in boarding houses• Rich sponsors

– Built special buildings (dorms)

• Rules for the dorm– Attend daily Mass– Could not gamble, disturb the peace– Could not practice sword fighting– punished

The Crusades

1071- 1800’s (11th to 17th Century)

The Crusades• Traditional Numbering = 9• Traditional Timeline = 11th to 13th Century• Arbitrary & Exclusionary

Modern View• 16-20 Recognized

“Crusades”• Expeditions continued

into the 17th Century

• Areas included:• Iberian Peninsula• Central Europe• Holy Land

• People Persecuted• Muslims• Jews• Pagans• Christian Heretics• Personal Enemies of the Pope• Personal Enemies of Kings

List of Crusades• First Crusade of Jerusalem

1095–1099– “Peasants Crusade”– “Nobles Crusade”

• Siege of Jerusalem 1099• Crusade of 1101• Norwegian Crusade 1107–1110• Second Crusade 1147–1149 • Third Crusade 1187–1192 • Fourth Crusade 1202–1204• Albigensian Crusade • Children's Crusade• Fifth Crusade 1217–1221

•Sixth Crusade 1228–1229 •Seventh Crusade 1248–1254 •Eighth Crusade 1270 •Ninth Crusade 1271–1272 •Northern Crusades

•Crusades of the Teutonic Order•Swedish Crusades

•Other•Wendish Crusade•Stedinger Crusade•Aragonese Crusade•Alexandrian Crusade•Mahdian Crusade•Crusade against the Tatars•Hussite Crusade

The “CAUSE”

• 1071 Turks conquered Jerusalem• Controlled shrines• Trouble for Christians• Shock in Europe• 200 years of “holy wars”

and then…

• Turks continue to expand• Threaten Byzantine empire• Pope Urban II for help• Unite Eastern Orthodox Church

Change the focus….

• Stop “civil war,” focus on Turks• Underfed• Rich, fertile land• Free debts, taxes• God would forgive sins• Red Cross on tunics

The First Crusade of Jerusalem

Europe at the Time of the First Crusades

The Peasants’ Crusade(part of the First Crusade)

• Deus Vult – It Is The Will of God

• 6 months campaigning• April to October 1096• Christians and duty• Nobles wanted

land/fame• Peasants wanted

change

and so it goes….

• 1096: 12,000 untrained men from France

• 2 groups of peasants from Germany• “God’s help”• Attacked, looted, burned• Massacred Jews

– Non-Christian = enemy

• Villagers fought back– Poison– Attacked camps

Route of the First Crusade : Peasant’s

Crusade

and so it ends….

• Constantinople– 1/3 gone, broke, rags, stealing

• Sent to Asia Minor– Supplies/ships– Wiped out

The Nobles’ Crusade (also part of the First

Crusade)• 1097: Lords their Crusade

– Vassals, wives, kids, clerks, cooks, blacksmiths

– Supplied themselves

• 30,000 to Asia Minor– Defeat Turks– Head for Syria

Route of the First Crusade : Noble’s

Crusade

and they trudge forward…

• Syria• Starvation, dehydration• Capture Syrian cities• Toward the final Destination:

Jerusalem, The Holy City

The Path to Jerusalem

• Raymond of Toulouse– Successful Siege of Edessa

in February 1098 – Successful Siege of

Antioch in June 1098– Successful Seige of

Ma’arrat January 1099

moving ever closer…• January 13, 1099

– Godfrey of Bouillon– Raymond of Toulouse– Robert of Flanders– Robert of Normandy– Tancred of Bohemond

• March to Arqa– Little resistance along Mediterranean Coast– Peace treaties & supplies– Sunni had problems with Shi’ite Fatimid

rule

Arqa & Jerusalem

• Siege of Arqa lasted until May 13– left having captured nothing

• The Fatimids who ruled Arqa – Attempted to make peace– Asked that the crusaders not

continue towards Jerusalem

Arqa & Jerusalem

• The Fatimid governor of Jerusalem was aware of the Crusaders' intentions

• Expelled all of Jerusalem's Christian inhabitants

• Poisoned most of the wells outside the City proper

Siege of JerusalemEnd of the First Crusade

• 1099: June 7 to July 15• City held by Fatimid Egypt• Stormed & captured the City• Killed Turks, Jews &

Eastern Christians• City was looted of:

Gold RelicsGoods SilverLivestock Slaves Silver

“The Kingdom Beyond the Sea”

• Crusades lose steam• Return home• 4 feudal kingdoms• Outremer

– The Kingdom Beyond the Sea

Outremer1. County of

Edessa2. Principality of

Antioch3. County of

Tripoli4. Kingdom of

Jerusalem

• Takeover of estates– Turkish– Arab

• How the system worked– Arab peasants worked the land, orchards,

vineyards– Served as advisers, managers– Friendships developed with Muslims

• Knew much about medicine, science, math

– Times of peace• Crusaders hunted, ran estates, attended court

• How did they live?– Built a castle, bigger and better– Changed clothing styles– Changed hygiene habits– Changed eating habits

Saladin and the Crusade of Kings

• 1174- Saladin, ruler of Egypt• United Muslims• Christian occupation• The Military

– Emirs• Honesty, consideration

– Shocked by Christians– Rode on ponies– Short bows– Crusaders had long bows and heavy

armor• Learned to use the crossbow

• Saladin took Jerusalem– Refusal

to massacre

– Much respect

Route of the Second Crusade

2nd Crusade of Kings

• Urged by the Church• Led by 3 most powerful rulers in

Europe– King Richard I, England– Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of

Germany– King Philip II Augustus of France

King Phillip II

King Richard

Emperor Barbarossa

A Failure of a Crusade

• Frederick dies in Asia Minor• Philip & Richard always fighting

– Took a few towns together– Philip returns to France– Richard left to fight alone

• Richard the Lionheart– Brave warrior– 3 years signed truce– Jerusalem still under Muslim control

The Loss of an Ideal

• 1202 Pope Innocent III calls for another crusade

• Knights answered the call

• Came by sea• Used Venice as a port

– Made deal with Venetians– Zara– Constantinople

• Divided city• Shocked western Europeans

Route of the Third Crusade

Other Crusades

• Several fought—none won• Children’s crusade- 1212• Elements:

– Visions by a Boy– French or German– Convert Muslims Peacefully– Bands of Children marching– Italy & / or ships– Children being sold

Traditional Interpretation

• A Boy was called by Jesus• Lead a Crusade• Convert Muslims

Traditional Interpretation

• Two merchants gave "free" passage on • Taken to Tunisia and sold into slavery• Died in a shipwreck on off Sardinia • Some failed to reach the sea• Died from starvation and exhaustion.• Scholarship has shown this long-standing

view to be more legend than fact.

Modern Interpretation

• Two Movements– Germany, across the Alps– French city of Cloyes

• GERMANY– Nicolas– Spring of 1212– Arrived in Genoa

Modern Interpretation

• Two Movements– Germany, across the Alps– French city of Cloyes

• FRANCE– 12 yr old Shepherd named Stephen– 30,000 people gathered to see Miricles– No plans for Jerusalem

Modern Interpretation

• Not really children– Latin “pueri” = “boys”

• 1300’s = “wandering poor”

• 1291- Acre– Last Christian stronghold– Managed to regain all the land in

Palestine

Effects of the Crusades

• Interest in learning• Luxuries items• New trade – new towns

Effects of the Crusades• Effected by Near East and western

Europe• Permanent split between Byzantines

Church (eastern) and western church• Broke down feudalism in Europe

– Kings increased power/authority– Power overcame religion