studi milgram ppt
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The Milgram Obedience Studies(1963 196!"
#nd $Milgram %e&isited'
(erry )urger* +,,9"
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-/erimental 0uestion
2nder what conditions will /eo/le carry
out the commands o an authority igure
and when will they reuse to obey45 Milgram* S. (1963". )eha&ioral Study o
Obedience. ournal o #bnormal and Social
Psychology* 6* 31738.
5 Milgram* S. (196!". Some conditions o
obedience and disobedience to authority. uman
%elations* 18* !76
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Milgram Study Setu/
Sub:ects were told that they were /artici/ating in astudy on the eect o /unishment on memory
One $/artici/ant' in the study 7 the $learner' ($Mr.;allace' 7 real name )ob Mc
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Milgram Study Setu/
The $learner' is hoo=ed u/ to what a//ears tobe a shoc= generating machine with 3,switches labeled rom $Slight Shoc=' to$ Se&ere Shoc='
The $teachers' were gi&en a shoc= o ?! &oltsto con&ince them that the shoc=s were real
The $learner@s' res/onse to the Auestions isscri/ted (and /layed bac= on a ta/e recorder"
#t 1!, &olts the $learner' is heard as=ing thatthe e/eriment sto/
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Milgram Study Setu/
-/erimenter /rom/ts> i the $teacher'
ob:ected to continuing the e/eriment*
the e/erimenter@s scri/t included theollowing /rom/ts>
5 Please continue (or $Please go on'"
5 The e/eriment reAuires that you continue5 Bt is absolutely essential that you continue
5 Cou ha&e no other choice* you must go on
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Milgram Study %esults
Milgram> $There were /owerul reactions o tensionand emotional strain in a substantial /ro/ortion othe /artici/ants. Persons were obser&ed to sweat*tremble* stutter* bite their li/sD'
%emar=s rom two sub:ects>5 $Bs he banging4 Bs he hurt out there4 ;ell* B don@t want to be
res/onsible or anything that ha//ens to him. Eo* B can@t go on withit. B don@t =now whether he@s all right or not. B mean he may ha&e aheart condition or something. B wouldn@t eel right doing itD.B don@tsee any sense to thisDB :ust can@t see it
5 $Cou want me to =ee/ going4 Cou hear him hollering4 ;hat i
something ha//ens to him4 B reuse to ta=e res/onsibilityD.
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Milgram Study %esults
The e/erimental setu/ was described to ?,/sychiatrists. They /redicted that no one
would go beyond the 1,th le&el (1!, &olts" #ctual results> 6! o the sub:ects obeyedthe e/erimenter and shoc=ed the $learner'all the way to ?!, &olts ($Se&ere Shoc='"
Eo dierence between men and women
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Milgram> ;hat Cou May Eot a&e eard
The $learner'* Mr. Mc
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;hy
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;hy agreeing to small reAuests* such as/ressing the low7&oltage switches* can change the way /eo/le thin=about themsel&es. Partici/ants may ha&e come to see themsel&es as the=ind o /ersons who ollow the e/erimenter@s instructions
-scalation o Iommitment7 $well* B@m in it this ar* might as well go all thewayD'
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;hy
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;hy
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Milgram@s #dditional %esearch Findings
Ionditions that decreased obedience>
5 1" Proimity o the $learner'>
obedience decreased i the learner was in the
same room as the teacher
Obedience decreased i the teacher had to
/hysically /lace the learner@s hand on a shoc=
/late
Explanation> &isual cues o someone else@s/ain triggers an em/athic res/onse
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Milgram@s #dditional %esearch Findings
Ionditions that decreased obedience>5 +" Iloseness o the authority igure
2sually the e/erimenter sat a ew eet away rom theteacher
Obedience decreased when the e/erimenterD5 let the lab and ga&e the instructions by tele/hone
5 was ne&er seen and instructions were let on a ta/e recorder
#lso ound> when the e/erimenter was in another roomor when he was not /resent the $teachers' alsely re/ortedhow much shoc= they were gi&ing the $learner'
-/lanation> /eo/le will ta=e a stronger stand when theydo not ha&e to encounter an authority igure ace7to7ace
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Milgram@s #dditional %esearch Findings
Ionditions that decreased obedience
5 3" Prestige o the e/erimenter
The initial studies too= /lace at Cale 2ni&ersity
with the e/erimenter dressed in a white labcoat
Obedience decreased when the study was
mo&ed to )ridge/ort* Ionnecticut and
conducted by the ictional $%esearch#ssociates o )ridge/ort'
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Milgram Study %esults
Ionditions that decreased obedience
5 ?" disobedient models
;hen other $teachers' (who were actuallyconederates o the e/erimenter" sat with the
teacher and disobeyed the e/erimenter* 9,
o the real sub:ects disobeyed as well
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Milgram@s Ionclusions
$The results* as seen and elt in the laboratory* are tothis author disturbing. They raise the /ossibility thathuman nature* or more s/eciically the =ind ocharacters /roduced in #merican democratic society*cannot be counted on to insulate its citiHens rom
brutality and inhumane treatment at the direction omale&olent authority. # substantial /ro/ortion o/eo/le do what they are told to do irres/ecti&e o thecontent o the act and without limitations oconscience* so long as they /ercei&e that the
command comes rom a legitimate authority.'5 Stanley Milgram* Some Ionditions o Obedience and
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Milgram@s Ionclusions
B in this study an anonymous e/erimenter
could successully command adults to
subdue a ity7one year old man* and orce onhim /ainul electric shoc=s against his
/rotests one can only wonder what
go&ernment* with its &astly greater authority
and /restige can command o its sub:ects.'5 Stanley Milgram* Some Ionditions o Obedience and
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%e/licating Milgram
erry M. )urger* Santa Ilara 2ni&ersity> %e/licating Milgram>;ill Peo/le Still Obey Today4 #merican Psychologist* anuary+,,9.
)urger re/licates Milgram study* but with theollowing saeguards>5 $The 1!, &olt solution'
5 +7ste/ sub:ect screening /rocess
5 %e/eated reminders that sub:ects could withdraw at any time
5 Lower &oltage $sam/le shoc=' (1! &olts &s. ?! &olts in Milgram@s study"
5
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)urger@s Saeguards
$The 1!, olt Solution'5#ter the $teacher' /resses the 1!, &olt switch>5 The $learner' is heard demanding to be released rom the study
5 $Eearly e&ery /artici/ant /aused* and most turned to the e/erimenter to
indicate &erbally or non&erbally their reluctance to continue.' 7 )urger* +,,95 The data>
79% of the teachers who went past 150 volts continued all the wayto 450 volts
$Dthe 1!,7&olt switch is something o a /oint o no return.'
Since this is so* then why not ha&e a shoc= machine with switches that
go all the way to ?!, &olts* but sto/ the study i and when a $teacher'/resses the 1!, &olts switch (he or she would /robably ha&e gone allthe way to ?!, anyway"
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)urger@s Saeguards
Two ste/ sub:ect screening /rocess
1" 0uestionnaires>#> Si Auestions(created by + clinical /sychologists" were as=ed o /otential
/artici/ants. -am/les>
$a&e you e&er been diagnosed with a /sychiatric disorder4
#re you currently recei&ing /sychothera/y4
#re you currently ta=ing any medications or emotional diiculties such as aniety orde/ression4
#nswer Nyes@ to any Auestion 7 you were ecluded rom the study)>Four scales> Those who made it through the abo&e Auestions were then gi&en
the ollowing scales to ill out>
Bnter/ersonal %eacti&ity Bnde (etent to which you e/erience em/athy or others 7might you be less li=ely to obey4"
)ec= #niety Bn&entory
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)urger@s Saeguards
+" Bnter&iews>5 0uestionnaires illed out in ste/ 1 were
gi&en to a licensed clinical /sychologist*who conducted an inter&iew with thesub:ects (a&erage> 3, minutes"
5 $O the 1+3 /eo/le who /artici/ated in this
second screening /rocess* ? (38.+"were ecluded rom the study by theclinical /sychologist' 7 /. 6
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)urger@s -/erimental Ionditions
1" Base Condition> /retty much the same e/erimental setu/ as
Milgram>5 %igged drawing to determine $learner' and $teacher'
5 Ionederate gets stra//ed into a chair with electrodes attached*etc. $Learner' e/lains that he had a $slight heart condition'
5 $Teacher' is sat down in ront o the $shoc= machine' and gi&en
+! word /airs (e> $strong7arm'" and is5 Pre7recorded sounds were /layed at /re7determined shoc=
switches (e> grunts"
5 1!, &olt le&el> $2gh. That@s all. Get me out o here. B told you Bhad heart trouble. My heart@s starting to bother me now. Getme out o here /lease. My heart@s starting to bother me. B
reuse to go on. Let me out.'
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)urger@s -/erimental Ionditions
1" Base Condition(con@t"5 The $e/erimenter' ga&e the same /rods as in the Milgram study>
$Please go on' or $Please continue'
The e/eriment reAuires that you continue'
Bt is absolutely essential that you continue'
Cou ha&e no other choice* you must continue'
5 The e/eriment ended when either> The teacher reused to continue
The teacher read the net item on the list o word /airs after havingpressed the 150 volt switch (a beha&ior which would indicate that the
sub:ect would /robably continue as=ing Auestions and shoc=ing thelearner and* in )urger@s estimation* would ha&e continued all the way to?!, &olts"
5 #n immediate debrieing occurred
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)urger@s -/erimental Ionditions
+" odeled !efusal Condition5 Same basic setu/ as in condition 1 ece/t>
5 Two /eo/le would act as teachers> the real sub:ect and* un=nown to thereal sub:ect* a conederate o the e/erimenter who would also act as ateacher.
5 This $second teacher' was always chosen as $teacher 1' and he or shewould begin as=ing the Auestions and administering the $shoc=s' while$teacher +' (the real sub:ect" watched.
5 #ter hearing the $ugh' sound when the ! &olt switch was /ressed* theteacherconederate said* $B don@t =now about this'. The e/erimenterre/lied* $Please continue'. The teacherconederate said* $B don@t thin= Bcan do this' and /ushed his chair away rom the shoc= machine.
5 The e/erimenter as=ed the real sub:ect to /ic= u/ where teacher 1 had
let o5 The teacherconederate sat Auietly during the rest o the study* a&oiding
eye contact with the real sub:ect.
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)urger@s
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)urger@s
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)urger@s %esults
)ase condition> ,had to be sto//ed ater administeringthe 1!, &olts (/rediction> they would ha&e gone on to ?!,&olts"
Modeled %eusal Iondition> 63had to be sto//ed ateradministering the 1!, &olts
Eo statistical dierence between the two conditions (this iscontrary to )urger@s /rediction that modeled reusal would decrease
obedience"
Eo statistical dierence between men and women* and eitherno or minor eects or desirability or control or em/athy
Eo statistical dierencebetween )urger@s )ase condition
and the similar condition in Milgram@s study
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)urger@s Ionclusions $My /artial re/lication o Milgram@s /rocedure suggests that a&erage
#mericans react to this laboratory situation today much the sameway they did ?! years agoD.the same situational actors that
aected obedience in Milgram@s /artici/ants still o/erate today.'7 /.8
$B cannot say with absolute certainty that the /resent /artici/antswould ha&e continued to the end o the shoc= generator@s range at arate similar to Milgram@s /artici/antsD. howe&er* numerous studies
ha&e demonstrated the eect o incrementally larger reAuests.'7 /. 8
$B inter/ret this high rate o obedience Das a demonstration o the
/ower o Dsituational orcesD'7 /. 9
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#lan -lms Iomment
e e/ected there to be less obedience in the)urger study because o how the world haschanged since Milgram@s time>
5 Teachings o ML and other social acti&ists
5 $dece/ti&e go&ernment eorts'
5 N6,s> less trust in go&ernment
5 ideo o the Milgram study>
Sub:ects had crew cuts Many reerred to the e/erimenter as $Sir'
5 PubliciHing o Milgram@s study
5 $Mall Io/'
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#lan -lms Iomment )elie&es that )urger did not ind a lower le&el o obedience because*
in his eort to get B%) a//ro&al or the study* he ecluded many/artici/ants who /robably would not ha&e obeyed>
5 Peo/le who had heard o the Milgram study
5 Peo/le who $might ha&e a negati&e reaction to the e/erience' These are eactly the /eo/le who would ha&e disobeyed
5)urger ga&e /artici/ants only a 1! &olt shoc= instead o Milgram@s?! &olts
This $Dmay ha&e led them to assume that the shoc= generatorwas not really that shoc=ing.'
5 $For all these reasons* the /artici/ants who sur&i&ed )urger@sdouble screening and who then aced the redeined shoc= board
may ha&e been considerably more obedient on a&erage than anunscreened /o/ulationD' 7 -lms* /. 3!
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%esources
ABC National Radio program, Beyond the Shock Machine:htt/>www.abc.net.aurnradioeyestories+,,8+3!81,3.htm
http://www.stanleymilgram.com/
Burger, J.M. (2009). Replication milgram: woulud people still obey today?.American Psychologist, January 2009.
Elms, A. C. (2009). Obedience Lite. American Psychologist, January 2009.
Milgram* S. (1963". )eha&ioral Study o Obedience. ournal o #bnormal andSocial Psychology* 6* 31738.
Milgram* S. (196!". Some conditions o obedience and disobedience to authority.uman %elations* 18* !76
Bnter&iew with htt/>www.n/r.orgtem/latesstorystory./h/4storyBdQ1,!31,?+?tQ1Q1,+1
Eew Cor= Times>
5 htt/>www.nytimes.com+,,8,,1healthresearch,1mind.html ;i=i/edia> htt/>en.wi=i/edia.orgwi=iStanleyRMilgram
http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/health/research/01mind.htmlhttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/health/research/01mind.html -
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%esources
ideos>
http://www.livevideo.com/video/7CB9CBD939C648519A52B18224199D3F/milgram-experiment.aspx
5 htt/>www.youtube.comwatch4&QnS8Psb%2=MeatureQrelated
5 htt/>www.youtube.comwatch4&QAo2F!AnB7-
5 htt/>www.youtube.comwatch4&QCn!www.youtube.comwatch4&Qy6GBul:T3w
5 htt/>derrenbrownart.comblog4/Q+1,+
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