spanish 4 grammar book revised

Crisi Coleman

SPANISH 4 GRAMMAR BOOK

1. Presente

2. Ser y estar

3. Gustar + nouns/articles/adj

4. Preterite vs imperfect

5. Subj. in noun clause

6. Sub. In adj clauses

7. Commands

8. Object pronouns

9. Possessive adj/pronouns

10. Demonstrative adj/pronouns

11. Reflexives

12. Por & para

13. To become: hacerse, ponerse, volv

erse, llegar a ser

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2nd semester

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AR

oasa

amosáisan

ER

oese

emoséisen

IR

oese

imosís

en

EL PRESENTE

Drop the infinitive ending and add the conjugation to what

it needs to be.

Ser: to be (permanence)

Nationality

Profession

Characteristics of people/generalizations

Possessions

Material of coposition

Time, date, or season.

Where/when an event takes place.

Expected qualities

Estar: to be (temporary)

Location/spacial relationships

Health

Physical states/conditions

Emotional states

Certain weather expressions

Ongoing actions- progressive

Results of actions- past participles

Variable qualities

SER Y ESTAR

Me/te/le/les/nos gusta/gustan

Gusta is used for items being liked that are singular. If there is a verb after ‘gusta’, use the verb’s infinitive.

Me gusta comer manzanas y fresas. I like to eat apples and strawberries.

Me gustan las manzanas. I like apples.

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR: fascinar, encantar, molestar, preocupar, interesar, dolar, faltar, aburri

r, disgustar, apetecer, etc.

a + prepositional pronoun or a + noun = emphasize who is pleased, bothered, etc.

GUSTAR + NOUNS/ARTICLES/ADJ

Preterite

éaste

óamosasteisaron

Imperfect

abaabasaba

ábamosabaisaban

PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT

Both indicate the past. However, preterite is used for

past actions that are ‘completed’, meaning you can’t

come back and continue to do them. Imperfect is

generally used for ‘incomplete’ actions- there is no

inferred beginning or end. They could still be

happening right now.

Alena no corre hoy. Alena is not running today. (correr)

Quiero que compres el arbol de navidad. I want you to buy the

christmas tree. (comprar)

Deseo que te corres. I want you to run. (correr)

The ending is changed to the opposite vowel.

SUBJ IN NOUN CLAUSES

An adjective clause helps describe a noun in detail.

No hay nada ahi que me guste. There is nothing there that I

like.

Since it uses subjunctive, you flip the ending of the conjugated

verb to that of the opposite vowel.

Ar- er/ir

Er/ir- ar

SUBJ IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

AFFIRMATIVE

Tú- drop the s

Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon,sal, se, ten, ven

Ud/Uds- put it in ‘yo’ and change to opposite vowel.

irregulars- TVDISHES

NEGATIVE

Tu- put in ‘yo’, change to opposite vowel, add an s. (TVDISHES)

Ud/Uds- same as positive Ud/Uds (irr. TVDISHES)

COMMANDS

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Direct

object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb.

Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an

action is done.

Indirect: me te le nos os les

Direct: me te lo/la nos os los/las

OBJECT PRONOUNS

Adjectives describe nouns

Pronouns take the place of nouns

mi(s)my

mi gatomis gatos

tu(s):your (fam. sing.)

tu gatotus

su(s)his, her, your (formal), their

su gatosus gatos

nuestro(-a, -os, -as):

ournuestro gato

nuestras gatos

vuestro(-a, -

os, -as)your (fam. pl.)vuestro gato

vuestras gatos

POSSESSIVE ADJ/PRONOUNS

Ése- that

ésa

ésos

ésas

Éste- this

ésta

éstos

éstas

Aquél- that

Aquélla

Aquéllos

Aquélla

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND

PRONOUNS

Reflexive verbs end in ‘se’.

lavarto wash (non-reflexive)

lavarseto wash oneself (reflexive)

rascarto scratch (non-reflexive)

rascarseto scratch oneself (reflexive)

When conjugated, you conjugated the ‘se’ into what it needs to me (e.g. me, te, le, etc.) and put it in front of the verb.

Te lavas

Le rasca

REFLEXIVES

POR: Por has seven special uses:

General location & motion

Duration of action

Motive of action

Object of search

Translation of ‘by’

Exchange or substitution

Unit of MeasureIt is used more as ‘for’, whereas para can mean ‘through’ or ‘by’.

Gracias por el regalo.

PARA: Para also has seven uses.

Expresses destination

Deadline or specific future destination

Purpose/goal + infinitive (In order for…)

Purpose + noun (In order for ____)

Recipient

Comparison or opinion

In the employ of… (she works for…)

Este libro es para mi hermana.

POR Y PARA

hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser: these all mean ‘to

become’.

Ponerse/Volverse are followed by an adjective and infer a

change in physical or emotional state.

Hacerse/llegar a ser are followed by a noun or an adjective

and infer a change in something due to effort.

Mari se pone verde cuando enferma. Mari turns green when

she is sick.

Llegó a ser muy popular a escuela. He became very popular

at school.

TO BECOME

1. Reflexive verbs

2. Future/Conditional

3. Lo Neuter

4. Present Perfect

5. Relative Pronouns

2ND SEMESTER

In reflexive construction, the subject of the verb performs and receives the action.

Me te se nos les

Aburrir- to bore, aburrirse- to become bored

Acordar- to agree, acordarse- to remember

Comer- to eat, comerse- to eat up

Dormir- to sleep, dormirse- to fall asleep

Ir- to go, irse- to go away from

Quitar- to take away, quitarse- to take off (clothing)

Parecer- to seem, parecerse (a)- to resemble, to look like

A, de, and en added to the reflexive will make it mean about, to, of.

REFLEXIVE VERBS

FUTURE & CONDITIONAL

The Future tense is used to

indicate that something willhappen in the nearby future.

-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án are used for all regular

verbs. THEY ARE ADDED TO THE

INFINITIVE IN ITS TOTALITY.

Comeré- I will eat.

Caminaremos- we will walk.

Irregulars:

saber, poner, venir, salir, hacer, de

cir, tener, haber, etc.

The conditional tense is used

to indicate that a person

should have, could have, or

would have applied an action

(also for probably or possibly).

ía

ías

ía

íamosíais

ían are applied to the

INFINITIVE IN ITS TOTALITY.

Lo + adjective is usually translated to The adjective

thing/part/one/style or What is adjective

Veo lo triste que es. I see how sad it is.

Lo que quiero es tu VIDA. What I want is

your life. ;)

LO NEUTER

Hacer + ado/ido = (noun) HAS done the verb.

If you are using reflexives, put the reflexive prefix IN FRONT of the conjugated hacer.

He

Has

Ha

Han

Hemos

He sido triste porque mi mama es enferma

I have been sad because my mom is sick.

PRESENT PERFECT

Que Quien(es) Lo Que Cuyo

that, which, who

used when there

is not a

preposition. Add

el or la when

there IS a

preposition.

Who, whom,

that

Refers ONLY to

people- often

used with a

preposition or

the personal ‘a’.

What, that

which, or the

thing that….

A relative

adjective relates

the owner to

that which is

owned, as does

"whose".

Refers to things

or people

Set off by

commas-

occasionally use

que.

Idea/situation/p

ast event

Use it to say

______, whose

_______ is _____

El hombre que

limpia es Pedro.

Lourdes, quien

estudia español

es muy

intelegente.

Lo que quiero es

una casa en

Acapulco.

La mujer, cuyo

casa es

pequeña, tiene

muchas gatas.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS