spanish 4 grammar book revised
TRANSCRIPT
Crisi Coleman
SPANISH 4 GRAMMAR BOOK
1. Presente
2. Ser y estar
3. Gustar + nouns/articles/adj
4. Preterite vs imperfect
5. Subj. in noun clause
6. Sub. In adj clauses
7. Commands
8. Object pronouns
9. Possessive adj/pronouns
10. Demonstrative adj/pronouns
11. Reflexives
12. Por & para
13. To become: hacerse, ponerse, volv
erse, llegar a ser
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2nd semester
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AR
oasa
amosáisan
ER
oese
emoséisen
IR
oese
imosís
en
EL PRESENTE
Drop the infinitive ending and add the conjugation to what
it needs to be.
Ser: to be (permanence)
Nationality
Profession
Characteristics of people/generalizations
Possessions
Material of coposition
Time, date, or season.
Where/when an event takes place.
Expected qualities
Estar: to be (temporary)
Location/spacial relationships
Health
Physical states/conditions
Emotional states
Certain weather expressions
Ongoing actions- progressive
Results of actions- past participles
Variable qualities
SER Y ESTAR
Me/te/le/les/nos gusta/gustan
Gusta is used for items being liked that are singular. If there is a verb after ‘gusta’, use the verb’s infinitive.
Me gusta comer manzanas y fresas. I like to eat apples and strawberries.
Me gustan las manzanas. I like apples.
VERBS LIKE GUSTAR: fascinar, encantar, molestar, preocupar, interesar, dolar, faltar, aburri
r, disgustar, apetecer, etc.
a + prepositional pronoun or a + noun = emphasize who is pleased, bothered, etc.
GUSTAR + NOUNS/ARTICLES/ADJ
Preterite
éaste
óamosasteisaron
Imperfect
abaabasaba
ábamosabaisaban
PRETERITE VS IMPERFECT
Both indicate the past. However, preterite is used for
past actions that are ‘completed’, meaning you can’t
come back and continue to do them. Imperfect is
generally used for ‘incomplete’ actions- there is no
inferred beginning or end. They could still be
happening right now.
Alena no corre hoy. Alena is not running today. (correr)
Quiero que compres el arbol de navidad. I want you to buy the
christmas tree. (comprar)
Deseo que te corres. I want you to run. (correr)
The ending is changed to the opposite vowel.
SUBJ IN NOUN CLAUSES
An adjective clause helps describe a noun in detail.
No hay nada ahi que me guste. There is nothing there that I
like.
Since it uses subjunctive, you flip the ending of the conjugated
verb to that of the opposite vowel.
Ar- er/ir
Er/ir- ar
SUBJ IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
AFFIRMATIVE
Tú- drop the s
Irregulars: di, haz, ve, pon,sal, se, ten, ven
Ud/Uds- put it in ‘yo’ and change to opposite vowel.
irregulars- TVDISHES
NEGATIVE
Tu- put in ‘yo’, change to opposite vowel, add an s. (TVDISHES)
Ud/Uds- same as positive Ud/Uds (irr. TVDISHES)
COMMANDS
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. Direct
object pronouns directly receive the action of the verb.
Indirect object pronouns identify to whom or for whom an
action is done.
Indirect: me te le nos os les
Direct: me te lo/la nos os los/las
OBJECT PRONOUNS
Adjectives describe nouns
Pronouns take the place of nouns
mi(s)my
mi gatomis gatos
tu(s):your (fam. sing.)
tu gatotus
su(s)his, her, your (formal), their
su gatosus gatos
nuestro(-a, -os, -as):
ournuestro gato
nuestras gatos
vuestro(-a, -
os, -as)your (fam. pl.)vuestro gato
vuestras gatos
POSSESSIVE ADJ/PRONOUNS
Ése- that
ésa
ésos
ésas
Éste- this
ésta
éstos
éstas
Aquél- that
Aquélla
Aquéllos
Aquélla
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND
PRONOUNS
Reflexive verbs end in ‘se’.
lavarto wash (non-reflexive)
lavarseto wash oneself (reflexive)
rascarto scratch (non-reflexive)
rascarseto scratch oneself (reflexive)
When conjugated, you conjugated the ‘se’ into what it needs to me (e.g. me, te, le, etc.) and put it in front of the verb.
Te lavas
Le rasca
REFLEXIVES
POR: Por has seven special uses:
General location & motion
Duration of action
Motive of action
Object of search
Translation of ‘by’
Exchange or substitution
Unit of MeasureIt is used more as ‘for’, whereas para can mean ‘through’ or ‘by’.
Gracias por el regalo.
PARA: Para also has seven uses.
Expresses destination
Deadline or specific future destination
Purpose/goal + infinitive (In order for…)
Purpose + noun (In order for ____)
Recipient
Comparison or opinion
In the employ of… (she works for…)
Este libro es para mi hermana.
POR Y PARA
hacerse, ponerse, volverse, llegar a ser: these all mean ‘to
become’.
Ponerse/Volverse are followed by an adjective and infer a
change in physical or emotional state.
Hacerse/llegar a ser are followed by a noun or an adjective
and infer a change in something due to effort.
Mari se pone verde cuando enferma. Mari turns green when
she is sick.
Llegó a ser muy popular a escuela. He became very popular
at school.
TO BECOME
1. Reflexive verbs
2. Future/Conditional
3. Lo Neuter
4. Present Perfect
5. Relative Pronouns
2ND SEMESTER
In reflexive construction, the subject of the verb performs and receives the action.
Me te se nos les
Aburrir- to bore, aburrirse- to become bored
Acordar- to agree, acordarse- to remember
Comer- to eat, comerse- to eat up
Dormir- to sleep, dormirse- to fall asleep
Ir- to go, irse- to go away from
Quitar- to take away, quitarse- to take off (clothing)
Parecer- to seem, parecerse (a)- to resemble, to look like
A, de, and en added to the reflexive will make it mean about, to, of.
REFLEXIVE VERBS
FUTURE & CONDITIONAL
The Future tense is used to
indicate that something willhappen in the nearby future.
-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án are used for all regular
verbs. THEY ARE ADDED TO THE
INFINITIVE IN ITS TOTALITY.
Comeré- I will eat.
Caminaremos- we will walk.
Irregulars:
saber, poner, venir, salir, hacer, de
cir, tener, haber, etc.
The conditional tense is used
to indicate that a person
should have, could have, or
would have applied an action
(also for probably or possibly).
ía
ías
ía
íamosíais
ían are applied to the
INFINITIVE IN ITS TOTALITY.
Lo + adjective is usually translated to The adjective
thing/part/one/style or What is adjective
Veo lo triste que es. I see how sad it is.
Lo que quiero es tu VIDA. What I want is
your life. ;)
LO NEUTER
Hacer + ado/ido = (noun) HAS done the verb.
If you are using reflexives, put the reflexive prefix IN FRONT of the conjugated hacer.
He
Has
Ha
Han
Hemos
He sido triste porque mi mama es enferma
I have been sad because my mom is sick.
PRESENT PERFECT
Que Quien(es) Lo Que Cuyo
that, which, who
used when there
is not a
preposition. Add
el or la when
there IS a
preposition.
Who, whom,
that
Refers ONLY to
people- often
used with a
preposition or
the personal ‘a’.
What, that
which, or the
thing that….
A relative
adjective relates
the owner to
that which is
owned, as does
"whose".
Refers to things
or people
Set off by
commas-
occasionally use
que.
Idea/situation/p
ast event
Use it to say
______, whose
_______ is _____
El hombre que
limpia es Pedro.
Lourdes, quien
estudia español
es muy
intelegente.
Lo que quiero es
una casa en
Acapulco.
La mujer, cuyo
casa es
pequeña, tiene
muchas gatas.
RELATIVE PRONOUNS