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Sonia Valdivia, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya.
Social Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle Sustainability
Assessment
Product Life Cycle
Life cycle of a product begins in the extraction of natural resources and ends when the product is finally disposed off, considering all processes, including material production, manufacturing, assembly, use, recycling and transportation
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia.
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Organizations do not want to be related to negative social impacts
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
S-LCA
Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA)
• S-LCA is a technique to evaluate positive and negative social impacts of a product along the life
cycle
• UNEP, 2009
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Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
History
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Social LCA (S-LCA) Goals • Purpose of using S-LCA:
• Provide social information for decision making, • Social information between production and consumption • Provide information for social improvement.
• Aims • To go beyond the legislation • To achieve benefic impacts
SETAC, 1993
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
(environmental) LCA x S-LCA • Commonalities
• Extensive data demand
• Iterative
• Provide information for decision makers
• Average or generic data gives the potential and not necessarily the real impact
• Based on functional unit
Differences
In S-LCA the stakeholders perspective is relevant
Subjective data is used in S-LCA
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Organization level
Site
Process Site Company Company + one Life cycle company along the life cycle
Environmental Impact Assessment
Social Impact assessment
Type I CSR
Type 2 CSR SA 8000
Type 3 CSR
Environmental
LCA
Social
LCA
Data collection comparison
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
S-LCA follows ISO with adaptations
Limits of the study
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Goal and Scope Definition Functional Unit
• Spongebob and steel spongebob?
• Washing machine and Washing service?
Why are them comparable?
Same function
Functional Unit is the amount of function required!
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Functional unit • Additionally, a better description of the product can be added
(product utility) • Funcionality • Technical quality • Adittional services • Aesthetic • Product Image • Costs • Environmental and social characteristics
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Functional unit • Product utility example:
• Funcionality: cover the body • Technical quality: without buttons, short sleeves, durable, washable • Adittional services: cloth to clean the floor • Aesthetic: fashion • Product Image: known brand • Costs: medium class • Environmental and social characteristics: organic cotton from small
communities
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Functional unit is not the product!
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Reference flow • Which product and how many of the product is needed to supply the
functional unit?
• One red or a green T-shirt
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Hands on! • Define the reference flow for the functional unit ‘ONE relevant
communication’
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Product system
Cut-off criteria: working hours
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
System boundaries and the Product system
• To be considered: • Life cycle stages: cradle to gate, cradle to grave,
gate to grave, gate to gate • Infrastructure • Services
• Advertising • Engineer • Designers
• Overhead • Employees transportation • Maintenance
• Recommendation: begin simple
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Social relevant unit processes
Cut-off criteria in S-LCA: working hours
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Hands on! • Establish a product system for the reference flow for a ‘relevant
communication’
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Definition of relevant issues based on stakeholder perspective
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Hands on! • Think of relevant stakeholders for the reference flow for a ‘relevant
communication’ defined and why did you choose them
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Stakeholders Workers
Consumers
Local community
Society
Value chain
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Social Life Cycle Assessment S-LCA
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
UNEP/SETAC subcategories • Top-down
• Internationally recognised • OIT • GRI • ISO 26000 • PROSA
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Working subcategories
Freedom of association and collective bargaign Child labour Forced labour Fair salary Working hours Equal opportunities and discrimination Health and safety Social benefits and social security
Workers
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Consumers subcategories
Health and safety Feedback mechanism Consumer privacy Transparency Responsibility along the life cycle
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Subcategorias de impacto
Material resources access Immaterial resources access Delocation and migration Cultural heritage Healthy and safety condition Respect to indigenous rights Community engagement Local employment Assuring Life condition
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Value chain subcategories
Fair competition Promotion of social responsibility Supply relationship Respect to intellectual property rights
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Society subcategories
Public commitment with sustainability Contribution to the economic development Prevent and mitigation of armed conflicts Technological development Corruption
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
31 subcategories
• Non restrictive list • Exclusions must be justified
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Subcategory methodological sheet • Subcategory
• Name • Definition • Measurement unit • Monitoring
• Political relevance • Purpose • Releance to sustainable
development • International convention and
agreements • International target or
recommended standards
• Method description • Concept and definition • Measurement method • Indicator limitation • Methodological status • Other subcategory definition
• Data evaluation • Reference
http://lcinitiative.unep.fr
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Specific issues in S-LCA
Data collection along the life cycle is as demanding as in (environmental) LCA
How to identify a hotspot?
Organization
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Data collection
Unit process Certification of management systems Working hours
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Life Cycle Inventory: data collection
• Data collection • Specific
• Interviews • Questionnaires • Data from the company
• Generic • National statistics • Data from the region
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
• Data triangulation • Comparison of data providers: • Example: Manager, worker, employee, NGOs,
union
Life Cycle Inventory: verifying data
How to express a non quantitative indicator?
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Hands on • Give examples of social inventory indicators for a ‘relevant
communication’
Marble case
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Hands on! • Define a functional unit and a reference flow for a ‘relevant
communication’
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Third LCA Phase
To evaluate the social impacts
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Environmental LCA Elementary flows Impact categories
Climate change
Acidification
Eutrophication
Human toxicity
Ecotoxicity
From inventory data to stakeholder
From inventory data to impact through subcategories
From inventory data to impact through pathways
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Fourth LCA Phase
Evaluating the results according to the Goal and Scope
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Discussion • Consider the red and green T-shirt (A and B) • The life cycle of A presented 2 children working and in B, 5.
• Which option has a better social condition?
A B
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Discussion • Product A: half of the work force is women • Product B: Women workers represent 20% of the working force • One if the women in A feels she has no opportunities • Which is the product with better social life cycle?
A B
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Future steps in S-LCA • Case studies
• Application • Review
• Dissemination • Capacity building • Data and tools • Communication
• Models
Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) refers to the evaluation of all environmental, social and economic negative impacts and benefits in decision-making processes towards more sustainable products throughout their life cycle.
Introduction
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
Conclusions
It is feasible worldwide
It is NOT re-inventing the wheel
It is our contribution to the upcoming United Nation Conference on Sustainable Development Rio +20
PPP
Benefits
Clarifying trade-offs
Achieving sustainability by considering all three pillars
Promotes sustainability along the value chain
Support identification of weakness to promote improvement along the life cycle
Benefits
Support prioritization of actions with chances of positive impacts
Support sustainable consumption
Stimulates innovation in enterprises and suppliers
Potentially inform labeling initiatives
Credibility of enterprises Guiding principles to achieve SCP
• How to arrange a common scope for the 3 techniques?
Towards a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Editors and co-authors Valdivia, S. (UNEP), Ugaya, M.L.C. (Technological Federal University of Parana and ACV Brasil), Sonnemann, G. (UNEP), Hildenbrand, J. (Chalmers University, Gothenburg) Co-authors (alphabetic) Ciroth, A. (GreenDeltaTC) Finkbeiner, M. (TU Berlin) Hildenbrand, J. (Chalmers University, Gothenburg) Klöpffer, W. (Journal of LCA) Mazijn, B. (Ghent University) Prakash, S. (Öko-Institut) Sonnemann, G. (UNEP) Traverso, M. (TU Berlin) Ugaya, C.M.L. (Technological Federal University of Parana and ACV Brasil) Valdivia, S. (UNEP) Vickery, G. (Univ. of Arkansas)
Contributors (alphabetic) Alvarado, C. (Pré Consultants) Benoit, C. (New Earth, USA) Gautam, P. (Consultant, Nepal) Inaba, A. (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Japan) Lu, B. (Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Norris, G. (New Earth, USA) Revéret, J.-P. (l'Université du Québec à Montréal )
Reviewers: 20 stakeholders and reviewers worldwide
Sonia Valdivia, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya
System boundaries
Klöpfer, 2006
Sonia Valdivia, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya
Data collection
Sonia Valdivia, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya
Impact assessment
Certified wood
Gold
Metals Cobalt
Notebook computer
Use of notebook computer Buses
Washing machines Marble slabs
WEEE
Examples
Marble case
Sonia Valdivia, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya
Hands on! • Define few environmental LCA indicators and Life Cycle Costing
inficators for a ‘relevant communication’ as functional unit
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Life Cycle Sustainability Dashboard was introduced by Traverso & Finkbeiner, (Traverso M. and Finkbeiner M., 2009. Life Cycle Sustainability Dashboard. Proceeding of the 4th International Conference on Life Cycle Management, 6-9 September 2009. Cape Town, South Africa)
Best
Worst
Presenting results
Interpretation
Sonia Valdivia, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya
Hands on! • Where do you see the trade offs among the three sustainability pillars
for the reference flows defined before?
UNEP/SETAC, 2009
Sonia Valdivia, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya
Conclusions
It is feasible worldwide
It is NOT re-inventing the wheel
It is our contribution to the upcoming United Nation Conference on Sustainable Development Rio +20
PPP
Applications
Develop technical expertise
Discuss LCSA principles and criteria
Explore how to read the results of the LCIAs for each technique • Considering the ‘trade-off’ analysis • Avoiding double counting
More research on the assessment of product utility and sustainability to avoid the unethical use of the tools
Address the perspective of the future generation
What is next?
Common understanding and consensus of the areas of protection (endpoints) within an LCSA
Software and databases businesses are asked to facilitate user friendlier and low cost techniques to promote more LCSAs
Provide more guidance and examples of stakeholder involvement in LCSAs and review processes
Validate a clearer communication format of LCSA results to decision-makers to support better informed choices on sustainable products
What is next?
Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya and Sonia Valdivia
References and Bibliography 1. UNEP/SETAC (2010). Methodological Sheets for 31 Sub-Categories of Impact for a Social LCA of products. Available in: http://lcinitative.unep.fr
2. UNEP/SETAC (2009). Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products. UNEP/SETAC Life-Cycle Initiative. ISBN: 978-92-807-3021-0.
3. Valdivia, S., Ciroth, A., Ugaya, C., Lu, B., Sonnemann, G., Fontes, J., Alvarado, C. and Tischhauser, S. (2010). A UNEP/SETAC Tool Box for LC Sustainability Assessment of Products, in The 9th International Conference on EcoBalance: Tokyo, Japan.
4. UNEP/SETAC (2011). Global Guidance Principles for Life Cycle Assessment Databases. UNEP/SETAC Life-Cycle Initiative. ISBN: 978-92-807-3021-0.
5. UNEP (2003). Evaluation of environmental impacts in Life Cycle Assessment, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE), Production and Consumption Unit, Paris.
6. ISO 14040 (2006). Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment –Principles and Framework. International Organization of Standardization.
7. ISO 14044 (2006). Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines. International Organization of Standardization.
8. Guinée, J. (2002). Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards, Dordrecht.
9. Ciroth, A., Franze, J. (2011): LCA of an Ecolabeled Notebook - Consideration of Social and Environmental Impacts Along the Entire Life Cycle, ISBN 978-1-4466-0087-0, Berlin.
10. Ugaya, C.M.L. Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida de Produtos. Ed. Interciência (no prelo).
11. Ugaya, C.M.L. S-LCA: prelimiray results for Natura's cocoa soap. Proceedings of LCM 2011. Berlin, Germany.
Gracias! • Contact
• E-mail: ilci@unep.org • Sonia.valdivia@unep.org
• • Sonia Valdivia, Cássia Maria Lie Ugaya
• cassiaugaya@utfpr.edu.br
http://lcinitiative.unep.fr/
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