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Small Hydro and SE4ALL - Opportunities
Pro
spec
t o
f Sm
all H
ydro
an
d
its
Res
earc
h in
Nep
al
Hitendra Dev Shakya, System Planning Dpt, NEA
OUTLINE
1. Small Hydro Power and SE4ALL - Grid and Off-Grid power
2. The SHP space in Nepal - Grid Solutions with SHP/DG in mind
3. NEA Experiences in hydro-turbines
4. Room for R&D and Engineering Designs
Country Background
•Area of 147,141 km2 and Mountainous
• 6000+ rivers, recently shown 11,000+ rivers/ rivulets
•Small rivers - Utilizing the topography and hydrology vs the
economy of scale
•Opportunity for Small Hydro-Power (SHP)
3
Present CapacityInstalled Capacity: 1001.0 MW
In Grid 956.4 MW Off Grid(NEA) 4.6 MWOff grid(AEPC) 40 (26+14) MW
Hydro 903 MW Thermal 53.4 MW
ROR 811 MW Storage 92 MW
IPP 430 NEA 381
Estimates of Potential Exploitable Renewable
Energy Capacities
Technology Potentially
Exploitable
Current
Capacity
Hydropower* (Economic
potential)
42,000 MW 903 MW
Mini-hydro 100kW -1000KW
(practically exploitable)
>100 MW 14.4 MW
Micro-hydro 5kw – 100 kW
(practically exploitable)
>80 MW 24.6 MW
Solar PV power 2,100 MW 11.6 MW
Wind 3,000 MW 0.03 MW
Source – Economic Survey, 2014/15 /Baseline for Rural and renewable energy technologies
NEA and Small Hydro Projects
1. NEA decided to lease away off-grid SHPs 10 years ago.
2. In all cases of Off-Grid SHP operation – operational loss,
3 NEA will not construct any further SHPs, Off-grid or On-grid. AEPC constructs Off-Grid HP – mini / micro/ / pico
4. NEA comes to picture when Off-grid power plants are encroached by its expanding distribution network.
5. AEPC established in 1996 - Initially MHP upto 100kW, authorized up to 1 MW. Now, seeking mandate till 10 MW.
6. On-Grid SHP - Micro/Small HP (private) can have a PPA with NEA and connect to NEA substation.
Plant sizes of IPP at present – Predominantly
SMALL HEPs
Role of SHP as Distributed Generation and
Expedited SE4ALL
Independent Power Producers ( Grid-connected)
57 power plants operational – 55 are less than 50 MW, and 49 are actually 10 MW or smaller
138 IPPs are under construction, 80 of them are 10 MW or smaller.
Only 11 HEPs are 50MW or larger.
SHP Potential (up to 10 MW) - 2000 MW
Recent unverified claims of total capacity 300,000MW, many are SHEP from small rivers
Small Hydropower Projects in Nepal(SHEP classified hereas 100-1000 kW)
S.
N
Name of the
Project
Managemen
t
Cap.
kWGrid Status
1 Achham NEA 400 Isolated
2 BaglungNEA 200 Grid
Connected
3 Surnaiyagad NEA 200 Isolated
4 Bajhang Private 200 Isolated
5 BajuraCommunit
y
200 Isolated
6 Bhojpur Private 250 Isolated
7 RupalgadPrivate 100 Not in
Operation
8Darchula 1 and
2
Private 300 Isolated
9 Rairang Private 500 Operation
10 Dhankuta NEA 240 Isolated
11 Dolpa NEA 200 Isolated
12 Doti NEA 200 Isolated
13 Arughat Gorkha NEA 150 Isolated
14 Phidim Community 240 Isolated
15 JumlaCommunity
200 Isolated
16 Kalikot Community 500 Isolated
17 Syange Private 183 Operation
18 Jomsom Private 240 Grid Connected
19 Okhaldunga 125 Isolated
20 Ramechap NEA 150 Isolated
21 Chauijhari NEA 150 Isolated
22 Syarpudaha NEA 200 Isolated
23 Khandbari Community 250 Isolated
24 Namche Community 600 Isolated
25 Jhupra NEA
345 Isolated
26 Sobuwa Khola Community 125 Isolated
27 Tehrathum Private 100 Isolated
HEALTH AND
SANITATION
IMPROVEMENT
LABOR SAVING
AND
DRUDGERY
REDUCTION
SOCIAL, CAPITAL
BUILDING &
EMPOWERMENT
BETTER
EDUCATION AND
AWARENESS
EMPLOYMENT &
INCOME
INCREMENT
HRD &
CAPACITY
BUILDING
MAJOR
IMPACT
ENHANCED
LIVELIHOODS
FUEL WOOD, BIOMASS.
KEROSENE & DIESEL
CONSUMPTION
REDUCTION
LOCAL
RESOURCES (WATER,
FOREST, LAND AND
SKILL) OPTIMIZATION
Off-Grid Hydro - Achievements and Impact
Sustainable Energy For All (SE4ALL)
Sustainable Development Goal no 7 –
Access to Clean Energy for All by 2030
Status 2016
Access to electricity: 75%, (60% grid, 15% renewable)
Goal – Access to Electricity to 99% by 2030
Adequacy of Power Supply – increase in domestic generation (1000MW) and Import from India
Off-Grid electricity is small, expensive & unsustainable.
Challenge – Provide Access to Grid – Transmission and Sub-transmission and distribution networks –Capital Intensive
Sustainable Energy For All (SE4ALL)
Investments required to expand Grid to Remote areas
NEA Transmission Master Plan ( upto 132 kV) – 5.5 Billion $ Required in 20 years
NEA Distribution Master Plan – under progress –similar amount required
14
Investment on Transmission
Label 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035
All Zones Commissioning from 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Total
to year 2019 2024 2029 2034
MUSD MUSD MUSD MUSD MUSD MUSD
Lines Comm. 412.8 621.1 214.2 0.0 0.0 1248.1
Lines Planned 138.1 332.6 181.7 0.0 0.0 652.3
Lines All 550.9 953.7 395.9 0.0 0.0 1900.5
S/S Existing 123.0 60.2 13.2 34.5 26.1 257.1
S/S Comm. 410.0 231.3 82.7 81.5 0.0 805.4
S/S Planned 47.4 358.0 215.2 67.1 5.3 693.1
S/S All 580.5 649.5 311.1 183.0 31.4 1755.6
Total Existing 123.0 60.2 13.2 34.5 26.1 257.1
Total Comm. 822.8 852.4 296.9 81.5 0.0 2053.6
Total Planned 185.5 690.6 396.9 67.1 5.3 1345.4
Total All 1131.4 1603.2 707.0 183.0 31.4 3656.0
Connection Lines 142.6 584.2 420.4 76.8 4.1 1228.1
Connection Bays 38.5 83.6 118.4 25.4 6.5 272.4
Grand Total 1312.5 2270.9 1245.9 285.2 42.0 5156.5
The core of the transmission network is to be commissioned during the next 10 years. The totalinvestment cost planned for the whole 2015-2035 period amounts to 5.15 billion USD and ismainly concentrated in first ten years, i.e. between 2015 and 2025:
1. Grid expansion is targeted towards large loads and generators - Market-based Transmission Development –Directed towards Large Generators and Consumers
2. Grid Expansion is Capital intensive having Low returns
3. Grid expansion is afflicted by ROW issues & large affected areas –
4. Both forces transmission lines under Government domain.
5. Transmission Network is centrally planned (Top-down approach) and the expansion is slow
How Long to wait?>> From Grid Expansion Direction >>
How long to catch-up?>>Looking from the Rural Off-Grid Model>>
• High subsidy required. – MHP - Design at river discharge of high exceedence (Q90); yet Plant factor is 20-30% only.
• Poor sustainability– Low Income ( low plant factor/ low productive uses) forces low quality of Operation. – Distance from Road-head increases O&M time and cost– The distribution network – Poor, not safe for grid connection.
• Low skill/ knowhow, low p.f. and low revenue, accessibility, less room for industrial use >> Tendency to Fail
• So Off-Grid MHP does not answer the Need of SE4ALL.
• High Proliferation of MHP / SHP needs a different approach from both On-Grid and Off-Grid
Most villages would find a viable river source for MHP ( pico, micro or mini) if a workable business model and funding available – while providing “Access to Energy” >> NOW
Grid Solutions to Off-Grid distribution
1. Inter-connection of Clusters of small power plants in a mini-grid ready for Connectivity with Grid
2. Help / subsidy >> Grid-readiness for remote/ offgrid generators/ users >> synchronizing switchgear and relaying
3. Government support for Grid Connectivity / Sub-transmission –> Subsidy or VGF - > Sustainability of the DG and also enable expansion of grid.
4. Distributed Generation has Multiple Impacts on Local economy that offsets the Initial high costs of electricity
5. Grid-Connected DG has Higher Revenue – high PF – becomes sustainable.
6. There are Spin-off for Grid - Reduces demand on Reinforcement of grid & Reactive power management by doing Distributed generation
Grid Energy is mostly cheaper and reliable than Isolated systems.
>> EARLY ACCESS TO CLEAN ELECTRICITY BY ALL >>
Grid Solutions
Integrated Planning for
Sub-transmission
network
Community Electricity
Users Groups CEUG– Hand-
over
Build and Transfer BT Policy for
Private Generators
Change Approach –
Grid Planning for DG and
Rural Access
Policy for Transmission charges and Private Trans
owner / operator
MHP subsidy
Extend TO Grid
Synchroequipment
Subsidy / Soft Loan for 33 and 11 kV sub-trans /distrib links to
Grid Energy to All by
National Grid
Access
Focus- DG and Village
Load potential
Funding Deficit-> Private Capital
Use Hydro-developers’ strength for Construction
& ROW
Efficient Admin of
Rural Consumers
Sustainable / Profitable
MHP –“Most Bang
for Buck”
Earlier Access ->
Amortized costs
Off-Grid
Grid Side
What has worked? MHP and distribution network with larger consumer base and
anchor loads– Case - Khumbu Bijuli (900kW), Salleri Chyalsa(400kW) ) Having Periodic oversight and Support
Subsidized tariff to CEUG ( having small consumers & capped to 5 A users) – Successful CEUGs adapting the lessons learnt.
What needs reform? Stand-alone MHPs with weak consumer base – Scale –up ! Rural Electrification without Regional planning –> Top-Down
Optimize! Subsidy for MHP / Rural electrification – Include Grid
Connectivity with Partial Payback (90/10 model ) in the Integrated Subsidy model !
What can be improved ? Involve community / private –for sub-transmission networks
using subsidy/ VGF model Involve Private / Developers for sustainable SHP connected to
Main Grid
20
Solution of SE4ALL - Proliferation of SHP
21
Proliferation of SHP - Generates Demand for Domestic capability for
SHP – in Turbines, Generators and Hydro-mechanicals
Capacity Building is required
- Locally – Installation, Operation and Repair
- and Nationally – Design, Commission, R&D, Manufacture
Issues faced by NEA / IPP today –
In-situ Testing of Turbine efficiency and Output,
Runner profiling, Template design,
Turbine Size restriction for repair,
Protective coating of turbines, Different coating according to the
sediment content, size and shape;
Cavitation and vibration – analysis and solutions to installed units
Issues in MHP/SHP development in Nepal.
• Himalayan rivers and increased climate vulnerability –
puts more demand on specific research in Nepal –
special designs of turbine and special designs of civil/
hydraulic structures
• R&D has to be increased.
• Indigenous capability needs to be enhanced – Sufficient
local knowledge in hydrology and civil design works but only
basic EM manufacture is available
• Operation and Maintenance capability nationally and
locally (MHP) has to be increased.
• Testing facilities required
• More Professional Training centers required
Trend in Hydro-Sector towards Engineering Services
24
Hydro-Power Developers are identifying the need and the space
for Engineering Solution providers – Design, Engineer, R&D
Recent Trends
Butwal Power Company – engineering arm -> Hydro Consult co.
Chilime power company - -> Chilime Engg and Services Co
CHESCO
Sanima power compamy - > Sanima Engineering wing
Nepal Electricity Authority - > NEA Engineering Company (NEC)
Large company with sufficient capital base –
Tend to have enough resilience to support R&D. Smaller
engineering companies are restricted to Design / Engineering
consultancies
Dedicated Testing and R&D centers are few and mostly incubated
within Academic Institutions
R&D Areas by Govt. AgenciesResearch on Hydro power includes
• Digital ELC, Turbines, SCADA system, Energy and Internet
(Tele linking), Study on sediments impact on turbines
• Research on Small Wind Energy
• Design on PM generator, wind blade for small and wind
mapping, Energy and Internet
Research on Mini grid system
•Study on Grid Impact Study, Smart inverter and net
metering, pre-paid meter
•Research on Hydraulic Modelling
•Civil / hydraulic structure modelling according to river
terrain/ content/ design
Computational analysis of Bifurcation
Computational analysis of Pelton turbineCFD analysis Torque estimation
Computational analysis of RPT
FSI analysis of Francis runner
R&D Work and Turbine Testing Laboratoryat academic institution -Kathmandu University and Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
R&D Work and Turbine Testing Laboratory• 30m natural head.
• 150 m Closed Head and 0.5 m3/s flow
• 300 m3 Lower Reservoir• 100 m3 Upper Reservoir
• Two centrifugal pumps each 250 kW with VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) for each pump.
• Prototype test up to 300 kW and model test for larger turbines.
TEST Facilities • Testing of Renewable Energy Technologies (Solar Panel,
Batteries, Lamps, Inverter, Solar Thermal, etc.) by “Renewable
Energy Test Station” and Non Destructive Test for Electro-
mechanical Components at Small Hydro laboratory - Nepal
Academy of Science and Technology (NAST).
• Turbine Testing Lab at Kathmandu University (KU).
• Transformer Testing (Hi-pot Test) at Institute of Engineering (IOE)
and HV lab for insulation tests at KU - for academic purpose only
• Hydraulic modelling Lab at Pulchowk
• Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) by NEA
• Sediment Laboratories at some Power plants of NEA
• Distribution Transformer Test workshop in N E A in Hetauda
Keynotes• SHP – Need to Act now. There may not be a Second Chance
• Grid Expansion with Local DG in focus – Proliferation of SHP
• Investment in Grid Expansion – Govt and Private capital• Both sides (Grid and Off-Grid) move towards each other
– half-a-bridge -> Bridge Complete to achieve SE4ALL
• Proliferation of SHP –>> Commercial support for R&D, demand for model/ test/ manufacture / install/ repair
• Need for investment in Capacity Building / Academic research / Labs and Workshops
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