skeletal system

Anatomy and Physiology “2”

……….. For Students of Occupational Therapy

Lecturer: Mohammed Subhi El-Lulu

Skeletal System

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 2

Functions of Skeletal System

Support Protection Movement

Storage Blood Cell Formation

Energy Storage

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 3

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 4

Bones Shape: LONG

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 5

Bones Shape: SHORT

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 6

Bones Shape: FLAT

Bones Shape: IRREGULAR

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 7

Compact bone

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 8

Porous (Spongy) bone

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 9

Anatomy of Long bone

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 10

Diaphysis

Epiphysis

Medullary Cavity

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 11

Structure of Long bone

1 Periosteum

2 Endosteum

3 Sharpey’s fiber

4 Arteries

Types of Bone Cells

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 12

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 13

The skull and associated bones

Cranial Bones Facial Bones Occipital Single Vomer Single

Frontal Single Lacrimal Paired

Parietal Paired Nasal Paired

Temporal Paired Inferior Nasal Conchae Paired

Sphenoid Single Zygomatic Paired

Ethmoid Single Maxillary Paired

Mandible Single

Platine Paired

Auditory Ossicles Malleus Incus Stapes

Paired Paired Paired

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 14

Sutures

•Parietal

•Frontal

Coronal

•Parietal

•Parietal

Sagittal •Parietal

•Occipital

Lambdoid

•Parietal

•Temporal

Squamous •Ossify by

2 years

Fontanels

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 15

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 16

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 17

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 18

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 19

Vertebral Column

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 20

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 21

Bony Thorax

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 22

Ribs

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 23

Ribs

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 24

Clavicles

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 25

Scapulae

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 26

Humerus

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 27

Forearm

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 28

Wrist

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 29

The Pelvis

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 30

Acetabulum

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 31

Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 32

Femur: (The longest, heaviest bone)

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 33

Tibia and Fibula

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 34

Bones of the Ankle

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 35

Articulations (Joints)

Synarthroses

Amphiarthroses

Diarthroses

• Fibrous

• No Movement

• Skull Sutures

• Cartilage

• Slight Movement

• Inter-Vertebral

• Synovial

• Multiple Movement

• Inter-Carpal/Tarsal

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 36

Synarthroses

Fibrous Ligament

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 37

Amphiarthroses

Cartilaginous Joint

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 38

Diarthroses

Synovial Joint

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 39

Typical Synovial Joint

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 40

Synovial Joint Movement Movement Definition

Flexion Narrowing joint angle in sagittal plane (bending elbow)

Extension Increasing joint angle in sagittal plane (straightening elbows)

Hyperextension Increasing angle more than in natural position (bending

backwards)

Abduction Lifting a body part away from body midline (in frontal plane)

Adduction Returning a body part to body midline (in frontal plane)

Rotation Turning a body part on axis (horizontal plane) (not rotation

all the way round - see circumduction).

Lateral flexion Bending body sideways (frontal plane)

Lateral extension Returning body to anatomical position

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 41

Synovial Joint Movement

Movement Definition

Elevation Lifting a body part (shoulder shrugs)

Depression Lowering a body part (dropping the jaw)

Protraction Moving a body part outwards

Retraction Bringing a body part back

Horizontal Flexion (starts from abducted position) Moving arm forwards in horizontal plane

Horizontal Extension (starts from abducted position)

Returning arm to the abducted position

Dorsal Flexion Bending ankle so that the toes are raised

Plantar Flexion Hyperextending ankle joint so toes point downwards

Circumduction Range of movements that create a complete circle (as

opposed to a rotation of less than 360 degrees)

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 42

Flexion// Extension

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 43

Hyperextension

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 44

Lateral flexion// Lateral extension

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 45

Horizontal flexion// Horizontal extension

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 46

Dorsal flexion// Plantar flexion

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 47

Abduction// Adduction

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 48

Elevation// Depression

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 49

Protraction// Retraction

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 50

Medial rotation// Lateral rotation

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 51

Eversion// Inversion

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 52

Pronation// Supination

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 53

Circumduction

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 54

Thank you “Ladies”

Anatomy & Physiology 2

mohdlulu@hotmail.com 55