sigmund freud & the psychological revolution
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Sigmund Freud & The Psychological
Revolution
“Intentionalism”Before the Psychological
Revolution• Westerners
generally believed that people were motivated by their souls.
• Your higher nature was in competition with your baser nature.
What makes a person do bad things?
Do you know it when you’re being bad?
Do you ever delude yourself when you’re bad?
What is your mind?
What is your mind?
X
What is your mind?
X
What is the mind?
Mr. Ritter?
The Freuds: Vienna, 1878
Sigmund (22)
Jacob (63)Amalia (43)
Emanuel (44) John (23)
Rosa, Marie, Adolphine, and Pauline <20
The Structural Model: Id, Ego, & Superego
The Structural Model: Id, Ego, & Superego
Id • Present at birth• Selfish part of you, concerned
with satisfying your desires (hunger, thirst, aggression, anger, etc.).
•Pleasure principle •Wish-fulfillment
The Structural Model: Id, Ego, & Superego
Ego• Develops during the first two
years of life• Primary job is to satisfy the id
impulses in an appropriate manner by taking consequences into consideration.
•Reduces tension•Child uses reason
The Structural Model: Id, Ego, & Superego
Superego• Develops by the time the child is
5 years old• Represents society’s and
parent’s values and standards.• Conscience – right and wrong.
• Moral anxiety – ever-present feeling of shame or guilt.
Freud’s Iceberg Metaphor
Superego Pengui
ns
Ego
Freud’s Iceberg Metaphor
Superego Pengui
ns
EgoSuperego,
Ego,& Id
Id, Ego, & Superego
Psychosexual Stagesof Development
Psychosexual Stages of Development
• Freud argued that the adult personality is formed by experiences from the first 5 or 6 years of life.
• Centers on sexual themes.
Oral Stage• First 18 months
of life.• Mouth, lips, and
tongue are primary erogenous zones.
• Traumatic experiences can include feeding or weaning problems.
Anal Stage• When child
reaches the age of about 18 months.
• Anal region becomes the most important erogenous zone.
• Traumatic toilet training may result in fixation and an anal personality.• Anal Compulsive
(Anal retentive)• Anal Expulsive
Phallic Stage• Occurs when the
child is approximately 6 years old.
• Penis or clitoris become the most important erogenous zone.
• Oedipus Complex• Castration Anxiety
• Electra Complex• Penis Envy
Resolution of the Oedipus Complex
• Children repress their desire for their opposite-sex parent.
• They realize that they will never have them as long as the other parent is around.
• Upon resolution the child begins to identify with the same-sex parent.
• Development of the superego.• Child adopts values and standards of the
parents.
Latency Stage• The time before
the onset of puberty.
• Child demonstrates more self-control.
• Devoted more to intellect, not emotion• Cognitive Skills• Social Skills
• Boys and girls are fairly uninterested in one another.
Genital Stage• Starts with puberty.• Libido “attacks” the ego.
• Stress, anxiety, turmoil, and loss of confidence.
• Looking for one’s place and role in life.
• Getting free from one’s parents.
Freud & Dreams
Freud & Dreams• Dreams are unconscious mental
activity. • Freud theorized that every dream
contains two elements:• Day residue• Nocturnal stimuli
• Latent dreams are made up of unconscious wishes, childhood memories, day residue, and nocturnal stimuli.
Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s Theories
Strengths:• Freud developed the first
comprehensive theory of personality.
• Many personality theorists have deemed it necessary to point out where their theories differ from or correct weaknesses in Freud’s works.
Strengths and Criticisms of Freud’s Theories
Criticisms:• Many Freudian ideas appear in the
literature that predates Freud’s work.• Many of his hypotheses are not
testable.• Freud relied heavily on evidence from
biased case studies.• Freud refused to take into account the
experiences that happened after 6 years of age and how they may influence personality.
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