seite 1 iwa ait 1st specialist conference on municipal water management and sanitation in developing...

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IWA AIT

1st Specialist Conference on Municipal Water Management and Sanitation in Developing Countries

Bangkok 2.-4. December 2014

Urban Sanitation Strategies and City Sanitation Planning

Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries

Dr. Regina Dube, Project Director, SNUSP

GIZ India

Dec. .2014, Delhi

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Who are we?

GIZ is a federally owned organisation of the Government of Germany.

Our mandate is to support the German Government in achieving its development objectives.

We provide viable, forward-looking solutions for political, economic, ecological and social development in a globalised world.

GIZ has operations in 128 countries.

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Support to the National Urban Sanitation Policy Program – India

Implemented by

Phase 1: Three Years (2011- 2014); FinishedPhase 2: Three Years (2014-2017); Running

“Elevator Effect” for better coordination, vertical communication and knowledge exchange.

National Level (NUSP)• Support cell at MoUD/CPHEEO• NAGUS/Techn. Advisory Committee

(TAC)• Strengthening of policy making &

implementation tools (e.g. NUSP, SLB, DPR, etc.)

Three-tiered approach

State Level (State Sanitation Strategy)• State cell at UD department• SSS preparation/implementation• Capacity Development

City Level (City Sanitation Plan)• City cell at the Municipal Corporation• CSP preparation/implementation• Capacity development• Data management

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Sanitation & Health : Lack of proper sanitation kills !!

More than 1000 children under the age of five die every day due to diarrhea in India (Source: Unicef/WHO report - 2009)

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Sanitation & Environment

Ground and surface water pollution

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Sanitation & Gender Equality

Women suffer most

• Women & girls face drudgery & serious health disorders – due to lack and dirtiness of toilets, lack of private places, long waiting time etc.

• Girls lose school days, discontinue school

• High rate of crimes and violence against women - when they are out for defecation

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Sanitation & economic impacts: India

Source: WSP Report on The Economic Impacts of inadequate sanitation in India, Dec 2010

SlideM1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values

Inadequate sanitation costs India INR 2.4 Trillion (US$ 53.8 Billion) per year

Access time

spent20.0%

Doem-stic wa-ter re-lated

impact7.8%

Health related impact71.7%

Tourism impact0.5%

Losses incurred due to inadequate sanitation Loss related to US$ in Billion

Access time spent 10.73Doemstic water related impact 4.21

Health related impact 38.49

Tourism impact 0.26

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Challenges or

why is sanitation still an issue in the 21st century?

Roads, airports, flyovers, Mars missions …. everything works but sanitation?

Source: http://breakoutwear.co.uk/blog/?p=3449 Source: http://www.apagemedia.com/gallery/category/92

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Challenge No.1

Speed

• Cities are not able to cope with the pace of urbanization with regard to

• Reforms

• Institutions

• Skill development

• Asset creation and maintenance

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Challenge No. 2

Sanitation requires not only sound technical solutions but highly depends on

• good governance

• social and local political contexts

• wide ranging awareness in all stakeholders

• inclusiveness

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Challenge No. 3

Solutions of the west can not be replicated due to

• Lack of money

• Lack of water

• Lack of energy

• Lack of reuse orientation

Simple copy / pasting from the west will not lead to smart solutions

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Challenge No. 4

The big question : What then????

• Few good examples

• The famous “leap frogging” requires

• vision,

• political will

• courage as well as

• capable institutions

Success factors are often missing

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Heat waves

Drought

Increased Precipitation

Floods Sea level rise

Impacts on Sanitation

Infrastructure

Challenge No 5 : Global warming

Extreme events (heavy storms)

Urban sanitation and climate change – What to plan for?

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Planning framework for improving city –wide sanitation services (as per IWA/Eawag/GIZ strategy paper Sanitation 21)

• 5 stage approach (to be customized to local needs)

• Contains key principles and process support

• Looks at locally appropriate and affordable solutions for

• Technologies and sector governance such as data management, awareness, institutional development, financing, O&M, monitoring and evaluation, capacity building, gender and participation

Selected examples from each stage of the process in India

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Stage 1 : Build institutional commitment and partnership for planning

• Identify leadership of and ensure accountability for the planning process (everybody has to understand his role)

• Establish meaningful consultation beyond lobbyists

• Define vision, timelines and incentives for the planning process itself

Issues faced in India : lack of role clarity, lobbyism, institutional weakness and lack of ownership for meaningful city wide planning as such

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Extent of participation

Passive Only for incentives

Consultations Functional participatio

n

Interactive participatio

n

Self Mobilizatio

n

• spectator • no own initiative

• participate only if there is some kind of gain

• engagement onlyon particular topic

• not proactive• answering questions

• proactive• functional engagement

• supportive efforts

• ability to influence decisions

• suggest / demand for alternate options

• willingness to contribute resources

• highly empowered to take up activities

• decision making

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Do I always have to eat this rubbish???

Process oriented approaches with focus on institutional development, efficiency, O&M, monitoring and accountability needed

Major obstacle : Investment centric approaches alone do not work but form often the only incentives

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Stage 2 : Understand the existing context and define priorities

• Undertake data collection

• Identify the status of service provision

• Undertake a sanitation market assessment

• Identify priorities

Issues faced in India : Insufficient spatial and non spatial data, no coordination, no clarity on need for primary data, PPP modelling not understood, monitoring weak, septage management and reuse oriented solutions unpracticed

Source: www.dilbert.com

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Access to Sanitation

Waste water Management

Solid Waste

Water Supply

Storm Water

Governance & Institutional

StrengtheningFinances Capacity

Enhancement Inclusiveness Technology

5 Strategic dimensions of good City Sanitation Plan (CSPs)

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Private sector involvement – A relieve for overburdened ULBs?

PPPs without proper designing, steering and contract management are not going to work:

Economy of scale contra smaller concessions

Who is really willing and able to monitor

Conflict of interest?

Who has which role and responsibility? (eg. EIA)

Role of SPCBs?

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Stage 3 : Develop systems for sanitation improvement

• City wide planning approach

• Zones for system improvements

• Strategy for collection and transportation of wastewater and fecal sludge

• Strategy for treatment, disposal and reuse

• Cost benefit and/ or life cycle analysis

Issues in India : Septage management as city wide responsibility unpracticed, O&M mainly ignored, finding location specific options involving conventional and unconventional solutions as part of city development planning unknown

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Sanitation scheme in future – ecological sanitation: from linear to closed loop

Source: Water and Wastewater in Asia - The Imperative for New Approaches to Urban Water and Wastewater Management, ADB & Partners Conference, Manila, 12 October, 2010, Paul Reiter, Executive Director, International Water Association

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Decision criteria for appropriate sanitation system

CONVENTIONAL

Conventional fully centralised sewer system with the minimum of STPs. Sewage is pumped from each catchment to 1 or 2 large STPs

CATCHMENT

Traditional sewer system but with multiple systems and STPs to suit drainage catchments eg. the 7 Zones proposed for Kochi

SIMPLIFIED / SHALLOW

Catchment based sewerage system but with less conservative design on such things as minimum sewer depths and sizes. Pipes not in roads

SMALL BORE/ SOLID FREE

Small bore system using septic tanks to remove solids before wastewater enters the sewerage system. Can be black water only or black & grey.

ON SITE

On site sanitation systems such as septic tanks, composting toilets, pit latrines that do not require any sewerage system

Centralised Decentralised

Whole city Zones Ward Ward Sub-ward / PlotPre-treatment

& site conditions determine

sewage transport choices

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t

Proper septage management ensures safe resource recovery and reuse of nutrients and energy incl. Waste to Energy concepts

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Stage 4 : Develop models for service delivery

• Develop appropriate management arrangements : technical pilots and asset creation require institutional development

• Develop robust cost recovery mechanisms

• Strengthen monitoring

• Strengthen regulatory mechanism

Issues in India : Incomplete devolution of power, weak urban finance, lack of suitable utilities, ULBs as polluters hardly monitored and controlled

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Managed by Household• Plumbers for Household

connectivity

Managed by City / ULBRequires a dedicated institution for water supply & sanitation with various departments viz.• Management• Engineering & Technical• Accounts & Finance• Administration• Data management• Customer service• Etc….

Transition from on-site systems to centralized sewerage systems

Centralized Sewerage systemIndividual System

Pit LatrinesSeptage Management System

Septic Tank

Managed by Households• Mason

Managed by Households• Mason• PlumberManaged by City / ULB• Vacuum truck operators• Treatment plant

operators

Upgrade Upgrade

Institutional & human resource required

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Water & sanitation utilities – elements of good governance

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Stage 5 : Prepare for implementation

• Ensure proposals meet expectations for improvement

• Capacity building

• Sanitation promotion, advocacy and awareness raising

Issue in India : Debate rarely reaches the urban poor and the elected representatives, awareness yet very low but Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, the Clean India Mission has started to trigger a mass movement for sanitation and cleanliness

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1 gram of excreta can contain• 1,00,00,000 viruses • 10,00,000 bacteria • 1,000 parasite cysts • 100 parasite eggs

Each time an adult human defecates about 250 gram of excreta

Faeces

Fields

Flies

Fluid

Fingers

Food New

host

P

S

P

S

P

Sanitation and public health: awareness needed

Common diseases are: Diarrhoea, Cholera, Malaria, Intestinal worms, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Polio, Ascariasis

Food sanitation and improved sanitation can reduce diarrheal morbidity – Hand washing with soap: 30% Point of use Water treatment : 39% Sanitation (toilet): 32%

SlideM1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values

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No challenges without opportunities…….

• Sanitation is gaining momentum (India : Clean India Mission)

• Septage management is getting recognized as the need of the hour

• Strong international players are pushing for sustainable business models and innovative technologies (BMGF)

• Some developing countries are adopting innovative solutions for septage management

• First pilots for innovative onside sanitation solutions closing material loops and adopting waste to energy strategies are under construction (Hamburg / Jenfelder Au)

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No challenges without opportunities…….Innovative approaches for communication and awareness raising are being explored: Estimated fecal waste flows

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No challenges without opportunities…….

• Developing countries are currently the drivers for innovation

• Europe for many more years to come will use existing assets

• Developing countries may take the lead in sustainable sanitation solutions of the future

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Thank You!

www.urbansanitation.com

www.susana.org