seite 1 iwa ait 1st specialist conference on municipal water management and sanitation in developing...
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IWA AIT
1st Specialist Conference on Municipal Water Management and Sanitation in Developing Countries
Bangkok 2.-4. December 2014
Urban Sanitation Strategies and City Sanitation Planning
Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries
Dr. Regina Dube, Project Director, SNUSP
GIZ India
Dec. .2014, Delhi
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Who are we?
GIZ is a federally owned organisation of the Government of Germany.
Our mandate is to support the German Government in achieving its development objectives.
We provide viable, forward-looking solutions for political, economic, ecological and social development in a globalised world.
GIZ has operations in 128 countries.
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Support to the National Urban Sanitation Policy Program – India
Implemented by
Phase 1: Three Years (2011- 2014); FinishedPhase 2: Three Years (2014-2017); Running
“Elevator Effect” for better coordination, vertical communication and knowledge exchange.
National Level (NUSP)• Support cell at MoUD/CPHEEO• NAGUS/Techn. Advisory Committee
(TAC)• Strengthening of policy making &
implementation tools (e.g. NUSP, SLB, DPR, etc.)
Three-tiered approach
State Level (State Sanitation Strategy)• State cell at UD department• SSS preparation/implementation• Capacity Development
City Level (City Sanitation Plan)• City cell at the Municipal Corporation• CSP preparation/implementation• Capacity development• Data management
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Sanitation & Health : Lack of proper sanitation kills !!
More than 1000 children under the age of five die every day due to diarrhea in India (Source: Unicef/WHO report - 2009)
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Sanitation & Environment
Ground and surface water pollution
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Sanitation & Gender Equality
Women suffer most
• Women & girls face drudgery & serious health disorders – due to lack and dirtiness of toilets, lack of private places, long waiting time etc.
• Girls lose school days, discontinue school
• High rate of crimes and violence against women - when they are out for defecation
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Sanitation & economic impacts: India
Source: WSP Report on The Economic Impacts of inadequate sanitation in India, Dec 2010
SlideM1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
Inadequate sanitation costs India INR 2.4 Trillion (US$ 53.8 Billion) per year
Access time
spent20.0%
Doem-stic wa-ter re-lated
impact7.8%
Health related impact71.7%
Tourism impact0.5%
Losses incurred due to inadequate sanitation Loss related to US$ in Billion
Access time spent 10.73Doemstic water related impact 4.21
Health related impact 38.49
Tourism impact 0.26
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Challenges or
why is sanitation still an issue in the 21st century?
Roads, airports, flyovers, Mars missions …. everything works but sanitation?
Source: http://breakoutwear.co.uk/blog/?p=3449 Source: http://www.apagemedia.com/gallery/category/92
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Challenge No.1
Speed
• Cities are not able to cope with the pace of urbanization with regard to
• Reforms
• Institutions
• Skill development
• Asset creation and maintenance
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Challenge No. 2
Sanitation requires not only sound technical solutions but highly depends on
• good governance
• social and local political contexts
• wide ranging awareness in all stakeholders
• inclusiveness
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Challenge No. 3
Solutions of the west can not be replicated due to
• Lack of money
• Lack of water
• Lack of energy
• Lack of reuse orientation
Simple copy / pasting from the west will not lead to smart solutions
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Challenge No. 4
The big question : What then????
• Few good examples
• The famous “leap frogging” requires
• vision,
• political will
• courage as well as
• capable institutions
Success factors are often missing
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Heat waves
Drought
Increased Precipitation
Floods Sea level rise
Impacts on Sanitation
Infrastructure
Challenge No 5 : Global warming
Extreme events (heavy storms)
Urban sanitation and climate change – What to plan for?
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Planning framework for improving city –wide sanitation services (as per IWA/Eawag/GIZ strategy paper Sanitation 21)
• 5 stage approach (to be customized to local needs)
• Contains key principles and process support
• Looks at locally appropriate and affordable solutions for
• Technologies and sector governance such as data management, awareness, institutional development, financing, O&M, monitoring and evaluation, capacity building, gender and participation
Selected examples from each stage of the process in India
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Stage 1 : Build institutional commitment and partnership for planning
• Identify leadership of and ensure accountability for the planning process (everybody has to understand his role)
• Establish meaningful consultation beyond lobbyists
• Define vision, timelines and incentives for the planning process itself
Issues faced in India : lack of role clarity, lobbyism, institutional weakness and lack of ownership for meaningful city wide planning as such
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Extent of participation
Passive Only for incentives
Consultations Functional participatio
n
Interactive participatio
n
Self Mobilizatio
n
• spectator • no own initiative
• participate only if there is some kind of gain
• engagement onlyon particular topic
• not proactive• answering questions
• proactive• functional engagement
• supportive efforts
• ability to influence decisions
• suggest / demand for alternate options
• willingness to contribute resources
• highly empowered to take up activities
• decision making
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Do I always have to eat this rubbish???
Process oriented approaches with focus on institutional development, efficiency, O&M, monitoring and accountability needed
Major obstacle : Investment centric approaches alone do not work but form often the only incentives
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Stage 2 : Understand the existing context and define priorities
• Undertake data collection
• Identify the status of service provision
• Undertake a sanitation market assessment
• Identify priorities
Issues faced in India : Insufficient spatial and non spatial data, no coordination, no clarity on need for primary data, PPP modelling not understood, monitoring weak, septage management and reuse oriented solutions unpracticed
Source: www.dilbert.com
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Access to Sanitation
Waste water Management
Solid Waste
Water Supply
Storm Water
Governance & Institutional
StrengtheningFinances Capacity
Enhancement Inclusiveness Technology
5 Strategic dimensions of good City Sanitation Plan (CSPs)
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Private sector involvement – A relieve for overburdened ULBs?
PPPs without proper designing, steering and contract management are not going to work:
Economy of scale contra smaller concessions
Who is really willing and able to monitor
Conflict of interest?
Who has which role and responsibility? (eg. EIA)
Role of SPCBs?
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Stage 3 : Develop systems for sanitation improvement
• City wide planning approach
• Zones for system improvements
• Strategy for collection and transportation of wastewater and fecal sludge
• Strategy for treatment, disposal and reuse
• Cost benefit and/ or life cycle analysis
Issues in India : Septage management as city wide responsibility unpracticed, O&M mainly ignored, finding location specific options involving conventional and unconventional solutions as part of city development planning unknown
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Sanitation scheme in future – ecological sanitation: from linear to closed loop
Source: Water and Wastewater in Asia - The Imperative for New Approaches to Urban Water and Wastewater Management, ADB & Partners Conference, Manila, 12 October, 2010, Paul Reiter, Executive Director, International Water Association
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Decision criteria for appropriate sanitation system
CONVENTIONAL
Conventional fully centralised sewer system with the minimum of STPs. Sewage is pumped from each catchment to 1 or 2 large STPs
CATCHMENT
Traditional sewer system but with multiple systems and STPs to suit drainage catchments eg. the 7 Zones proposed for Kochi
SIMPLIFIED / SHALLOW
Catchment based sewerage system but with less conservative design on such things as minimum sewer depths and sizes. Pipes not in roads
SMALL BORE/ SOLID FREE
Small bore system using septic tanks to remove solids before wastewater enters the sewerage system. Can be black water only or black & grey.
ON SITE
On site sanitation systems such as septic tanks, composting toilets, pit latrines that do not require any sewerage system
Centralised Decentralised
Whole city Zones Ward Ward Sub-ward / PlotPre-treatment
& site conditions determine
sewage transport choices
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t
Proper septage management ensures safe resource recovery and reuse of nutrients and energy incl. Waste to Energy concepts
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Stage 4 : Develop models for service delivery
• Develop appropriate management arrangements : technical pilots and asset creation require institutional development
• Develop robust cost recovery mechanisms
• Strengthen monitoring
• Strengthen regulatory mechanism
Issues in India : Incomplete devolution of power, weak urban finance, lack of suitable utilities, ULBs as polluters hardly monitored and controlled
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Managed by Household• Plumbers for Household
connectivity
Managed by City / ULBRequires a dedicated institution for water supply & sanitation with various departments viz.• Management• Engineering & Technical• Accounts & Finance• Administration• Data management• Customer service• Etc….
Transition from on-site systems to centralized sewerage systems
Centralized Sewerage systemIndividual System
Pit LatrinesSeptage Management System
Septic Tank
Managed by Households• Mason
Managed by Households• Mason• PlumberManaged by City / ULB• Vacuum truck operators• Treatment plant
operators
Upgrade Upgrade
Institutional & human resource required
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Water & sanitation utilities – elements of good governance
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Stage 5 : Prepare for implementation
• Ensure proposals meet expectations for improvement
• Capacity building
• Sanitation promotion, advocacy and awareness raising
Issue in India : Debate rarely reaches the urban poor and the elected representatives, awareness yet very low but Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, the Clean India Mission has started to trigger a mass movement for sanitation and cleanliness
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1 gram of excreta can contain• 1,00,00,000 viruses • 10,00,000 bacteria • 1,000 parasite cysts • 100 parasite eggs
Each time an adult human defecates about 250 gram of excreta
Faeces
Fields
Flies
Fluid
Fingers
Food New
host
P
S
P
S
P
Sanitation and public health: awareness needed
Common diseases are: Diarrhoea, Cholera, Malaria, Intestinal worms, Hepatitis, Typhoid, Polio, Ascariasis
Food sanitation and improved sanitation can reduce diarrheal morbidity – Hand washing with soap: 30% Point of use Water treatment : 39% Sanitation (toilet): 32%
SlideM1: City Sanitation Plan - Relevance and added values
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No challenges without opportunities…….
• Sanitation is gaining momentum (India : Clean India Mission)
• Septage management is getting recognized as the need of the hour
• Strong international players are pushing for sustainable business models and innovative technologies (BMGF)
• Some developing countries are adopting innovative solutions for septage management
• First pilots for innovative onside sanitation solutions closing material loops and adopting waste to energy strategies are under construction (Hamburg / Jenfelder Au)
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No challenges without opportunities…….Innovative approaches for communication and awareness raising are being explored: Estimated fecal waste flows
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No challenges without opportunities…….
• Developing countries are currently the drivers for innovation
• Europe for many more years to come will use existing assets
• Developing countries may take the lead in sustainable sanitation solutions of the future
