sapcc adaptation and drr_raman mehta,undp_14 october2014
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Status of Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in
Climate Change Action Plans
Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Sikkim, Tripura and Uttarakhand
Background
• 23 state action plans prepared• 19 endorsed by National Steering Committee
on Climate Change• 4 being considered by Expert Committee on
Climate Change• Climate related disasters striking regularly:
Floods in J&K, Assam and Uttarakhand. Cyclone Phailin last year and Hudhud this year
Methodological Framework
• IPCC AR5 regionally differentiated framework of risks (direct and indirect)– Increased riverine, coastal and urban flooding – Increased risk of heat related mortality – Increased risk of drought related water and food
shortage – Distress migration (indirect risk)– Urbanization/concentration of population (indirect
risk)
Methodological Framework• IPCC AR5 also suggests risk mitigation/ adaptation
measures. For each of the risks, e.g. Increased flooding, there are several DRR and adaptation measures suggested.
• Each plan was reviewed from the point of view of whether DRR and adaptation measures to deal with risks have been incorporated comprehensively, partially or not at all
• An opinion, though impressionistic is also formed on which risks have been dealt with adequately
• Plans were also assessed from the point of view of whether foremost principles of adaptation and DRR have been embedded or not
Example of how the methodological framework was usedKey risks Suggested measures Dealt with in State Climate Change Action
Plan
Comprehensively Partially Not dealt with
Increased riverine, coastal and urban flooding
Exposure reduction
Land use planning
Selective relocation
Reduction in vulnerability of lifeline infrastructure services
Construction of monitoring and early warning systems
Methodological Framework• Status of implementation of SAPCC based on
desk reviews and personal communications with key officials in some states
• Limitations: – Assessment of whether risks have been
adequately dealt with or not based purely on desk review of SAPCC text.
– Framework of assessment applied to documents that have been designed sectorally and not as per framework we applied. This may have led to some subjectivity
Increased riverine/ coastal / urban flooding
• Overall assessment: Several measures proposed to deal with risk. This risk appears to have been dealt with adequately in all the plans
• Details regarding pursuit of specific measures– All states include identifying exposed areas as a
measure 7(88%) comprehensively and 1 (12%) partially– Specific initiatives for implementing the measure
include vulnerability assessments and mapping, detailed land use planning and zoning, identifying specific ecosystems or natural resources that need attention
Increased riverine/ coastal / urban flooding
• Details regarding pursuit of specific measures– Reduction in vulnerability of lifeline infrastructure services,
Construction of monitoring and early warning systems and Assist vulnerable areas and households adopted by 5 (63%) states comprehensively and 3 (37%) partially
– Specific initiatives for implementing these measures include strengthened implementation of existing schemes such as MGNREGA, building capacities of rural households, creating comprehensive disaster response systems, surveys and studies to bolster disaster preparedness
Increased riverine/ coastal / urban flooding
• Details regarding pursuit of specific measures– Exposure reduction adopted comprehensively by 50% and
partially by the rest– Specific initiatives included boosting natural defences
through ecosystems restoration, beefing up engineering structures to boost disaster defences, as well as initiatives to create more knowledge as well as awareness.
– Promote economic diversification adopted comprehensively by 25% partially by rest
– Measures such as Land use planning, diversification of livelihoods, selective relocation appeared least popular with most states either addressing them partially and some not at all
Increased riverine/ coastal / urban flooding
• Details regarding pursuit of specific measures– Promote economic diversification adopted
comprehensively by 25% partially by rest– Specific initiatives mostly included promoting non-farm
rural livelihood options, diversifying farm based income options as well as boosting activities such as ecotourism
– In general, land use planning, diversification of livelihoods, selective relocation appeared least popular with most states either addressing them only partially and some not at all
Measu
res t
o identify exp
osed are
as
Reduction in
vulnerabilit
y of lifelin
e infra
structu
re se
rvice
s
Constructi
on of monito
ring and early
warn
ing syste
ms
Assist
vulnerable are
as and house
holds
Exposu
re re
duction
Land use
planning
Diversify liv
elihoods
Economic
diversifica
tion
Selective re
location
7
5 5 5
4
3 3
2
1
3 3 3
4 4
3
6
4
1
2
4
Measures pursued regarding risk of flooding
Comprehensive Partial No
Increased risk of heat related mortality
• Overall assessment: This particular risk has been poorly dealt with in the plans we reviewed
• Details regarding pursuit of specific measures– None of the states had comprehensively addressed
any of the mitigative measures– Partial attention paid to heat health warning
systems by 6 (75%)– Little or no attention paid to measures such as
Urban planning to reduce heat islands, Improvement of the built environment, and Development of sustainable cities
Heat health
warn
ing syste
ms
Urban planning to
reduce
heat isla
nds
Impro
vement of t
he build enviro
nment
Development of s
ustainable ci
ties
New work
practi
ces t
o avoid heat stre
ss among outd
oor work
ers
6
1 1 1
2
7 7 7
8
Measures pursued regarding increased risk of heat related mortality
Comprehensive Partial No
Increased risk of drought related water and food shortages
• Overall assessment: Several measures proposed to deal with risk. This risk appears to have been dealt with adequately in all the plans
• Details regarding pursuit of specific measures– 75% states had addressed water infrastructure and
reservoir development coupled with improved agricultural practices comprehensively
– Specific initiatives included water harvesting, efficient use, recycling, strengthened agriculture extension etc
Increased risk of drought related water and food shortages
• Details regarding pursuit of specific measures– 63% and 50% of the states proposed initiatives
that comprehensively dealt with Adaptive and integrated water resources management and more efficient use of water
– 38% states had listed comprehensive initiatives dealing with resilient agriculture and the rest partially
– Similar basket of measures proposed to deal with these strategies as mentioned above
Water infrastructure and reservoir development
Improved agricultural prac-tices
Adaptive/integrated water resources management
More efficient use of water Disaster preparedness including early warning
systems and local coping strategies
Diversification of water sources including water
reuse
Resilient agriculture
6 6
5
4
3
2 22 2
3 3
4 4
6
1 1
2
Measures pursued regarding increased risk of drought related water and food shortages
Comprehensive Partial No
Distress migration
• Overall assessment: This risk appears to have been dealt with inadequately
• Details regarding pursuit of specific measures– None of the states had addressed R&R policies
comprehensively– Mitigating migration through livelihood
opportunities in villages addressed comprehensively by 50% and partially by rest
– Specific initiatives included rural development initiatives and utilisation of existing social protection schemes
Mitigating migration through livelihood opportuni-ties in villages
R&R policies
4 4
3
5
Status of measures pursued to deal with distress migration
Comprehensive Partial No
Urbanisation and concentration of population
• Overall assessment: This risk appears to have been dealt with adequately
• Urbanisation and concentration of population– Infrastructure resilience in urban centres
addressed comprehensively by 75% and partially by rest
Additional comments• No discernible pattern on whether foremost
principles of adaptation and DRR have been recognised or not.
• In most cases it appears that there is atleast an implicit recognition of these principles
• It also appears that hard and tangible measures have been proposed explicitly
• Soft measures such as addressing systemic issues of DRR and adaptation are weakly addressed
Existing implementing arrangements
• Most states following a mainstreaming strategy
• Financing of plans through integrating into departmental budgets
• Completion of vulnerability assessment exercises and deployment of resources in these areas through convergence of existing schemes
Existing implementing arrangements
• Technical assistance secured by some states through bilateral or multilateral assistance
• Some states have created state knowledge management centres
• High level coordination committees to provide guidance on implementation created.
Tentative Recommendations• Enhanced institutional arrangements• Enhanced financing for state climate change
action plan implementation– Clarify year on year annual financing targets– Maximise convergence of existing schemes– Include raising of finances as a major function of
enhanced institutional arrangements• Action plans need to be constantly evolved
and updated to address risks and adopt strategies
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