salivary glands daw

Salivary Glands

Major glands

• Parotid: so-called watery serous saliva rich in amylase, proline-rich proteins– Stenson’s duct

• Submandibular gland: more mucinous– Wharton’s duct

• Sublingual: viscous saliva– ducts of Rivinus; duct of Bartholin

Minor glands

• Minor salivary glands are not found within gingiva and anterior part of the hard palate

• Serous minor glands=von Ebner below the sulci of the circumvallate and folliate papillae of the tongue

• Glands of Blandin-Nuhn: ventral tongue• Palatine, glossopalatine glands are pure mucus• Weber glands

Functions

• Protection– lubricant (glycoprotein)– barrier against noxious stimuli; microbial

toxins and minor traumas– washing non-adherent and acellular debris– formation of salivary pellicle

• calcium-binding proteins: tooth protection; plaque

Functions

• Buffering (phosphate ions and bicarbonate)– bacteria require specific pH conditions– plaque microorganisms produce acids from

sugars

Functions

• Digestion– neutralizes esophageal contents– dilutes gastric chyme– forms food bolus– brakes starch

Functions

• Antimicrobial– lysozyme hydrolyzes cell walls of some

bacteria– lactoferrin binds free iron and deprives bacteria

of this essential element– IgA agglutinates microorganisms

Functions

• Maintenance of tooth integrity– calcium and phosphate ions

• ionic exchange with tooth surface

Functions

• Tissue repair– bleeding time of oral tissues shorter than other

tissues– resulting clot less solid than normal– remineralization

Functions

• Taste– solubilizing of food substances that can be

sensed by receptors– trophic effect on receptors

Embryonic development

• The parotid: ectoderm (4-6 weeks of embryonic life)

• The sublingual-submandibular glands: endoderm• The submandibular gland around the 6th week• The sublingual and the minor glands develop

around the 8-12 week • Differentiation of the ectomesenchyme• Development of fibrous capsule• Formation of septa that divide the gland into lobes

and lobules

Serous cells

• Seromucus cells=secrete also polysaccharides• They have all the features of a cell specialized for

the synthesis, storage, and secretion of protein– Rough endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomal sites--

>cisternae)– Prominent Golgi-->carbohydrate moieties are added

Secretory granules-->exocytosis

Serous cells

• The secretory process is continuous but cyclic• There are complex foldings of cytoplasmic

membrane• The junctional complex consists of:

– Tight junctions (zonula occludens)-->fusion of outer cell layer

– Intermediate junction (zonula adherens)-->intercellular communication

– Desmosomes-->firm adhesion

Mucous cells

• Production, storage, and secretion of proteinaceous material; smaller enzymatic component-more carbohydrates-->mucins=more prominent Golgi-less prominent (conspicuous) rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria-less interdigitations

Formation and Secretion of Saliva

• Primary saliva– Serous and mucous cells– Intercalated ducts

• Modified saliva– Striated and terminal ducts– End product is hypotonic

Macromolecular component

• Synthesis of proteins

• RER, Golgi apparatus

• Ribosomes RER posttranslational modification (N- & O-linked glycosylation) Golgi apparatus Secretory granules

• Exocytosis

• Endocytosis of the granule membrane

Fluid and Electrolytes

• Parasympathetic innervation• Binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic

receptors– Activation of phospholipase IP3 release of

Ca2+ opening of channels K+, Cl- Na+ in– K+ and Cl- in– Also another electrolyte transport mechanism

through HCO3-

• Noepinephrine via alpha-adrenergic receptors– Substance P activates the Ca2+

Myoepithelial cells

• One, two or even three myoepithelial cells in each salivary and piece body

• Four to eight processes• Desmosomes between myoepithelial cells

and secretory cells• Myofilaments frequently aggregated to

form dark bodies along the course of the process

Myoepithelial cells

• The myoepithelial cells of the intercalated ducts are more spindled-shaped and fewer processes

• Ultrastructurally very similar to that of smooth muscle cells

• Functions of myoepithelial cells– Support secretory cells– Contract and widen the diameter of the intercalated

ducts– Contraction may aid in the rupture of acinar cells of

epithelial origin

Intercalated Ducts

• Small diameter• Lined by small cuboidal cells• Nucleus located in the center• Well-developed RER, Golgi apparatus,

occasionally secretory granules, few microvilli• Myoepithelial cells are also present• Intercalated ducts are prominent in salivary glands

having a watery secretion (parotid).

Striated Ducts

• Columnar cells• Centrally located nucleus• Eosinophilic cytoplasm• Prominenty striations

– Indentations of the cytoplasmic membrane with many mitochondria present between the folds

• Some RER and some Golgi, short microvilli• Modify the secretion

– Hypotonic solution=low sodium and chloride and high potassium

• Basal cells

Terminal excretory ducts

• Near the striated ducts they have the same histology as the striated ducts

• As the duct reaches the oral mucosa the lining becomes stratified

• Goblet cells, basal cells, clear cells.

• Alter the electrolyte concentration and add mucoid substance.

Ductal modification• Autonomic nervous system

• Striated and terminal ducts

• Modofication via reabsorption and secretion of electrolytes

• Final product is hypotonic

• Rate of salivary flow– High: Sodium and chlorine up; potassium down

Connective tissue

• Fibroblasts• Inflammatory cells• Mast cells• Adipose cells• Extracellular matrix

– Glycoproteins and proteoglycans

• Collagen and oxytalan fibers• Blood supply

Nerve supply

• No direct inhibitory innervation• Parasympathetic and sympathetic impulses• Parasympathetic are more prevalent.• Parasympathetic impulses may occur in

isolation, evoke most of the fluid to be excreted, cause exocytosis, induce contraction of myoepithelial cells (sympathetic too) and cause vasodilatation.

Nerve supply

• There are two types of innervation: Epilemmal and hypolemmal

• beta-adrenergic receptors that induce protein secretion

• L-adrenergic and cholinergic receptors that induce water and electrolyte secretion

Hormones can influence the function of the salivary glands. They modify the salivary content but cannot iniate salivary flow.

Age changes

• Fibrosis and fatty degenerative changes

• Presence of oncocytes (eosinophilic cells containing many mitochondria)

Clinical Considerations

• Obstruction

• Role of drugs

• Systemic disorders

• Bacterial or viral infections

• Therapeutic radiation

• Formation of plaque and calculus