safety management system (sms) presentation -5 sept 06
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SafetySafety Management SystemManagement System((Sistim Manajemen Keselamatan)Sistim Manajemen Keselamatan)
Ir. I G.N.A.Astawa, MScIr. I G.N.A.Astawa, MScIr. Alfino Alwie, MScIr. Alfino Alwie, MSc
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BIODATA PEMBICARABIODATA PEMBICARA
Name : I Gusti Ngurah Anom AstawaName : I Gusti Ngurah Anom Astawa Educational Back Ground : Educational Back Ground :
S1 S1 -- ITB : Mechanical Engineering : 1984ITB : Mechanical Engineering : 1984--19891989 S2 S2 -- University of Warwick University of Warwick England : 1992 England : 1992 -- 19931993
Work ExperienceWork Experience IPTN (Indonesian Aircraft Industries) : 1990 IPTN (Indonesian Aircraft Industries) : 1990 -- 20012001 SGU SGU Lecturer 2001 Lecturer 2001 up to presentup to present PT. Indospec Asia (Inspection Company) : 2002PT. Indospec Asia (Inspection Company) : 2002--nownow
20022002--2004 : COPI Belanak FPSO certification 2004 : COPI Belanak FPSO certification project project management/ Project Controlmanagement/ Project Control
20022002--2003 : Unocal West Seno TLP2003 : Unocal West Seno TLP--A / FPU certification A / FPU certification project project management / Project Controlmanagement / Project Control
20042004--2005 : Project management advisory2005 : Project management advisory 2005 2005 now : Marketing Inspection & Certification Managernow : Marketing Inspection & Certification Manager
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TEMA PRESENTASI :TEMA PRESENTASI :
Safety Management SystemSafety Management System(Sistim Manajemen Keselamatan)(Sistim Manajemen Keselamatan)
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Serangkaian Pertanyaan Serangkaian Pertanyaan
Untuk memandu alur presentasi, akan diberikan Untuk memandu alur presentasi, akan diberikan serangkaian pertanyaan yang dibagi atas dua serangkaian pertanyaan yang dibagi atas dua kategori, yaitu :kategori, yaitu :
A. Pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan penerapan Safety A. Pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan penerapan Safety Management System untuk aplikasi secara umumManagement System untuk aplikasi secara umum
B. Pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan penerapan Safety B. Pertanyaan yang berkaitan dengan penerapan Safety Management System khusus untuk kegiatan Management System khusus untuk kegiatan pemboran (drilling) pemboran (drilling)
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Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
1. Apa itu SMS (Safety Management System) ?1. Apa itu SMS (Safety Management System) ?2. Apa tujuan penerapan SMS2. Apa tujuan penerapan SMS3. Bagaimana kita bisa yakin bahwa 3. Bagaimana kita bisa yakin bahwa
pengoperasian suatu peralatan/instalasi ada pengoperasian suatu peralatan/instalasi ada dalam kondisi aman, tidak membahayakan dalam kondisi aman, tidak membahayakan pekerja, lingkungan hidup atau aset pekerja, lingkungan hidup atau aset perusahaan ?perusahaan ?
4. Apa itu risk dan bagaimana menghitungnya ?4. Apa itu risk dan bagaimana menghitungnya ?
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5. Bagaimana metodologi / langkah5. Bagaimana metodologi / langkah--langkah dalam langkah dalam melakukan risk assessment ?melakukan risk assessment ?
6. Apa itu bahaya (hazard) ?6. Apa itu bahaya (hazard) ?7. Apa perbedaan hazard dengan major accident 7. Apa perbedaan hazard dengan major accident
hazard ? hazard ? 8. Apa perbedaan bahaya (hazard) dengan resiko 8. Apa perbedaan bahaya (hazard) dengan resiko
(risk) ?(risk) ?9. Kenapa hazard identification itu sangat penting 9. Kenapa hazard identification itu sangat penting
dalam proses risk assessment dan bagaimana dalam proses risk assessment dan bagaimana caranya mengidentifikasi hazard ?caranya mengidentifikasi hazard ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
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10. Dalam kontesk risk analysis, setelah 10. Dalam kontesk risk analysis, setelah tahapan mengidentifikasi bahaya, apa tahapan mengidentifikasi bahaya, apa tahapan selanjutnya ?tahapan selanjutnya ?
11. Dalam konteks risk analysis, apa itu 11. Dalam konteks risk analysis, apa itu probability, frequency dan likelihood ? probability, frequency dan likelihood ? Apa perbedaannya ?Apa perbedaannya ?
12. Apa itu consequence (konsekuensi) ?12. Apa itu consequence (konsekuensi) ?13. Bagaimana menghitung probability dan 13. Bagaimana menghitung probability dan
consequence ?consequence ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
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14. Apa yang harus dilakukan setelah melakukan risk 14. Apa yang harus dilakukan setelah melakukan risk analysis ?analysis ?
15. Apa perbedaan risk analysis dengan risk assessment ?15. Apa perbedaan risk analysis dengan risk assessment ?16. Kalau dalam proses penilaian resiko (risk assessment) 16. Kalau dalam proses penilaian resiko (risk assessment)
misalnya diperoleh hasil bahwa risk levelnya tinggi, misalnya diperoleh hasil bahwa risk levelnya tinggi, langkah apa yang harus dilakukan ?langkah apa yang harus dilakukan ?
17. Apa itu risk mitigation ?17. Apa itu risk mitigation ?18. Upaya18. Upaya--upaya apa saja yang dapat dilakukan dalam upaya apa saja yang dapat dilakukan dalam
melakukan risk mitigation dan apa saja melakukan risk mitigation dan apa saja persyaratannya ? persyaratannya ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
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Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
19. Apakah setiap upaya19. Apakah setiap upaya--upaya risk mitigation upaya risk mitigation sepenuhnya bisa diterapkan ? Kalau tidak, apa sepenuhnya bisa diterapkan ? Kalau tidak, apa batasanbatasan--batasan acceptancebatasan acceptance--nya ?nya ?
20. Apa itu ALARP dan apa yang dimaksud 20. Apa itu ALARP dan apa yang dimaksud dengan RP (Reasonably Practicable) tsb ? dengan RP (Reasonably Practicable) tsb ?
21. Apakah besaran ALARP bisa dikuantifikasi ?21. Apakah besaran ALARP bisa dikuantifikasi ?22. Apakah ada batas22. Apakah ada batas--batas (region) dimana suatu batas (region) dimana suatu
risk level dapat dikategorikan dalam daerah risk level dapat dikategorikan dalam daerah intolerable, acceptable atau unacceptable ?intolerable, acceptable atau unacceptable ?
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23. Apa itu Individual Risk Per Annum 23. Apa itu Individual Risk Per Annum (IRPA) ? (IRPA) ?
24. Apa arti dari nilai IRPA = 1 x 1024. Apa arti dari nilai IRPA = 1 x 10--33 per per year ?year ?
25. Apakah ada batas25. Apakah ada batas--batas toleransi untuk batas toleransi untuk nilai IRPA yang diijinkan ? nilai IRPA yang diijinkan ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
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1. Apa itu Fatality Accident Rate (FAR) ?1. Apa itu Fatality Accident Rate (FAR) ?2. Seberapa besar nilai FAR (untuk 2. Seberapa besar nilai FAR (untuk
kegiatan drilling) di Indonesia ?kegiatan drilling) di Indonesia ?3. Seberapa besar nilai FAR (kegiatan 3. Seberapa besar nilai FAR (kegiatan
drilling) di negara lain (misalnya UK) ?drilling) di negara lain (misalnya UK) ?4. Apakah FAR (drilling) di Indonesia 4. Apakah FAR (drilling) di Indonesia
lebih baik atau lebih buruk lebih baik atau lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan FAR di UK ?dibandingkan dengan FAR di UK ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (B)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (B)
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5. Untuk kegiatan pemboran, safety related 5. Untuk kegiatan pemboran, safety related studies apa saja yang perlu dilakukan ?studies apa saja yang perlu dilakukan ?
6. Bagaimana perbandingan kompleksitas 6. Bagaimana perbandingan kompleksitas safety related studies untuk kegiatan safety related studies untuk kegiatan drilling dan instalasi yang lain, seperti drilling dan instalasi yang lain, seperti misalnya untuk instalasi WHP, FPSO ? misalnya untuk instalasi WHP, FPSO ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (B)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (B)
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Risk Assessment
Safety Management System
Safety Case
Risk Management
Risk Analysys1. Hazid2. Probability3. Consequence
++ Risk Level, ALARP &Mitigation
++ SCE
++ Other SMS elements : organization, etc
++ Management summary, FD, FSA
1. Elimination2. Substitution3. Change / Modification4. Safety signs5. Reduce exposure6. Procedures7. PPE
Looping
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Agenda PresentasiAgenda Presentasi PENGANTAR : Latar Belakang Implementasi SMSPENGANTAR : Latar Belakang Implementasi SMS SESSION 1 (Pertanyaan A1SESSION 1 (Pertanyaan A1--A8)A8)
A. Definisi SMS dan Tujuan PenerapannyaA. Definisi SMS dan Tujuan Penerapannya B. Understanding Hazard, Risk, dan Metodologi Risk Assessment B. Understanding Hazard, Risk, dan Metodologi Risk Assessment
SESSION 2 (Pertanyaan A9SESSION 2 (Pertanyaan A9--A18)A18) A. HAZARD IDENTIFICATIONA. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION B. RISK ANALYSISB. RISK ANALYSIS C. RISK ASSESSMENTC. RISK ASSESSMENT
Session 3 (Pertanyaan A19Session 3 (Pertanyaan A19--A25)A25) A. Risk Acceptance CriteriaA. Risk Acceptance Criteria B. ALARP dan BatasB. ALARP dan Batas--Batas ALARPBatas ALARP
SESSION 4 (Pertanyaan B1SESSION 4 (Pertanyaan B1--B6) B6) SMS untuk kegiatan drilling SMS untuk kegiatan drilling FAR untuk kegiatan drilling di indonesia dan UKFAR untuk kegiatan drilling di indonesia dan UK Safety studies untuk kegiatan drilling dan instalasi lain yang lSafety studies untuk kegiatan drilling dan instalasi lain yang lebih ebih
komplekskompleks SESSION 5 : Safety Management System, the Structure, model dan tSESSION 5 : Safety Management System, the Structure, model dan the he
elements elements
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PENGANTARPENGANTAR
Latar Belakang Penerapan Safety Latar Belakang Penerapan Safety Case (Safety Management System)Case (Safety Management System)
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Minyak dan Gas Bumi Minyak dan Gas Bumi merupakan sumber daya alam merupakan sumber daya alam yang tidak terbarukan dan yang tidak terbarukan dan mempunyai nilai strategismempunyai nilai strategis
Industri minyak dan gas bumi Industri minyak dan gas bumi merupakan industri yang merupakan industri yang padat modal (memakai padat modal (memakai banyak peralatan) dan banyak peralatan) dan memiliki memiliki potensi kecelakaan potensi kecelakaan tinggitinggi
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RESIKORESIKO DALAM AKTIVITAS MIGASDALAM AKTIVITAS MIGAS ResikoResiko dalam kegiatan operasi migas bisa berupadalam kegiatan operasi migas bisa berupa ledakanledakan, ,
kebakarankebakaran, , pencemaranpencemaran lingkunganlingkungan karenakarena tumpahantumpahan minyakminyakataupunataupun bahanbahan berbahayaberbahaya dandan beracunberacun
KebocoranKebocoran PipaPipa
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Piper Alpha disasterPiper Alpha disaster
6 July 19886 July 1988 226 POB226 POB 165165 DiedDied
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Kecelakaan platform Piper Alpha yang terjadi pada tgl6 Juli 1988, dengan korban 165 orang meninggal dari226 orang pekerja yang berada di atas platform
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PENGALAMAN ADALAH GURU PENGALAMAN ADALAH GURU YANG TERBAIKYANG TERBAIK
PELAJARAN APA YANG DAPAT DIPETIK PELAJARAN APA YANG DAPAT DIPETIK DARI KEJADIAN TSB ?DARI KEJADIAN TSB ?
LESSON LEARNEDLESSON LEARNED
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Kecelakaan Piper Alpha :Kecelakaan Piper Alpha :Suatu Pelajaran BerhargaSuatu Pelajaran Berharga
Platform piper alpha dalam operasinya telah Platform piper alpha dalam operasinya telah dilengkapi dengan dilengkapi dengan certificate of fitnesscertificate of fitness (Indonesia : (Indonesia : SKPI)SKPI)
Kecelakaan karena disebabkan oleh Kecelakaan karena disebabkan oleh buruknyaburuknyaprosedur standar operasi dan prosedur standar operasi dan buruknyaburuknya konfigurasi konfigurasi peralatan yang ada. peralatan yang ada.
Kecelakaan Piper Alpha memberikan pelajaran Kecelakaan Piper Alpha memberikan pelajaran berharga dan merekomendasikan adanya berharga dan merekomendasikan adanya perubahan mendasar dalam penanganan safetyperubahan mendasar dalam penanganan safety
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PERGESERAN POLA PERGESERAN POLA MANAJEMEN SAFETYMANAJEMEN SAFETY
Belajar dari pengalaman masa Belajar dari pengalaman masa lalu dan dengan adanya lalu dan dengan adanya perkembangan teknologi / perkembangan teknologi / metodologi baru yang lebih metodologi baru yang lebih efisien dan efektif telah efisien dan efektif telah menyebabkan pergeseran pola menyebabkan pergeseran pola manajemen safety yang manajemen safety yang berbasiskan berbasiskan prescriptive prescriptive ke ke goal goal setting approachsetting approach
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Comparison :Comparison :Safety Case Assessment in UK & INDONESIA Safety Case Assessment in UK & INDONESIA
1992
Since 1992, there are over 1.300 offshore safety cases have been assessed
Since Feb 2002, there are aound 350 onshore safety cases have been assessed
40% to be returned because the safety cases failed to demonstrate ALARP satisfactorily
Feb,2002 Oct,2002 2003
Since October 2002,only 2 Safety casehas been being reviewed
UK
UK IND
6 July 1988
6 July 1988226 POB167 Died
Lord Cullens Recommendation :Safety case implemented
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Apakah ada perbaikan tingkat keselamatan di Apakah ada perbaikan tingkat keselamatan di UK setelah penerapan SMS ?UK setelah penerapan SMS ?
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AdakahAdakah Perbaikan setelah PenerapanPerbaikan setelah Penerapan SMS ?SMS ?
100%
10%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
MAE - Before Safety Case was introduced After Safety Case was introduced
As can be seen, considerable improvements have been made over the past nine years to mitigate the effects of major accidents on an offshore installation. Initial indication shows that the risk of a major accident offshore in UK has been reduced by about 90%. If this is indeed shown to be statiscally corrrect, then the lesson of Piper Alpha will indeed have been learnt.(Ref. The Royal Society, 1998. The explosion and fire of Piper Alpha platform, 6 July 1998. A case study, by D.D.Drydale and R.Sylvester Evans, page 2945)
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DATA KECELAKAAN DI KEGIATAN DATA KECELAKAAN DI KEGIATAN PEMBORAN PEMBORAN
TTAHUN 1996 AHUN 1996 -- 20022002Tahun
Klasifikasi Kecelakaan1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ringan 33 13 12 20 6 6 3 93
Sedang 10 32 26 18 8 14 19 127
Berat 21 10 12 16 16 17 17 109
Meninggal 2 5 3 5 4 6 3 28
Total
Catatan :Ringan = 0 LTA, Sedang = LTA21 days LTA = Loss Time Accident
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Session ISession I
(Pertanyaan A1(Pertanyaan A1--A8)A8)A. Definisi SMS dan Tujuan PenerapannyaA. Definisi SMS dan Tujuan Penerapannya
B. Understanding Hazard, Risk, dan Metodologi Risk B. Understanding Hazard, Risk, dan Metodologi Risk Assessment Assessment
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Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
1. Apa itu SMS (Safety Management System) ?1. Apa itu SMS (Safety Management System) ?2. Apa tujuan penerapan SMS2. Apa tujuan penerapan SMS3. Bagaimana kita bisa diyakini bahwa 3. Bagaimana kita bisa diyakini bahwa
pengoperasian suatu peralatan/instalasi ada pengoperasian suatu peralatan/instalasi ada dalam kondisi aman dan tidak dalam kondisi aman dan tidak membahayakan lingkungan hidup ?membahayakan lingkungan hidup ?
4. Apa itu risk dan bagaimana menghitungnya ?4. Apa itu risk dan bagaimana menghitungnya ?
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5. Bagaimana metodologi / langkah5. Bagaimana metodologi / langkah--langkah dalam langkah dalam melakukan risk assessment ?melakukan risk assessment ?
6. Apa itu bahaya (hazard) ?6. Apa itu bahaya (hazard) ?7. Apa perbedaan hazard dengan major accident 7. Apa perbedaan hazard dengan major accident
hazard ? hazard ? 8. Apa perbedaan bahaya dengan resiko ?8. Apa perbedaan bahaya dengan resiko ?9. Kenapa hazard identification itu sangat penting 9. Kenapa hazard identification itu sangat penting
dalam proses risk assessment dan bagaimana dalam proses risk assessment dan bagaimana caranya mengidentifikasi hazard ?caranya mengidentifikasi hazard ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
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SMSSMS
SMS = Safety Management System, terdiri atas 3 Kata, SMS = Safety Management System, terdiri atas 3 Kata, yaitu :yaitu : SafetySafety ManagementManagement SystemSystem
Untuk bisa mengerti apa itu SMS, maka harus mengerti Untuk bisa mengerti apa itu SMS, maka harus mengerti Apa itu Safety ?Apa itu Safety ? Apa itu Management ?Apa itu Management ? Apa itu System ?Apa itu System ?
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Kata Pertama :Kata Pertama :SAFETY / KESELAMATANSAFETY / KESELAMATAN
(Cakupan lebih luas, Safety = Keselamatan Kerja, Kesehatan dan L(Cakupan lebih luas, Safety = Keselamatan Kerja, Kesehatan dan Lindungan Lingkungan = K3LL)indungan Lingkungan = K3LL)
Safety / Keselamatan :Safety / Keselamatan : (Cakupan lebih luas, Safety = Keselamatan Kerja, Kesehatan dan Lindungan Lingkungan = K3LL)
Adalah suatu kondisi yang melingkupi suatu Adalah suatu kondisi yang melingkupi suatu peralatan / instalasi dimana dalam pengoperasian peralatan / instalasi dimana dalam pengoperasian peralatan / instalasi tersebut tidak menyebabkan peralatan / instalasi tersebut tidak menyebabkan adanya kerugian (keadaan yang membahayakan) buat adanya kerugian (keadaan yang membahayakan) buat manusia, lingkungan hidup maupun terhadap manusia, lingkungan hidup maupun terhadap peralatan / instalasi itu sendiriperalatan / instalasi itu sendiri
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Kata Kedua :Kata Kedua :MANAGEMENT / MANAJEMEN MANAGEMENT / MANAJEMEN
MANAJEMENMANAJEMEN Adalah suatu kegiatan Adalah suatu kegiatan pengelolaan pengelolaan terhadapterhadap asset asset
perusahaanperusahaan yang berlangsung secara berkesinambungan yang berlangsung secara berkesinambungan dalam rangka mencapai tujuan / misi / visi perusahaan.dalam rangka mencapai tujuan / misi / visi perusahaan.
Asset perusahaan dikategorikan atas 5 M, yaituAsset perusahaan dikategorikan atas 5 M, yaitu Man (Labour / Tenaga Kerja)Man (Labour / Tenaga Kerja) Money Money Material Material Machine (Equipment, Facilities)Machine (Equipment, Facilities) Method (procedure, information)Method (procedure, information)
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Kata Ketiga :Kata Ketiga :SYSTEM / SISTIMSYSTEM / SISTIM
SISTIMSISTIM Adalah suatu pendekatan (Adalah suatu pendekatan (approachapproach) dalam ) dalam
memandang suatu object, yang difokuskan pada memandang suatu object, yang difokuskan pada bagaimana object tsb menghasilkan suatu bagaimana object tsb menghasilkan suatu outputoutputtertentu melalui suatu tertentu melalui suatu prosesproses dengan dengan inputinput tertentu tertentu dan dalam suatu dan dalam suatu lingkunganlingkungan yang tertentu.yang tertentu.
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Pertanyaan 1 : Pertanyaan 1 : Apa itu Safety Management System (SMS) ?Apa itu Safety Management System (SMS) ?
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SMS adalah suatu sistem manajemen yang SMS adalah suatu sistem manajemen yang berisikan berisikan buktibukti--bukti yang bukti yang terdokumentasiterdokumentasi dengan baik dengan dengan baik dengan tujuan utamanyatujuan utamanya adalah untuk adalah untuk mendemontrasikan bahwa pengoperasian mendemontrasikan bahwa pengoperasian suatu peralatan / instalasi dijamin tidak suatu peralatan / instalasi dijamin tidak membahayakan pekerja dan lingkungan membahayakan pekerja dan lingkungan hidup serta aset perusahaan.hidup serta aset perusahaan.
Pertanyaan 1 : Pertanyaan 1 : Apa itu Safety Management System (SMS) ?Apa itu Safety Management System (SMS) ?
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Untuk mencapai tujuan utamanya, SMS harus Untuk mencapai tujuan utamanya, SMS harus mampu mendemontrasikan bahwa semua mampu mendemontrasikan bahwa semua potensi bahaya yang ada telah diidentifikasi dan potensi bahaya yang ada telah diidentifikasi dan disiapkan pengendaliannya. Selain itu, SMS juga disiapkan pengendaliannya. Selain itu, SMS juga harus mampu mendemontrasikan bahwa apabila harus mampu mendemontrasikan bahwa apabila terjadi bahaya yang besar (major accident terjadi bahaya yang besar (major accident hazards) sistim penanggulangan, penyelamatan hazards) sistim penanggulangan, penyelamatan dan evakuasi dapat berfungsi dengan baik.dan evakuasi dapat berfungsi dengan baik.
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Pertanyaan 2 : Pertanyaan 2 : Apa tujuan penerapan SMS ?Apa tujuan penerapan SMS ?
Tujuan penerapan SMS adalah untuk mendapatkan Tujuan penerapan SMS adalah untuk mendapatkan keyakinan bahwa suatu peralatan / instalasi yang akan keyakinan bahwa suatu peralatan / instalasi yang akan dioperasikan memiliki integritas yang cukup selama dioperasikan memiliki integritas yang cukup selama masa operasinya dengan tingkat resiko yang sekecil masa operasinya dengan tingkat resiko yang sekecil mungkin (mungkin (AAs s LLow ow AAss possible) terhadap manusia dan possible) terhadap manusia dan lingkungan hidup, serta aset perusahaan melalui upayalingkungan hidup, serta aset perusahaan melalui upaya--upaya pencegahan dan mitigasi bahaya yang secara upaya pencegahan dan mitigasi bahaya yang secara praktis dan logis upayapraktis dan logis upaya--upaya tersebut dapat diterapkan upaya tersebut dapat diterapkan ((RReasonably easonably PPracticableracticable) )
ALARPALARP
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Pertanyaan 3 : Pertanyaan 3 : Bagaimana kita bisa yakin bahwa pengoperasian suatu peralatan Bagaimana kita bisa yakin bahwa pengoperasian suatu peralatan
/ instalasi ada dalam kondisi aman dan tidak membahayakan / instalasi ada dalam kondisi aman dan tidak membahayakan lingkungan hidup ?lingkungan hidup ?
Berdasarkan risk assessment yang dilakukan, Berdasarkan risk assessment yang dilakukan, dihasilkan dihasilkan tingkat resiko yang sekecil mungkin tingkat resiko yang sekecil mungkin ((AAs s LLow ow AAss possible) terhadap manusia dan possible) terhadap manusia dan lingkungan hidup serta aset perusahaanlingkungan hidup serta aset perusahaan
dan upayadan upaya--upaya pencegahan dan mitigasi yang upaya pencegahan dan mitigasi yang diusukan / dilakukan, secara praktis dan logis diusukan / dilakukan, secara praktis dan logis dapat diterapkan (dapat diterapkan (RReasonably easonably PPracticableracticable) ) ALARPALARP
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Pertanyaan 4 : Pertanyaan 4 : Apa itu Risk dan bagaimana menghitungnya ?Apa itu Risk dan bagaimana menghitungnya ?
Resiko adalah merupakan produk perkalian antara Resiko adalah merupakan produk perkalian antara nilai probabilitas akan timbulnya suatu bahaya nilai probabilitas akan timbulnya suatu bahaya dengan nilai konsekuensi karena adanya bahaya dengan nilai konsekuensi karena adanya bahaya tersebut.tersebut.
Risk dapat dihitung dengan rumus berikut :Risk dapat dihitung dengan rumus berikut :Risk = probability x consequenceRisk = probability x consequence
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RISK CALCULATION
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Apa Risk itu Bisa diukur / dihitung ?Apa Risk itu Bisa diukur / dihitung ?
Ya, bisa.Ya, bisa.
Risk dapat diukur /dihitung baik secara Risk dapat diukur /dihitung baik secara kualitatif maupun secara kuantitatifkualitatif maupun secara kuantitatif
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Risk CalculationRisk Calculation
API RP 580 :API RP 580 :In mathematical terms, risk can be calculated by In mathematical terms, risk can be calculated by equation : equation :
Risk = Probability x ConsequenceRisk = Probability x Consequence
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BLOW OUT FREQUENCYBLOW OUT FREQUENCY
Percentage contribution (area)
Base Blow out Frequency
well head subsea well head subsea
OIL 4.60E-05 per well year 78% 22% 24 well 8.61E-04 2.43E-04
GAS 1.40E-04 per well year 78% 22% 24 well 2.62E-03 7.39E-04
Qty of wellWell Type
Generic Blow out Frequency *)
*) This generic blow out frequency was obtained from the E&P forum databasewhich mainly covers the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico data. In total, 86.606 oil well years and 57.796 gas well years have been registered
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Ilustrasi : Consequence of MAH
(for example : probability of fatality due to blow out)
Detection
Control / Isolation
Esc, Evac,Rescue
Time to escape(50%)
Prob of Failure = 9,8%
E,E,R = 77%
Probab
ility of
fatality=
9,8%*
50%*77
% =3,6
3%
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Risk to personnel due to blow out event
Frequency of blow out per year = 7,39x10-4
Consequence of blow out to the exposed personnel = 3,63 % probability to fatality
Risk = Frequency x Consequence= 7,39x10-4 x 3,63 % = 2,68 x 10-5 fatality per year
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Example 1 : Risk CalculationExample 1 : Risk Calculation
Risk to personnel due to MAE (e.g.BlowRisk to personnel due to MAE (e.g.Blow--Out) =Out) =
What is the frequency of blow out taking place per year(Dalam 1 tahun, berapa kali terjadi blow out ?) Dari statistik, misalkan 1 kali blow out dalam 1 tahun
Kalaupun memang terjadi blow out, berapa percent probabilitas yang menyebabkan kematian pada manusia disekitar area blow out ?Nilai probabilitasnya, tergantung pada sistem pencegahan dan penanggulangan bahaya yang diterapkan.
Misalkan probilitasnya = 10%
Risk = Frequency * Consequence= 1 * 10%= 0.1 = 1x10-1 THIS IS INTOLERABLE RISK
-
Example 2 : Risk CalculationExample 2 : Risk Calculation
Risk to personnel due to MAE (e.g.BlowRisk to personnel due to MAE (e.g.Blow--Out) =Out) =
What is the frequency of blow out taking place per year(Dalam 1 tahun, berapa kali terjadi blow out ?) Dari statistik, misalkan 1 kali blow out dalam 1 tahun
Kalaupun memang terjadi blow out, berapa percent probabilitas yang menyebabkan kematian pada manusia disekitar area blow out ?Nilai probabilitasnya, tergantung pada sistem pencegahan dan penanggulangan bahaya yang diterapkan.
Misalkan probilitasnya = 0.01%
Risk = Frequency * Consequence= 1 * 0.01%= 0.0001 = 1x10-4 THIS IS TOLERABLE RISK
-
Example 3 : Risk CalculationExample 3 : Risk Calculation
Risk to personnel due to MAE (e.g.BlowRisk to personnel due to MAE (e.g.Blow--Out) =Out) =
What is the frequency of blow out taking place per year(Dalam 1 tahun, berapa kali terjadi blow out ?) Dari statistik, misalkan 1 kali blow out dalam 1 tahun
Kalaupun memang terjadi blow out, berapa percent probabilitas yang menyebabkan kematian pada manusia disekitar area blow out ?Nilai probabilitasnya, tergantung pada sistem pencegahan dan penanggulangan bahaya yang diterapkan.
Misalkan probilitasnya = 0.00001%
Risk = Frequency * Consequence= 1 * 0.00001%= 0.0000001 = 1x10-7 THIS IS ACCEPTABLE RISK
-
Example 4: Risk CalculationExample 4: Risk Calculation
Risk to personnel due to MAE (e.g.BlowRisk to personnel due to MAE (e.g.Blow--Out) =Out) =
What is the frequency of blow out taking place per year(Dalam 1 tahun, berapa kali terjadi blow out ?) Dari statistik, misalkan 1 kali blow out dalam 10 tahun atau 0.1 kali dalam 1 thn
Kalaupun memang terjadi blow out, berapa percent probabilitas yang menyebabkan kematian pada manusia disekitar area blow out ?Nilai probabilitasnya, tergantung pada sistem pencegahan dan penanggulangan bahaya yang diterapkan.
Misalkan probilitasnya = 0.1%
Risk = Frequency * Consequence= 0,1 * 0.1%= 0.0001 = 1x10-4 THIS IS TOLERABLE RISK
-
RiskRisk Acceptance CriteriaAcceptance Criteria
-
Ilustration of ALARP Region
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
10-3
10-6
Tolerable only ifRisk reduction is impractical
Tolerable if cost of reduction would exceed the improvement gainedl
Necessary to maintainassurance that risk
remains at this level
Risk can not bejustified except
in extraordinary circumstances
A
L
A
R
P
(one fatality in1.000 manyrs)
(one fatality in1.000.000 manyrs)
-
Risk Acceptance CriteriaRisk Acceptance Criteria
There are 3 regions of risk acceptance criteria There are 3 regions of risk acceptance criteria ::
Intolerable regionIntolerable region Tolerable regionTolerable region Acceptable regionAcceptable region
-
Example : COMPANY GOAL / TARGET (in term of risk to personnel)
Individual risk of fatality of personnel who are operating,maintaining or attending the facilities shall not exceed 1x10-3 per manyears
IRPA < 1x10-3
(less than one fatality in 1.000 manyears).
-
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
10-3
10-6IRPA Acceptance Criteria
Tolerable only ifRisk reduction is impractical
Tolerable if cost of reduction would exceed the improvement gainedl
Necessary to maintainassurance that risk
remains at this level
Risk can not bejustified except
in extraordinary circumstances
(one fatality in1.000 manyrs)
(one fatality in1.000.000 manyrs)
-
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
1x10-3
1x10-6IRPA Acceptance Criteria
(one fatality in1.000 manyrs)
(one fatality in1.000.000 manyrs)
Tolerable only ifRisk reduction is impractical
Tolerable if cost of reduction would exceed the improvement gainedl
Necessary to maintainassurance that risk
remains at this level
Risk can not bejustified except
in extraordinary circumstances= 0,001 = 0,1%
= 0,000001 = 0,0001%
-
Ilustration of Risk Acceptance Criteria
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
10-3
10-6
Tolerable only ifRisk reduction is impractical
Tolerable if cost of reduction would exceed the improvement gainedl
Necessary to maintainassurance that risk
remains at this level
Risk can not bejustified except
in extraordinary circumstances
(one fatality in1.000 manyrs)
(one fatality in1.000.000 manyrs)
-
Individual Risk Criteria from other countries for people working at plants
10-3
I
n
d
i
n
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
f
a
t
a
l
i
t
y
p
e
r
y
e
a
r
10-510-4
10-6
10-7
10-8Australia
(New Plant)
(COPI - BelanakFPSO)
10-6
10-7
10-6
10-5
10-3
10-5
Netherland(New Plant)
-
Individual Risk Criteria from other countries for people working at plants
10-3
10-8
10-510-4
10-6
10-7 Australia(New Plant) (COPI - BelanakWHP-A)
10-6
10-7
10-6 10-6
10-3
10-5
Netherland(New Plant)
10-3
I
n
d
i
n
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
f
a
t
a
l
i
t
y
p
e
r
y
e
a
r
-
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
?
?
Is there any Risk Acceptance Criteria within Indonesian Regulatory
Tolerable only ifRisk reduction is impractical
Tolerable if cost of reduction would exceed the improvement gainedl
Necessary to maintainassurance that risk
remains at this level
Risk can not bejustified except
in extraordinary circumstances
-
Example :Example :
Individual Risk of Fatality Individual Risk of Fatality = 1 x 10= 1 x 10--33 per per manmanyearyear
What does it mean ?What does it mean ?
-
Example : Risk of fatality (per year) for a worker working in an offshore platform= 1 x 10-3 Or IRPA (Individual Risk Per Annum) = 1 x 10-3
Risk of fatality (per year) or IRPA = 1 x 10-3
This means that 1 fatality is possibly to occur in 1000 man-years
In other words :Possibility of fatality for a worker in 1 year working = 1 x 10 -3 = 0.001 or = 0,1 %
Possibility of fatality for a worker in 1.000 year working = 1000 x 10-3 = 1 or = 100 %
If the only cause of death is an accident in the offshore platform,then a worker would live for an average of 1000 years.However, we are exposed everyday to many risks (e.g. heart disease, cancer, eartquake, poisoning, fires, explosion, etc) to our life both natural and manmade.
-
8 x 108 x 10--55per year workingper year working
8 x 108 x 10--55per 4.000 milesper 4.000 miles
8 x 108 x 10--55per 100 cigarettesper 100 cigarettes
8 x 108 x 10--55per 2 hrs climbingper 2 hrs climbing
1 year exposure or8.760 hours exposure(365 days/yr - 24hrs/day)2 hours exposure
1 year exposureOr 8.760 hours
Risk of rock climbing is 4.380 times higher than Working in chemical industry
2 hours exposure
1X4.380 X
1 fatality 1 fatality per 25.000 hrsper 25.000 hrs
1 fatality 1 fatality per 12.500 yrsper 12.500 yrs
1 fatality 1 fatality per 1.250.000 cigarettesper 1.250.000 cigarettes1 fatality 1 fatality
per 50.000.000 milesper 50.000.000 miles
-
Example 2: PLL (Potential Loss of Life)Example 2: PLL (Potential Loss of Life)
Say, there are 1.000 Say, there are 1.000 personnelspersonnels on board (POB) on board (POB) with the same level of risk IRPA = 1 x 10with the same level of risk IRPA = 1 x 10--33
PLL = IRPA x PLL = IRPA x PopulasiPopulasi= (1 x = (1 x 1010--33) fatality per man) fatality per man--yearyear x x 1.000 1.000
manman= 1 = 1 fatality per yearfatality per year
WhatWhat does it mean ?does it mean ?
It means that in 1 year of working there will be It means that in 1 year of working there will be 1 fatality is possibly taking place from those 1 fatality is possibly taking place from those 1000 personnels.1000 personnels.
-
5. Bagaimana metodologi / langkah5. Bagaimana metodologi / langkah--langkah dalam langkah dalam melakukan risk assessment ?melakukan risk assessment ?
6. Apa itu bahaya (hazard) ?6. Apa itu bahaya (hazard) ?7. Apa perbedaan hazard dengan major accident 7. Apa perbedaan hazard dengan major accident
hazard ? hazard ? 8. Apa perbedaan bahaya dengan resiko ?8. Apa perbedaan bahaya dengan resiko ?9. Kenapa hazard identification itu sangat penting 9. Kenapa hazard identification itu sangat penting
dalam proses risk assessment dan bagaimana dalam proses risk assessment dan bagaimana caranya mengidentifikasi hazard ?caranya mengidentifikasi hazard ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (A)
-
Pertanyaan 5 : Pertanyaan 5 : Bagaimana metodologi / langkahBagaimana metodologi / langkah--
langkah dalam melakukan risk langkah dalam melakukan risk assessment ?assessment ?
-
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment= Risk Analysis + Mitigation= Risk Analysis + Mitigation
Risk Analysis
Risk Level :Menentukan tingkat resiko pada pekerja, masyarakat di sekeliling, lingkungan hidup dan asset
ALARP Demontration :Mendemonstrasikan bahwa usaha-usaha untuk mengurangi resiko ada dalam kondisi ALARP
Mitigasi :Usaha-usaha untuk mengurangi resiko
Risk Assessment =
+ + +
-
Qualitative Risk Matrix
Each of Identified Hazards
Risk Level
ConsequencesConsequences
PeoplePeople AssetsAssets EnvironmentEnvironment ReputationReputation
No No InjuryInjury
No No DamageDamage
No No EffectEffect
No No ImpactImpact
Slight Slight InjuryInjury
Slight Slight DamageDamage
SlightSlightEffectEffect
Single Single ImpactImpact
Minor Minor InjuryInjury
Minor Minor DamageDamage
Minor Minor EffectEffect
Limited Limited ImpactImpact
Major Major InjuryInjury
LocalisedLocalisedDamageDamage
LocalisedLocalisedEffectEffect
Considerable Considerable ImpactImpact
Single Single FatalityFatality
Major Major DamageDamage
Major Major EffectEffect
National National ImpactImpact
Multiple Multiple FatalityFatality
ExtensivExtensive e
DamageDamage
Massive Massive EffectEffect
International International ImpactImpact
Never heard ofNever heard ofin oil & gas in oil & gas
industryindustry
Has Has occuredoccuredin oil & gas in oil & gas
industryindustry
Has been Has been experienced by experienced by most operatorsmost operators
Happens several Happens several times per year times per year per operatorper operator
Happens several Happens several times per year times per year
per facilityper facility
Risks intol
erableR
isks tolera
ble if ALA
RPRisks
acceptabl
e if manag
ed for
continous
improveme
nt
FSA : (FERA,TGRA, DORA, SCRA)
Quantitative Risk Assessment
FSA( SGIA, EERA, ESRAA, TRIA)
-
Determine Risks
Are the risks Intolerable ?
Start
Are risk reduction possibel ?
Implement risk reduction measures
Are the risks Acceptable ?
Activity not permitted
Activity permitted
Activity permitted
Are risk reduction measures RP ?
Determine cost and benefit of
risk reduction measures
Implement risk reduction measures
Periodic Review
No
Yes No
No
No
Yes
Yes
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
Risk Assessment Methology
Yes
Stop
-
Pertanyaan 6 : Pertanyaan 6 : Apa itu bahaya ?Apa itu bahaya ?
-
Hazard (Bahaya)Hazard (Bahaya)
Bahaya adalah suatu kondisi fisik yang secara Bahaya adalah suatu kondisi fisik yang secara potensial dapat membahayakan kesehatan / potensial dapat membahayakan kesehatan / keselamatan manusia serta merusak lingkungan keselamatan manusia serta merusak lingkungan hidup dan aset perusahaan, atau kombinasi dari hidup dan aset perusahaan, atau kombinasi dari tiga hal di atastiga hal di atas
-
Pertanyaan 7 : Pertanyaan 7 : Apa itu major accident hazard Apa itu major accident hazard
(MAH) ?(MAH) ?
-
List of Common HazardsList of Common Hazards
FireFire ExplosionExplosion Toxic gasToxic gas ExplosivesExplosives Dropped ObjectDropped Object Blow outBlow out FatigueFatigue Sharp edgesSharp edges Ship CollisionShip Collision ElectricityElectricity Chemical agentsChemical agents MachinaryMachinary Hot surfacesHot surfaces Slipping & trippingSlipping & tripping Hazardous substancesHazardous substances EtcEtc EtcEtc EtcEtc
-
Pertanyaan 7:Pertanyaan 7:Major Accident Hazard (MAH)Major Accident Hazard (MAH)
MAH adalah suatu kondisi fisik yang secara MAH adalah suatu kondisi fisik yang secara potensial dapat menyebabkan kematian pada potensial dapat menyebabkan kematian pada manusia, kerusakan pada lingkungan hidup dan manusia, kerusakan pada lingkungan hidup dan aset perusahaan dalam skala yang besar, atau aset perusahaan dalam skala yang besar, atau kombinasi dari tiga hal diatas.kombinasi dari tiga hal diatas.
-
Example of Major Accident Hazards (MAH)
Inventory of high pressure hydrocarbon Explosions Fire Blow-outs Impact hazards due to dropped objects Ships collision Helicopter crash Toxic gas, etc
-
Pertanyaan 9:Pertanyaan 9:Apa perbedaan bahaya dan resiko ?Apa perbedaan bahaya dan resiko ?
Hazard Hazard RiskRisk
-
Hazard Identification Hazard Identification Risk AnalysisRisk Analysis
1. Hazard Identification :Mengidentifikasi Bahaya dan Penyebnya
3. Consequence of occurrenceMenentukan dampak terhadap manusia, lingkungan dan asset bila bahaya itu terjadi
2. Probability of occurrenceMenghitung seberapa besar kemungkinanterjadinya bahaya tersebut
Risk Analysis
-
Tools for Hazard IdentificationTools for Hazard Identification
1. Hazard Identification :Mengidentifikasi Bahaya dan Penyebabnya
3. Consequence of occurrenceMenentukan dampak bahaya yang terjaditerhadap manusia, lingkungan dan asset bila bahaya itu terjadi
2. Probability of occurrenceMenghitung seberapa besar kemungkinan(probabilitas) terjadinya bahaya tersebut
Risk AnalysisHOW ???What tools ? HAZOP What if FMEA FTA ETA etc
HOW ???
Quantified byMathematicalmodels
Historicaldata
-
HAZARD IDENTIFICATIONHAZARD IDENTIFICATION
-
Pertanyaan 9 :Pertanyaan 9 :
Kenapa hazard identification itu sangat penting Kenapa hazard identification itu sangat penting dalam proses risk assessment dan bagaimana dalam proses risk assessment dan bagaimana caranya mengidentifikasi hazard ?caranya mengidentifikasi hazard ?
-
Hazard Identification : Hazard Identification : The most critical stepThe most critical step
Hazard identification is almost the critical step Hazard identification is almost the critical step in safety work because a hazard that has not in safety work because a hazard that has not been identified can not be defended against.been identified can not be defended against.
-
MAHs for FSAMAHs for FSA
ForFor the purpose of the FSA the purpose of the FSA (Formal Safety (Formal Safety Assessment) studiesAssessment) studies, the focus of hazard , the focus of hazard identification is on those hazards with potential identification is on those hazards with potential to cause to cause fatalities or serious injuries /serious fatalities or serious injuries /serious damagedamage
In term of FSA, In term of FSA, identificationidentification of hazards (of hazards (HazidHazid) ) means means identification of identification of MAHsMAHs (Major Accident (Major Accident Hazards)Hazards)
-
Major Accident Analysis(FERA, TGRA, DORA,
SCRA)Identification and
Characterisation of Major Hazards Emergency Systems Survivability Analysis
Assess Impact of Major Hazards on Emergency
Systems
Smoke/Gas Ingress Analysis
Assess Impact of Smoke/ Gas on TR from
Hydrocarbon Events
TR Integrity Analysis
Assess Impact of all Possible Consequences on
TR Integrity
Escape, Evacuation and Rescue Analysis
Analyse Ability to Successfully Evacuate
PlatformQuantitative Risk
AnalysisEvaluate the Risk to
Personnel from Major Hazards
Analysis of ResultsInterpretation of Results, ALARP
Studies, etc
Conclusions
FSA Studies FSA Studies to QRA Relationshipto QRA Relationship
QRAFSA
-
Tools for Hazard IdentificationTools for Hazard Identification
1. Hazard Identification :Mengidentifikasi Bahaya dan Penyebabnya
3. Consequence of occurrenceMenentukan dampak bahaya yang terjaditerhadap manusia, lingkungan dan asset bila bahaya itu terjadi
2. Probability of occurrenceMenghitung seberapa besar kemungkinan(probabilitas) terjadinya bahaya tersebut
Risk AnalysisWhat tools ? HAZOP What if FMEA FTA ETA etc
HOW ???
Quantified byMathematicalmodels
Historicaldata
-
Typical Steps for the HAZID studyTypical Steps for the HAZID study
1. Selection of a safety critical system and element1. Selection of a safety critical system and elementThe system for review and the relevant hazard category was seleThe system for review and the relevant hazard category was selected;cted;
2. Identification of hazards2. Identification of hazards::Hazards associated with the selected hazard category were identiHazards associated with the selected hazard category were identified based on a set of fied based on a set of guidewords;guidewords;
3. Brainstorming of potential causes and consequences of the h3. Brainstorming of potential causes and consequences of the hazardsazards::All potential threats and consequences of the hazards were identAll potential threats and consequences of the hazards were identified and recorded on ified and recorded on the HAZID worksheet;the HAZID worksheet;
4. Qualitative assessment of risk4. Qualitative assessment of risk: : Each of the hazards identified was ranked using the agreed risk Each of the hazards identified was ranked using the agreed risk matrix;matrix;
5. Review of appropriate controls and raise recommendations5. Review of appropriate controls and raise recommendations: : The appropriate controls or measures that will be in place to prThe appropriate controls or measures that will be in place to prevent/mitigate the event/mitigate the hazards were identified and evaluated. Further recommendations hazards were identified and evaluated. Further recommendations if necessary were if necessary were also identified; and also identified; and
6. Responsible action party6. Responsible action party: : Each action item was assigned to either the design team or to thEach action item was assigned to either the design team or to the project team for e project team for further review or necessary actions. further review or necessary actions.
-
Pertanyaan 10Pertanyaan 10--1313
10. Dalam kontesk risk analysis, setelah tahapan 10. Dalam kontesk risk analysis, setelah tahapan mengidentifikasi bahaya, apa tahapan mengidentifikasi bahaya, apa tahapan selanjutnya ?selanjutnya ?
11. Apa itu probability, frequency dan likelihood ? 11. Apa itu probability, frequency dan likelihood ? Apa perbedaannya ?Apa perbedaannya ?
12. Apa itu consequence (konsekuensi) ?12. Apa itu consequence (konsekuensi) ?13. Bagaimana menghitung probability dan 13. Bagaimana menghitung probability dan
consequence ?consequence ?
-
10. Dalam kontesk risk analysis, setelah tahapan 10. Dalam kontesk risk analysis, setelah tahapan mengidentifikasi bahaya, apa tahapan mengidentifikasi bahaya, apa tahapan selanjutnya ?selanjutnya ? Setiap bahaya yang telah diidentifikasi Setiap bahaya yang telah diidentifikasi kemudian dianalisa probability dan kemudian dianalisa probability dan consequence yang diakibatkanconsequence yang diakibatkan
-
Risk AnalysisRisk Analysis
1. Hazard Identification :Mengidentifikasi Bahaya dan Penyebabnya
3. Consequence of occurrenceMenentukan dampak bahaya yang terjaditerhadap manusia, lingkungan dan asset bila bahaya itu terjadi
2. Probability of occurrenceMenghitung seberapa besar kemungkinan(probabilitas) terjadinya bahaya tersebut
Risk AnalysisWhat tools ? HAZOP What if FMEA FTA ETA etc
HOW ???
Quantified byMathematicalmodels
Historicaldata
-
11. Apa itu probability, frequency dan 11. Apa itu probability, frequency dan likelihood ? Apa perbedaannya ?likelihood ? Apa perbedaannya ?
-
11. Probability, Frequency & Likelihood
Probability represents the statistical chance of something happening. Probability values are dimensionless
e.g. : p = , p = 1/6, p = 90%
Frequency represents the number of occurences of an event in a particularunit of time. Frequency has units of inverse of time
e.g. The frequency for a pipe rupture, say 0,01 per year, indicating that 1 failure in 100 years of operationcan be expected for a pipe that is in continuous service.
Likelihood can represent for either probability or frequency, but it is qualitative and subjective. .
-
Kategori Frequency of MAHKategori Frequency of MAH
Never heard of
in oil & gas industry
Has occured
in oil & gas industry
Has been experienced by most operators
Happens several
times per year per operator
Happens several
times per year per facility
-
12. Apa itu consequence (konsekuensi) ?12. Apa itu consequence (konsekuensi) ?
Consequences
People Assets Environment Reputation
No Injury
No Damage
No Effect
No Impact
Slight Injury
Slight Damage
SlightEffect
Single Impact
Minor Injury
Minor Damage
Minor Effect
Limited Impact
Major Injury
LocalisedDamage
LocalisedEffect
Considerable Impact
Single Fatality
Major Damage
Major Effect
National Impact
Multiple Fatality
Extensive Damage
Massive Effect
International Impact
-
Each of Identified Hazards
Qualitative Risk Tolerability Matrix
Risk Level
Consequences
People Assets Environment Reputation
No Injury
No Damage
No Effect
No Impact
Slight Injury
Slight Damage
SlightEffect
Single Impact
Minor Injury
Minor Damage
Minor Effect
Limited Impact
Major Injury
LocalisedDamage
LocalisedEffect
Considerable Impact
Single Fatality
Major Damage
Major Effect
National Impact
Multiple Fatality
Extensive
Damage
Massive Effect
International Impact
Never heard ofin oil & gas
industry
Has occuredin oil & gas
industry
Has been experienced by most operators
Happens several times per year per operator
Happens several times per year
per facility
Risks intol
erableR
isks tolera
ble if ALA
RPRisks ac
ceptable if
managed
for
continous
improveme
nt
-
Ilustrasi efek domino Ilustrasi efek domino
Accidents do not just happenAccidents do not just happen
They are causedThey are caused
-
EFEK DOMINOFrank E.Bird Jr
Kerugian / Loss
Insiden / Incident
Sebab Langsung/Immediate Cause
Sebab Dasar /Basic Cause
Kurang Pengawasan /Lack of Control
-
EFEK DOMINO : EFEK DOMINO : Frank E.Bird JrFrank E.Bird Jr THERE ARE CAUSES OF ANY MAETHERE ARE CAUSES OF ANY MAE
Insiden / Incident
Sebab Langsung/Immediate Cause
Sebab Dasar /Basic Cause
Kurang Pengawasan /Lack of Control
MAE :Fire & Exlposion
THE CA
USES O
F MAE
-
MinorHazard
Prevention / isolation of minor hazard for causing bigger hazard
Major AccidentHazard
Major Accident Hazard does not occur
because the minor hazard has
been prevented / isolated for causing bigger hazard
ilustration of ilustration of MAH PREVENTION MAH PREVENTION
-
ilustration of ilustration of Fatality prevention due to Major Accident EventFatality prevention due to Major Accident Event
Fatality do not occur because system for escape, evacuation and rescue work perfectly
Detection and controlling
Prevention /isolation
Temp Refuge
Escape, EvacuationAnd Rescue,
Major
Accid
ent
Even
tFIRE
-
Mitigat
ion of M
AH con
sequen
ce
MAH
Preventi
on of ha
zards
for causi
ng bigge
r hazard
s
Detection &Controlling
Prevention /Isolation
TR
EERPre
vention
of MA
H occu
ringPro
bability
of MA
H
taking
place
Consequ
ence
of MAH
to fatality
Hazards RISK = Probability X Consequece
-
13. Bagaimana menghitung 13. Bagaimana menghitung probability dan consequence ?probability dan consequence ?
-
Tools for Hazard IdentificationTools for Hazard Identification
1. Hazard Identification :Mengidentifikasi Bahaya dan Penyebabnya
3. Consequence of occurrenceMenentukan dampak bahaya yang terjaditerhadap manusia, lingkungan dan asset bila bahaya itu terjadi
2. Probability of occurrenceMenghitung seberapa besar kemungkinan(probabilitas) terjadinya bahaya tersebut
Risk AnalysisHOW ???What tools ? HAZOP What if FMEA FTA ETA etc
Historical dataQuantified by
Mathematicalmodels
-
BLOW OUT FREQUENCYBLOW OUT FREQUENCY
Percentage contribution (area)
Base Blow out Frequency
well head subsea well head subsea
OIL 4.60E-05 per well year 78% 22% 24 well 8.61E-04 2.43E-04
GAS 1.40E-04 per well year 78% 22% 24 well 2.62E-03 7.39E-04
Qty of wellWell Type
Generic Blow out Frequency *)
*) This generic blow out frequency was obtained from the E&P forum databasewhich mainly covers the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico data. In total, 86.606 oil well years and 57.796 gas well years have been registered
-
Detection
Control / Isolation
Esc, Evac,Rescue
Time to escape(50%)
Prob of Failure = 9,8%
E,E,R = 77%
Probab
ility of
fatality=
9,8%*
50%*77
% =3,6
3%
-
Risk to personnel due to blow out event
Frequency of blow out per year = 7,39x10-4
Consequence of blow out to the exposed personnel = 3,63 % probability to fatality
Risk = Frequency x Consequence= 7,39x10-4 x 3,63 % = 2,68 x 10-5 fatality per year
-
Example of MAH frequency Calculation
Suppose a piece of equipment containing hydrocarbon is being assessed. An event tree starting with a loss of containment as shown by figure below :
Loss of ContainmentFrequency of Failure = 1/1000 (one failure in 1000 years)
= 0.001 failure /year
No FireProbability of Non-ignition = 99% = 0.99
FireProbability of Ignition = 1% = 0.01
Frequency of Fire = 0.001 fire / year * 0.01 = 0.00001 / year = 1 x 10 -5 fire per year = 0,001 % fire per year
-
Mitigat
ion of M
AH con
sequen
ce
MAH
Preventi
on of ha
zards
for causi
ng bigge
r hazard
s
Detection &Controlling
Prevention /Isolation
TR
EERPre
vention
of MA
H occu
ringPro
bability
of MA
H
taking
place
Consequ
ence
of MAH
to fatality
Hazards RISK = Probability X Consequece
-
Risk to personnel due to blow out event
Frequency of blow out per year = 7,39x10-4
Consequence of blow out to the exposed personnel = 3,63 % probability to fatality
Risk = Frequency x Consequence= 7,39x10-4 x 3,63 % = 2,68 x 10-5 fatality per year
-
14. Apa yang harus dilakukan setelah melakukan risk 14. Apa yang harus dilakukan setelah melakukan risk analysis ?analysis ?
15. Apa perbedaan risk analysis dengan risk assessment ?15. Apa perbedaan risk analysis dengan risk assessment ?16. Kalau dalam proses penilaian resiko (risk assessment) 16. Kalau dalam proses penilaian resiko (risk assessment)
diperoleh hasil bahwa risk levelnya tinggi, langkah apa diperoleh hasil bahwa risk levelnya tinggi, langkah apa yang harus dilakukan ?yang harus dilakukan ?
17. Apa itu risk mitigation ?17. Apa itu risk mitigation ?18. Upaya18. Upaya--upaya apa saja yang dapat dilakukan dalam upaya apa saja yang dapat dilakukan dalam
melakukan risk mitigation dan apa persyaratannya ? melakukan risk mitigation dan apa persyaratannya ?
Pertanyaan 14Pertanyaan 14--1818
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14. Apa yang harus dilakukan setelah 14. Apa yang harus dilakukan setelah melakukan risk analysis ?melakukan risk analysis ?
-
Risk Assessment
Safety Management System
Safety Case
Risk Management
Risk Analysys1. Hazid2. Probability3. Consequence
++ Risk Level, ALARP &Mitigation
++ SCE
++ Other SMS elements : organization, etc
++ Management summary, FD, FSA
1. Elimination2. Substitution3. Change / Modification4. Safety signs5. Reduce exposure6. Procedures7. PPE
Looping
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15. Apa perbedaan risk analysis dengan 15. Apa perbedaan risk analysis dengan risk assessment ?risk assessment ?
-
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment= Risk Analysis + Mitigation= Risk Analysis + Mitigation
Risk Analysis
Risk Level :Menentukan tingkat resiko pada pekerja, masyarakat di sekeliling, lingkungan hidup dan asset
ALARP Demontration :Mendemonstrasikan bahwa usaha-usaha untuk mengurangi resiko ada dalam kondisi ALARP
Mitigasi :Usaha-usaha untuk mengurangi resiko
Risk Assessment =
+ + +
-
16. Kalau dalam proses penilaian resiko 16. Kalau dalam proses penilaian resiko (risk assessment) diperoleh hasil (risk assessment) diperoleh hasil bahwa risk levelnya tinggi, langkah bahwa risk levelnya tinggi, langkah apa yang harus dilakukan ?apa yang harus dilakukan ? Risk MitigationRisk Mitigation
-
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment= Risk Analysis + Mitigation= Risk Analysis + Mitigation
Risk Analysis
Risk Level :Menentukan tingkat resiko pada pekerja, masyarakat di sekeliling, lingkungan hidup dan asset
ALARP Demontration :Mendemonstrasikan bahwa usaha-usaha untuk mengurangi resiko ada dalam kondisi ALARP
Mitigasi :Usaha-usaha untuk mengurangi resiko
Risk Assessment =
+ + +
-
Determine Risks
Are the risks Intolerable ?
Start
Are risk reduction possibel ?
Implement risk reduction measures
Are the risks Acceptable ?
Activity not permitted
Activity permitted
Activity permitted
Are risk reduction measures RP ?
Determine cost and benefit of
risk reduction measures
Implement risk reduction measures
Periodic Review
No
Yes No
No
No
Yes
Yes
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
Risk Assessment Methodology
Yes
Stop
-
17. Apa itu risk mitigation ?17. Apa itu risk mitigation ?
18. Upaya18. Upaya--upaya apa saja yang dapat upaya apa saja yang dapat dilakukan dalam melakukan risk dilakukan dalam melakukan risk mitigation dan apa persyaratannya ? mitigation dan apa persyaratannya ?
-
Risk MitigationRisk Mitigation
Mitigasi adalah suatu upaya yang diusulkan / dilakukan Mitigasi adalah suatu upaya yang diusulkan / dilakukan dalam rangka memperkecil tingkat resiko yang ada, dalam rangka memperkecil tingkat resiko yang ada, dengan cara :dengan cara : Memperkecil probabilitas munculnya bahayaMemperkecil probabilitas munculnya bahaya Dan / atau memperkecil konsekuensi yang Dan / atau memperkecil konsekuensi yang
ditimbulkan oleh adanya bahaya tersebut.ditimbulkan oleh adanya bahaya tersebut. Dengan persyaratan bahwa upayaDengan persyaratan bahwa upaya--upaya tersebut upaya tersebut
harus dapat diterapkan secara praktis dan logis harus dapat diterapkan secara praktis dan logis ((RReasonably easonably PPracticableracticable) )
Contoh mitigasi : elimination, substitution, Contoh mitigasi : elimination, substitution, change/modification, safety sign, reduce exposure, change/modification, safety sign, reduce exposure, procedure, PPE, etcprocedure, PPE, etc
-
Risk Assessment
Safety Management System
Safety Case
Risk Management
Risk Analysys1. Hazid2. Probability3. Consequence
++ Risk Level, ALARP &Mitigation
++ SCE
++ Other SMS elements : organization, etc
++ Management summary, FD, FSA
1. Elimination2. Substitution3. Change / Modification4. Safety signs5. Reduce exposure6. Procedures7. PPE
Looping
-
Pertanyaan 19Pertanyaan 19--2222
19. Apakah setiap upaya19. Apakah setiap upaya--upaya risk mitigation upaya risk mitigation sepenuhnya bisa diterima untuk diterapkan ? sepenuhnya bisa diterima untuk diterapkan ? Kalau tidak, apa batasanKalau tidak, apa batasan--batasan acceptancebatasan acceptance--nya ?nya ?
20. Apa kriteria dari RP (Reasonably Practicable) ? 20. Apa kriteria dari RP (Reasonably Practicable) ? 21. Apakah ALARP bisa dikuantifikasi ?21. Apakah ALARP bisa dikuantifikasi ?22. Apakah ada batas22. Apakah ada batas--batas (region) dimana suatu batas (region) dimana suatu
risk level dapat dikategorikan dalam daerah risk level dapat dikategorikan dalam daerah intolerable, acceptable atau unacceptable ?intolerable, acceptable atau unacceptable ?
-
ALARPALARP
Reasonably practicable is defined as where the cost of difficulty of making improvements (including capital cost, impact on schedule, additional maintenance, effect on process availability, etc) does not outweight the risk reduction gained.
ALARP is generally measured by engineering judgement, although as necessary, cost benefit analysis can be used as a quantitative demonstration of ALARP
-
How to achieve ALARP condition ?How to achieve ALARP condition ?(How to get the risk as low as possible with the prevention and(How to get the risk as low as possible with the prevention and
mitigation measures are reasonably practicable)mitigation measures are reasonably practicable)
-
How to achieve ALARP condition ?How to achieve ALARP condition ?(How to get the risk level as low as possible with the preventi(How to get the risk level as low as possible with the prevention and on and
mitigation measures are reasonably practicable ?)mitigation measures are reasonably practicable ?)
ALARP = As low as ALARP = As low as RReasonably easonably PPracticableracticable ALA ALA RPRP
Regulasi / Peraturan
Recommended Practice
=
R
e
a
s
o
n
a
b
l
y
P
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
b
l
e
Rp (Cost & Benefit Analysis)
RP = Reliable Parts
RP = Rules and Procedures
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Bagaimana menilai suatu RISK itu Bagaimana menilai suatu RISK itu ALARP atau tidak ALARP ? ALARP atau tidak ALARP ?
-
Ilustration of ALARP Region
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
10-3
10-6
Tolerable only ifRisk reduction is impractical
Tolerable if cost of reduction would exceed the improvement gained
Necessary to maintainassurance that risk
remains at this level
Risk can not bejustified except
in extraordinary circumstances
A
L
A
R
P
(one fatality in1.000 manyrs)
(one fatality in1.000.000 manyrs)
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Risk Assessment
Safety Management System
Safety Case
Risk Management
Risk Analysys1. Hazid2. Probability3. Consequence
++ Risk Level, ALARP &Mitigation
++ SCE
++ Other SMS elements : organization, etc
++ Management summary, FD, FSA
1. Elimination2. Substitution3. Change / Modification4. Safety signs5. Reduce exposure6. Procedures7. PPE
Looping
-
RISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT
Safety Critical Elements Safety Critical Elements (SCEs)(SCEs)
-
SCEs : SCEs : the key elements of risk managementthe key elements of risk management
One of the key elements of risk management is One of the key elements of risk management is the identification of th preventive and protective the identification of th preventive and protective measures in place on an installation that act to measures in place on an installation that act to control risk to people, the environment and the control risk to people, the environment and the assets. assets.
Such measures are defined as Safety Critical Such measures are defined as Safety Critical Elements (SCEs)Elements (SCEs)
-
SCEsSCEs
SCEs are defined as those systems that are essential to :SCEs are defined as those systems that are essential to : PreventPrevent a MAE from occuring e.g. navigational aids, a MAE from occuring e.g. navigational aids,
overpressure protectionoverpressure protection DetectDetect a MAE a MAE has occurredhas occurred. Eg. Fire, gas and smoke . Eg. Fire, gas and smoke
detection systemdetection system Control the consequencesControl the consequences of MAE. E.g. ESD, blow down.of MAE. E.g. ESD, blow down. Mitigate the effectMitigate the effect of a MAE. E.g. Active or passive fire of a MAE. E.g. Active or passive fire
protectionprotection Enable the escape, temporary refuge, evacuation and rescueEnable the escape, temporary refuge, evacuation and rescue
goals to be metgoals to be met
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SCESCE
MAE (example Fire)take place here
Prevention SystemDetection System
Control System
Mitigation system(to prevent escalation)
Escape,Temporary refuge,Evacuation,rescue
Pre-Contact Post -Contact
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SAFETY STUDIES UNTUK SAFETY STUDIES UNTUK INSTALASI PEMBORANINSTALASI PEMBORAN
-
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (B)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (B)
1. Apa itu Fatality Accident Rate (FAR) ?1. Apa itu Fatality Accident Rate (FAR) ?2. Seberapa besar nilai FAR (untuk kegiatan 2. Seberapa besar nilai FAR (untuk kegiatan
drilling) di Indonesia ?drilling) di Indonesia ?3. Seberapa besar nilai FAR (kegiatan drilling) di 3. Seberapa besar nilai FAR (kegiatan drilling) di
negara lain (UK) ?negara lain (UK) ?4. Apakah FAR (drilling) di Indonesia lebih baik 4. Apakah FAR (drilling) di Indonesia lebih baik
atau lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan FAR di atau lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan FAR di UK ?UK ?
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Beberapa Data Kecelakaan Beberapa Data Kecelakaan Pemboran Di IndonesiaPemboran Di Indonesia
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DATA KECELAKAAN DI KEGIATAN DATA KECELAKAAN DI KEGIATAN PEMBORAN PEMBORAN
TTAHUN 1996 AHUN 1996 -- 20022002Tahun
Klasifikasi Kecelakaan1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Ringan 33 13 12 20 6 6 3 93
Sedang 10 32 26 18 8 14 19 127
Berat 21 10 12 16 16 17 17 109
Meninggal 2 5 3 5 4 6 3 28
Total
Catatan :Ringan = 0 LTA, Sedang = LTA21 days LTA = Loss Time Accident
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DATA KECELAKAAN DRILLING DATA KECELAKAAN DRILLING MENINGGAL DUNIA (1996 MENINGGAL DUNIA (1996 2002)2002)
Akumulasi 1996-2002
TOTALMeninggal
28 *)
Onshore 21
Offshore 7
Offshore (25%)
Onshore (75%)
*) Rata-rata meninggal 4 orang / tahun sejak tahun 1996 s/d 2002
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FAKTOR PENYEBAB FAKTOR PENYEBAB KECELAKAAN (FATALITIES)KECELAKAAN (FATALITIES)
Human Error (85%)
Equipment Failure (10%) Dropped
Object (5%)
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Bagaimana FAR (Fatal Accident Bagaimana FAR (Fatal Accident Rate) pada operasi drilling dari Rate) pada operasi drilling dari
negara lain (contoh UK) ?negara lain (contoh UK) ?
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UK Offshore FAR (Fatal Accident Rates) during 1975 UK Offshore FAR (Fatal Accident Rates) during 1975 19821982
Work Activity Fatalities Periode of data
recorded (years)
Qty of
worker
Man -Years
(exposure)
Percentage of population of
each group
FAR (per man-
years)
FAR (per man-
years)
Construction 15 82,691 21,525
29%0.000697 6.97E-04
Drilling 9 81,485 11,876
16%0.000758 7.58E-04
Production 1 81,021 8,165
11%0.000122 1.22E-04
Maintenance 6 81,948 15,587
21%0.000385 3.85E-04
Diving 15 893 742
1%0.020216 2.02E-02
Domestic 1 81,392 11,134
15%0.000090 8.98E-05
Others 1 16 8650 5,196
7%0.003079 3.08E-03
Total 63 89,278 74,225
100%0.000849 8.49E-04
1 Others include crane operators, boat crew, etc.
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Apakah FAR (drilling) di Indonesia lebih Apakah FAR (drilling) di Indonesia lebih baik atau lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan baik atau lebih buruk dibandingkan dengan FAR di UK ?FAR di UK ?
-
Indonesian FAR (Fatal Accident Rates) during 1996-2002 for drilling activities(estimation on qty of workers = 2000 workers)
Work Activity
Fatalities Periode of data
recorded (years)
Qty of
worker
Man Years
(exposure)
FAR (per
manyear)
FAR (per
manyear)
Drilling offshore
7 7 2,000 14,000 0.000500 5.00E-04
Drilling onshore
21 72,000
14,000 0.001500 1.50E-03
Total 28 74,000 28,000 0.001000 1.00E-03
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Ilustration of IRPA for drilling activties
AcceptableRegion
TolerableRegion
IntolerableRegion
10-3
10-6
Tolerable only ifRisk reduction is impractical
Tolerable if cost of reduction would exceed the improvement gainedl
Necessary to maintainassurance that risk
remains at this level
Risk can not bejustified except
in extraordinary circumstances
A
L
A
R
P
(one fatality in1.000 manyrs)
(one fatality in1.000.000 manyrs)
INDONESIA (1x10-3)
UK (7.5 x 10-4)
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5. Untuk instalasi drilling, safety studies 5. Untuk instalasi drilling, safety studies apa saja yang perlu dilakukan ?apa saja yang perlu dilakukan ?
6. Bagaimana perbandingan safety 6. Bagaimana perbandingan safety studies untuk instalasi yang lain, studies untuk instalasi yang lain, seperti misalnya instalasi WHP, seperti misalnya instalasi WHP, FPSO ? FPSO ?
Serangkaian Pertanyaan (B)Serangkaian Pertanyaan (B)
-
What What areare Needed for Needed for ensuring safety ?ensuring safety ?
For a Simple Facility (e.g. WHP, For a Simple Facility (e.g. WHP, Buoy, Buoy, Pipeline, drilling rig, Pipeline, drilling rig, etc)etc)
Use recognised Codes and Use recognised Codes and Standards.Standards.
Good Practice.Good Practice. Engineering JudgementEngineering Judgement Standard EquipmentStandard Equipment Qualitative Risk Qualitative Risk AssessmentAssessment
For a Complex Facility For a Complex Facility (e.g. (e.g. FPSOFPSO))
As for a simple facility PLUSAs for a simple facility PLUS Formal Safety Formal Safety Assessment Assessment
(FSA)(FSA) Quantitative Risk Quantitative Risk
Assessment (QRA)Assessment (QRA)
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Formal Safety Assessment
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Company Values
SocietalValues
I
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Codes and StandardsGood Practice
Engineering Judgement
Typical Developments
1
Exploration drillingactivities
Simple wellhead platform
Simple subsea development
Simple production platform
Large production platform or FPSO
Large complex multi-productproduction platform or FPSO
Large complex petrochemical facility
2
Framework for risk related studies for FPSO and simple WHP
UKOOA Industry Guidelines on Framework For Risk Related Decision support
-
Framework for risk related decision for drilling activitiesFramework for risk related decision for drilling activities
UKOOA Industry Guidelines on Framework For Risk Related Decision support
Formal Safety Assessment
Quantitative Risk Assessment
Company Values
SocietalValues
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C
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Codes and StandardsGood Practice
Engineering Judgement
Typical Developments
1
Exploration drillingactivities
Simple wellhead platform
Simple subsea development
Simple production platform
Large production platform or FPSO
Large complex multi-productproduction platform or FPSO
Large complex petrochemical facility
2
3
Risk related requirements for Drilling Activites
Formal Safety Assessment
3%
Code & Standard
70%
Good Practice
17%
Engineering Judgement
10%
-
Pertanyaan 7 : Pertanyaan 7 : Apa persyaratan (minimum) agar risk level dalam Apa persyaratan (minimum) agar risk level dalam
kegiatan pemboran mencapai kondisi ALARP ?kegiatan pemboran mencapai kondisi ALARP ?
-
Pesyaratan (mnimum) agar Risk Level kegiatan pemboran dalam kondisi ALARP Regulasi / Peraturan Recommended
PracticeReliable Parts Rules & Procedure
A.Peraturan Pokok Pemerintah
B.Peraturan Penunjang
oPeraturan MentambenoPeraturan Dirjen Migas
Diantaranya :
API RP-54 Keselamatan Kerja untuk operasi pemboran dan servis sumur minyak dan gasAPI RP-7G Desain batang bor dan limit pengoperasiannyaDll
A. Mengunakan Certified Parts
B. Pemeriksaan Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja pada Instalasi Pemboran
Inspeksi rutin dan insidentil
C.Rig safety check list onshore
D. Rig safety check list offshore
Pedoman Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja bagi regu pemboran
A.Peralatan Keselamatan Kerja Perorangan (PPE)B.Pemeliharaan tempat kerjaC.Kerja tanganD.Mesin pengangkatE.Mesin-mesinF.Ruang tertutup / tankiG.Mencegah bahaya kebakaranH.Alat-alat listrikI.Peti penyimpanan bahan peledak dan zat radio aktifJ.Tabung gas bertekanan tinggiK.Kesehatan kerja dan pemeliharaan lingkunganL.Peralatan penyelamat pada instalasi pemboran lepas pantaiM.Sarana penting lainnya pada operasi pemboran lepas pantaiN.HelideckO.P3K
Faktor Penunjang Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja Kegiatan PemboranA. OrganisasiB. Tugas pokokC. Tanggung jawabD. Prosedur keselamatan kerja pada setiap tahapan proses
1.Masa persiapan2.Saat Pemboran3.Saat uji kandungan lapisan4.Pengoperasian pompa Lumpur5.Pemeriksaan menara bor6.Meletakan/menyusun dirll pipe7.memotong tali pemboran8.Motor-motor9.Cementing10.Running casing11.Acidizing formasi12.Pencampuran bahan kimia, caustic soda13.Fracturing formasi14.Perforasi
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Risk related requirements for Drilling Activites
Formal Safety Assessment
3%
Code & Standard
70%
Good Practice
17%
Engineering Judgement
10%
-
Pertanyaan 8 : Bagaimana umumnya bentuk dari kegiatan safety
assessment untuk kegiatan pemboran ?
Jawab : Safety assessment untuk kegiatan pemboran, umumnya
dituangkan dalam bentuk form yang namanya : JSA (Job Safety Analysis), yang intinya mengidentifikasi potential hazard dari setiap urutan proses pemboran, dan memberikan rekomendasi (solution) dari setiap potential hazard yang telah teridentifikasi
-
Job To Be Performed:Job To Be Performed:Job Safety Analysis WorksheetJob Safety Analysis Worksheet
DepartmentDepartment Task performed by: (names)Task performed by: (names) DateDate
DaveDave DrillerDriller
JSA written by:JSA written by: DarrelDarrel DerrickmanDerrickman
MikeMike MotormanMotorman SupervisorSupervisor
FredFred FloormanFloorman
FrankFrank FloormanFloorman
Personal Protective Equipment, Special Tools and Other EquipmentPersonal Protective Equipment, Special Tools and Other Equipment Required:Required: Supervisor Approval (Signature)Supervisor Approval (Signature)
Hardhat, Safety toe Boots, Safety GlassesHardhat, Safety toe Boots, Safety Glasses Terry ToolpusherTerry Toolpusher
Step No.Step No. Sequence of Basic Job StepsSequence of Basic Job Steps Potential HazardsPotential Hazards Recommended Safe Job ProceduresRecommended Safe Job Procedures
11 Traveling block moving up derrickTraveling block moving up derrickSwinging blocks hitting sides of derrick. Tong Swinging blocks hitting sides of derrick. Tong
counterweight line getting hooked on blocks or counterweight line getting hooked on blocks or elevatorselevators
Stabilize blocks and elevators. Do not put Stabilize blocks and elevators. Do not put tongs on pipe too soon. Look up tongs on pipe too soon. Look up and live!and live!
22 Put makePut make--up tongs on and wrap up tongs on and wrap spinning chainspinning chain Pinch points when latching tongs to pipe.Pinch points when latching tongs to pipe.
Keep hands and fingers on designated Keep hands and fingers on designated handles. Keep good tail on handles. Keep good tail on spinning chain. Keep control of spinning chain. Keep control of chain.chain.
33 Latching pipe into elevatorsLatching pipe into elevators Pinch points of elevators and pipe. Dropping stand across Pinch points of elevators and pipe. Dropping stand across derrick. Swinging pipe.derrick. Swinging pipe.
Derrickman should tail out pipe and Derrickman should tail out pipe and stabilize stand after pickup. stabilize stand after pickup. Floormen watch for snag or short Floormen watch for snag or short stand.stand.
44 Stabbing pipeStabbing pipe Slipping while tailing pipe. Pinch points of pipe and tongs. Slipping while tailing pipe. Pinch points of pipe and tongs. Missing box.Missing box.
Get firm hold. Give driller clear view. Get firm hold. Give driller clear view. Place hands and legs properly.Place hands and legs properly.
55 Throwing chain, torquing pipe, Throwing chain, torquing pipe, unlatching tongsunlatching tongs
Chain breaking, stuck by chain, pinch points Chain breaking, stuck by chain, pinch points -- getting getting hand or fingers in chain. Tongs slipping.hand or fingers in chain. Tongs slipping.
Make sure tongs are latched properly. Make sure tongs are latched properly. Hold tongs out of way after Hold tongs out of way after unlatching. Stay clear of chain and unlatching. Stay clear of chain and out of swing of tongsout of swing of tongs
66 Pulling slipsPulling slips StrainsStrains Proper lifting techniques. Lift together. Proper lifting techniques. Lift together. Use moving pipe as leverage.Use moving pipe as leverage.
77 Lowering pipeLowering pipe Hitting bridge, line parting brake, or hydromatic failureHitting bridge, line parting brake, or hydromatic failure Lower pipe at controlled speed. Watch Lower pipe at controlled speed. Watch weight indicator.weight indicator.
88 Set slips and unlatch elevatorsSet slips and unlatch elevators Pinch points at slip handles, elevator links, and elevator Pinch points at slip handles, elevator links, and elevator latchlatch
Slow down pipe and set slips. All hands Slow down pipe and set slips. All hands should work together. Proper should work together. Proper lifting and hand placement.lifting and hand placement.
Terry ToolpusherTerry ToolpusherDave the DrillerDave the Driller
Tripping Pipe in HoleTripping Pipe in Hole
An Example o
f Job Safety A
nalysys
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Apa saja elemen SMS untuk kegiatan Apa saja elemen SMS untuk kegiatan pemboran ?pemboran ?
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Safety Management System Safety Management System for Drilling Operationfor Drilling Operation
Accident Record (Lesson learned from the past)Accident Record (Lesson learned from the past) Identify the root causesIdentify the root causes Identify the major cause Identify the major cause Pareto AnalaysisPareto Analaysis Propose solution to overcome the major causePropose solution to overcome the major cause Implement the proposed solutionImplement the proposed solution Monitoring and MeasureMonitoring and Measure AuditAudit ReviewReview
Propose next continues improvementPropose next continues improvement
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Beberapa potential hazard yang Beberapa potential hazard yang teridentifikasi pada kegaitan pemboran teridentifikasi pada kegaitan pemboran dan usulan solusinya.dan usulan solusinya.
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Preparing the break out pipePreparing the break out pipe
The driller stops the drill string from rotating, and hoists theThe driller stops the drill string from rotating, and hoists the drill string drill string with the with the drawworksdrawworks until the kelly is out of the rotary table. The until the kelly is out of the rotary table. The driller then shuts down the mud pump(s). The floor hands set thedriller then shuts down the mud pump(s). The floor hands set the
Fig. Setting slips
slipsslips around the joint of pipe. The tongs are then latched onto the around the joint of pipe. The tongs are then latched onto the tool joints above and below the connection.tool joints above and below the connection.
Potential Hazards:Potential Hazards:
Pinching fingers or other body parts between slips or slip handlPinching fingers or other body parts between slips or slip handles es and rotary table.and rotary table.
Experiencing muscle strain from improper lifting technique.Experiencing muscle strain from improper lifting technique. Pinching fingers when latching the tongs onto the pipe. Pinching fingers when latching the tongs onto the pipe.
Possible Solutions:Possible Solutions: Implement effective, safe work procedures for using slips and toImplement effective, safe work procedures for using slips and tongs, ngs,
which include: which include: Proper finger and hand placement on slip handles and tong Proper finger and hand placement on slip handles and tong
handleshandles Proper stance and Proper stance and slip lifting techniquesslip lifting techniques Proper tong latching techniques Proper tong latching techniques
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Breaking Out PipeBreaking Out PipeThe tongs and The tongs and catheadcathead are used to break out the pipe. Either the rotary table or are used to break out the pipe. Either the rotary table or
kelly spinnerkelly spinner is used to spin the drill string or kelly to unscrew it from this used to spin the drill string or kelly to unscrew it from the e drill pipe joint. (see drill pipe joint. (see Fig. Breaking out drill pipe)Fig. Breaking out drill pipe)
Potential Hazards:Potential Hazards:
Being struck by: Being struck by: Swinging tongs if the tong dies fail, or the tong counterweight Swinging tongs if the tong dies fail, or the tong counterweight
lines were to breaklines were to break The slip handles if the rotary table is used to spin the drill sThe slip handles if the rotary table is used to spin the drill stringtring Reverse backlash of tongs (backbiting) during spinning out Reverse backlash of tongs (backbiting) during spinning out
operationsoperations The tongs if a snub line breaks or the tongs come unlatchedThe tongs if a snub line breaks or the tongs come unlatched Pipe Pipe
Possible Solutions:Possible Solutions:
Inspect tong dies, counterweight cables, and snub lines tourly aInspect tong dies, counterweight cables, and snub lines tourly and prior to nd prior to each trip.each trip.
Implement an effective spinning out pipe procedure: Implement an effective spinning out pipe procedure: Personnel other than tong operators stand outside the tong swingPersonnel other than tong operators stand outside the tong swing
radius when breaking pipe.radius when breaking pipe. No one should stand in the red zoneNo one should stand in the red zone Use proper tong latching techniques and use proper hand and Use proper tong latching techniques and use proper hand and
finger placement on tong handles.finger placement on tong handles. Stand clear of the rotary table when it is rotating.Stand clear of the rotary table when it is rotating. Use special operational procedures when using a high torque Use special operational procedures when using a high torque
connection.connection. Maintain good communication between floor crew and driller. Maintain good communication between floor crew and driller.
Fig. Breaking out drill pipe
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Making up pipe in mouseholeMaking up pipe in mousehole
The crew swings the kelly out over the The crew swings the kelly out over the mouseholemousehole
Making up mousehole joint
and and stabs it into a new joint of pipe. The driller then spins up stabs it into a new joint of pipe. The driller then spins up the kelly using the kelly spinner or spinning chain and the the kelly using the kelly spinner or spinning chain and the crew uses tongs to torque the joint.crew uses tongs to torque the joint.
Potential Hazards: Potential Hazards:
Being struck or pinched by the kelly.Being struck or pinched by the kelly. Loosing footing while swinging the kelly out over the Loosing footing while swinging the kelly out over the
mousehole and stabbing it into a new joint of pipe.mousehole and stabbing it into a new joint of pipe. Being struck by or caught in the spinning chain. Being struck by or caught in the spinning chain.
Possible Solutions:Possible Solutions:
Use proper hand placementUse proper hand placement Keep the work area around the rotating table clean and Keep the work area around the rotating table clean and
clear of mud, ice, snow, debris and other materials that may clear of mud, ice, snow, debris and other materials that may cause slipping or tripping.cause slipping or tripping.
Inspect chain for broken or distorted links. Chains with the Inspect chain for broken or distorted links. Chains with the metal reduced by wear at any point less than 90 percent of metal reduced by wear at any point less than 90 percent of its original cross section area should be discarded.its original cross section area should be discarded.
Lubricate and maintain guide rollers to prevent undue wear Lubricate and maintain guide rollers to prevent undue wear on the chain or cable. on the chain or cable. Pipe in mousehole joint
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Raising the kelly and new jointRaising the kelly and new joint
The driller uses the drawworks to raise the The driller uses the drawworks to raise the kelly and attached joint out of the kelly and attached joint out of the mousehole.mousehole.
Potential Hazards:Potential Hazards: Being struck by debris or overhead Being struck by debris or overhead
objects if the traveling block runs into the objects if the traveling block runs into the crown block or if the traveling block or crown block or if the traveling block or swivel hits the derrick.swivel hits the derrick.
Being struck by kelly or pipe. Being struck by kelly or pipe.
Possible Solutions:Possible Solutions: Install a crown safety device on the Install a crown safety device on the
drawworks and ensure proper drawworks and ensure proper functioning.functioning.
Keep personnel clear of the potential Keep personnel clear of the potential swing path of the kelly and pipe. swing path of the kelly and pipe.
Raising the travelling block and kelly
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Adding pipe to the stringAdding pipe to the stringThe new joint is guided over to the drill hole, the tool joint iThe new joint is guided over to the drill hole, the tool joint is doped, and stabbed s doped, and stabbed
into the end of the pipe suspended in the rotary table with the into the end of the pipe suspended in the rotary table with the slips.The joints slips.The joints are threaded together using the pipe spinner, kelly spinner, or are threaded together using the pipe spinner, kelly spinner, or spinning chain. spinning chain. Final torque is provided by the tongs.Final torque is provided by the tongs.The drawworks lifts the kelly and attached string to facilitate The drawworks lifts the kelly and attached string to facilitate removal of the removal of the slipsslips
Potential Hazards:Potential Hazards: Being struck by: Being struck by:
Swinging kelly and pipeSwinging kelly and pipeTongs if the stabber misses the stumpTongs if the stabber misses the stumpThe jerk or spinning chain The jerk or spinning chain
Being caught between the swinging pipe and the tongs.Being caught between the swinging pipe and the tongs. Being caught between the joint of pipe being stabbed and the stuBeing caught between the joint of pipe being stabbed and the stump.mp. Getting pinched between tongs or pipe spinner and pipe.Getting pinched between tongs or pipe spinner and pipe. Slips, trips, and falls. Slips, trips, and falls. Possible Solutions:Possible Solutions: Never step over a jerk chain and stay clear of spinning chain whNever step over a jerk chain and stay clear of spinning chain when a connection en a connection
is being made.is being made. Keep hands away from end of stump or inside of pipe.Keep hands away from end of stump or inside of pipe. Keep feet and legs away from underneath tongs when the pipe is bKeep feet and legs away from underneath tongs when the pipe is being stabbed.eing stabbed. Use proper tong latching techniques and hand and finger placemenUse proper tong latching techniques and hand and finger placement on tong t on tong
handles.handles. Never stand or walk under suspended loads.Never stand or walk under suspended loads. Keep the work area around the rotary table clean and clear of drKeep the work area around the rotary table clean and clear of drilling fluids, illing fluids,
mud, ice, snow, debris, and other materials that may cause slippmud, ice, snow, debris, and other
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