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RUSSIA
HISTORYOF
RUSSIA
HISTORY OF RUSSIA
The history of Russia can be broken down
into four categories.Early RussiaCzarist RussiaCommunist RussiaRussia after 1991
Early Russia
Descended from early SlavsBuilt a civilization called Kievan Rus (now
the city of Kiev, Ukraine)By AD1000 early Russians had accepted
Eastern Orthodox ChristianityThey prospered from trade with
Mediterranean region and with Western Europe.
During the 1200’s Mongols swept in from Central Asia and greatly reduced the wealth and power of region.
Muscovy (now Moscow) became the center of the Slavic territory.
Czarist Russia In 1480, Czar Ivan III, known as “Ivan the Great”,
drove out the Mongols and made the region independent.
Muscovy slowly developed into what we now know as Russia.
Russian rulers slowly expanded their power and land size, and built up their armies.
Russian rulers became known as Czars, sometimes written Tsars, who had complete and total control over the government and people.
Some of the more well known Czars:Czar Ivan III, “Ivan the Great”Czar Ivan IV, “Ivan the Terrible”Czar Peter the GreatCzarina Catherine the GreatCzar AlexanderCzar Nicholas and Czarina Alexandra
IVAN III“The Great” 1462-1505
Drove the Mongols out of Russia
Czar Ivan IV, “Ivan the Terrible”
1533-1584
Used a secret police force to control the people of Muscovy.
He also established sweeping reforms that helped bring his nation out of the Dark Ages.
Ivan IV "The Terrible"
Ivan killed his son Ivan
Peter “The Great” Romanov1689-1725
Went on a tour around Western Europe.
Built St. Petersburg to look like other European cities in 1703.
Was 7 feet tall.
Catherine “The Great”
Romanov1762-1796
Pushed the Empire’s borders southward and eastward.
Alexander I Alexander II Nicholas II
The End of the Monarchy in Late Nineteenth and Early
Twentieth Century
Nicholas II and Family
Nicholas and Alexandra (seated), Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia (daughters)& Alexis (son).
Czar Alexander II, “Czar-Liberator”
Freed the Serfs from being tied to the land in 1861.When a noble sold his land the serfs went with the land.
Czar Nicholas II
The last of the Romanov rulers.The whole family was executed by the Bolsheviks.Legend has it that Anastasia, the youngest
daughter, did not die, but this has never been proven.
Alexandra was the granddaughter of Great Britain's Queen Victoria.
Soviet EraIn 1917, political leaders, soldiers, and
factory workers forced Czar Nicholas II to give up the throne.
Vladimir Lenin led a second revolution and seized control, set up a communist government, which had strict control of the government and society.
In 1922 Russian Communist leaders formed the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics = U.S.S.R.
Vladimir Lenin 1917
Early Soviet LeadersJoseph Stalin
1924-1953
Introduced Political Design
Introduced Economic Plan
Vladimir Lenin
Soviet EraJoseph Stalin took power after Lenin died,
the government took tighter control of the country and many people suffered.
After WWII, Stalin set up communist governments in many neighboring Eastern European countries.
From late 1940’s to late 1980’s the US and USSR waged a Cold War, in which both nations competed for world influence without actually fighting each other.
Cuban Missile Crisis = hottest pointThe Soviet Union included Russians and
people from many other ethnic groups, who resented Soviet rule.
Joseph Stalin
The U.S.S.R.
NATO and Warsaw Pact, 1945-89
A New Russia In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev took power and relaxed
Soviet control of the economy & government.Perestroika-a policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev
loosened governmental control and permitted the Soviet economy to move toward democracy.
Glasnost-a policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev meaning “openness”. People were allowed to speak out about the government.
In late 1991, each of the 15 republics making up the Soviet Union declared independence and the Soviet Union dissolved.
Tore down the Berlin Wall which had separated the city of Berlin, Germany into two parts since the end of WWII.
Fall of communism turned Russia’s economy upside down.
Russian government turned to a free market economy allowing the people to decide what businesses to start and run.
Mikhail Gorbachev
Former Soviet Republics
Berlin Wall
GorbachevBoris Yeltsin
AlexanderPutin
From Soviet to Russian Leadership
GEOGRPAHYOF
RUSSIAPHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
The LandWorld’s largest countryLocated on two continents: Europe and AsiaGigantic size and harsh climates make
transportation difficult.Ural Mountains form border between Europe
and Asia.High, rugged Caucasus Mountains are south
of European Russia.In the Caucasus Mountains there is a fertile
region of valleys where many non-Russian people live.
Topography of Russia
Lake Baikal
Ural Mountains
Caucasus Mountains
St. Petersburg
Moscow
Volga River
Ural Mountains
Siberia takes up a large part of the land that crosses northern and central Russia into Asia.Siberia is largely undeveloped because of its
harsh, cold climate.It can take eight or more days to travel across
all of Russia.People have to travel from village to village by
helicopter because it is so large and is covered by ice.
Siberia
Siberia
The WaterRussia touches many inland bodies of
water such as Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Lake Baikal.
Lake Baikal is the world’s deepest freshwater lake, it holds almost 20% of the world’s supply of unfrozen freshwater.Some of the plant and fish species in Lake
Baikal can be traced to prehistoric times.Volga River, the longest river in Europe,
carries almost ½ of Russia’s river traffic and provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power.
Lake Baikal
Volga River
The ClimateEuropean Russia is warmer than Asian Russia
and has a mild climate.Siberia has a harsh climate due to its location
near the Arctic Circle.Most of the seaports along the Pacific Coast
and the Baltic Sea are closed throughout the year due ice.
The world’s largest forest, the taiga, is located just south of the tundra, below the Arctic Circle.
GOVERNMENT OF
RUSSIA
Russian Government
Russia is a democracy freely elected by the people.
It is also a federal republic with the power divided between national and state governments.
A president leads the nation.Has more power than an American president.Issues orders that become laws even if they
are not passed by the legislature.
ECONOMYOF
RUSSIA
The EconomySouthwestern area produces high yields of grains.Fishing industry is one of the largest in the world.Siberia has the largest supply of minerals in Russia, as
well as timber and huge deposits of oil and natural gas.
Moscow is the political, economic, and transportation center of Russia.
Kaliningrad and St. Petersburg are important northwestern seaports.
Murmansk in the north and Vladivostok in the east are other important port cites.
The Ural Mountains contain copper, gold, lead, nickel, and bauxite, plus energy sources of coal, oil and natural gas.
Mining of Russia’s natural resources is difficult because of the harsh climate.
The Economy
Russia’s economy is not strong due to years of communist control of farms and factories which denied people the experience of creating jobs, starting businesses, and making money.
CULTUREOF
RUSSIA
The People75% of population live in European Russia.One of the most populous countries in the world,
with nearly 145 million people and 150 different ethnic groups leads to a lot of ethnic conflict.
Many people have left the rural areas for the city.Russia’s urban or city areas are large and modern
with stone or concrete buildings and wide streets.¾ of Russian people live in cities, mostly in large
apartment blocksCity dwellers remain poor and lack the money to
buy consumer goods that are now more available.
The People
80% of people are Slavs—the majority culture.Each ethnic group has its own distinctive
language and culture this also leads to ethnic conflict.
Some of the groups have a Christian heritage, while others are Islamic, Buddhist or Jewish.
Russian workers are celebrated on May Day.New Years Day is the most festive non-religious
holiday.
Percent of the Population Non-Russian in Russia
CultureSt. Petersburg has many beautiful
museums and is home to the Marinsky Theatre, one of Russia’s top ballet companies.
St. Petersburg was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great whose goal was to make the city a “Window of the West”.
Moscow and St. Petersburg have many museums exhibiting Russian treasures.
Russian Slavs
Culture
Russians enjoy all kinds of literature, including folktales called skazki.
Russian Orthodox Church is incredibly popular and thriving even though communism tried to eliminate it.
Russian Orthodoxy was responsible for a Slavic alphabet called Cyrillic.
Moscow
Inside the Kremlin
Cold War Movies
Rocky IV 13 Days
CHALLENGESFOR
RUSSIA
Challenges in the Change from Communism
Major environmental issuesPolitical conflictEthnic conflictEconomic issues
Environmental IssuesOld Soviet government didn’t protect the
Russian environment.Forest lands have been cut causing serious
soil erosion.Chemical fertilizers have built up in the soil
over time, destroying the soil’s ability to grow food.
Air pollution from nuclear power plants, heavy industry, gases given off by coal-fired electric plants and different forms of transportation, have caused lung disease and cancer.
Water polluted by agricultural and industrial chemicals, poor sewer systems, and buried chemical weapons.
Political ChallengesChanged from communism to free market
economy immediately, but not every business has been able to keep up.
Under communism everyone had jobs, but now workers today can lose their jobs when business is poor.
Facing challenges of learning how to be a democracy.
Without government controls, prices have risen making it harder to buy necessities such as food, clothing.
Challenges of ChangeChechens of Chechnya want their own
nation, have used terrorism to get attention, Russia has had to use force to keep them under control.
Ethnic groups want to form their own country.
For peace, trust grow among the different ethnic groups.
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