respiratory system #2 12 - rutgers university · !exercise, other ventilatory responses! hypoxia...

6/4/14

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Respiratory System #2

Transport of gases !!!PO2, PCO2, H+ conc, t°C, DPG, Hb saturation!!Bhor, Haldane, respiratory acidosis / alkalosis!

Neural control of ventilation !!!Rhythmical breathing, PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc.!!Exercise, other ventilatory responses!

Hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs)!!Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!!Non-respiratory functions of the lungs!

!

12 The goal of these lectures is to discuss basic respiratory physiology. This lecture will discuss gas transport, control, hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs. !!The sections for this lecture are:!

Life is a series of chemical reactions occurring in compartmentalized environments. The main purpose of life is to keep itself alive Physiology, the study of how life works, is based on the simultaneous occurrence of the following three concepts:

levels of organization structure / function relationship homeostatic regulation

(start kidney)

FROM YOUR FACEBOOK SITE

receptor S

∑

E Dr. Advis Class Help!

(a Facebook site developed and !run by undergraduate students)!

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Topic #! Topic lecture! Silverthorn!

Week 1 to week 2! Topic #1! Introduction (pre-requisite material)! 1 - 5! Pre-requisite!Material!(chapter # 5)!!!lectures, recitations, office hours, review, exam1 !(chapter # 8)!

Topic #2! Membranes (pre-requisite material)!!

1 - 5!

Topic #3! Homeostasis and Signal Transduction! 6!

Topic #4! Endocrine Communication and the Endocrine System! 7!

Topic #5! Neural Communication and the Sensory System! 8 - 11!

Topic #6! Muscle, Muscle Contraction and their Regulation! 12 - 13!

REVIEW #1 material from topic #01 – #06 !EXAM #1 material from topic #01 – #06 (33%)!!

1 - 13!1 - 13!

Week 3 to week 4! Topic #7! Basic Physiology of the Cardiovascular System! 14 - 17! lectures, recitations, review, exam2!(chapter # 7) !

Topic #8! Basic Physiology of the Respiratory System! 18!

Topic #9! Basic Physiology of the Renal System! 19 - 20!

REVIEW #2 material from topic #01 – #09 !EXAM #2 material from topic #01 – #09 (33%)!!

1 - 20!1 - 20!

Week 5 to week 6! Topic #10! Basic Physiology of the Gastrointestinal System! 21 ! lectures, recitations, review, exam3!(chapter # 6)!

Topic #11! Food Intake, Metabolism, Energy Balance and Exercise! 23 - 25!

Topic #12! From Sexual Differentiation to Adult Reproduction! 26!

REVIEW #3 material from topic #01 – #12 !EXAM #3 material from topic #01 – #12 (33%)!!

1 - 26!1 - 26!!

Course Outline

(all tests are cumulative)

neural CV center

heart

lung periphery

cardio + cardio -

vasoconstriction

PCO2 PO2 pH Pa

extrinsic

intrinsic

(local control) (local control)

baroreceptor mechanism (e.g. carotid sinus)

chemo & baroreceptors

inputs output

where we would like to be at the end!of the cardiovascular and respiratory!

sections, by the end of this week!

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Respiratory System (“lectures”) Introduction (lecture #11)!

!Structure / function, gas laws, lungs / chest wall relations, pressures / forces!

Lung mechanics (lecture #11)!

!Ventilation, inspiration / expiration, complience / resitance!

!Lung volume /capacities, alveolar ventilation / dead space!

!Partial pressures of gases and their diffusion in liquids!

!Alveolar gas pressures and alveolar - blood exchange!

!Matching alveolar ventilation and alveolar blood flow!

!Gas exchange in tissues!

Transport of O2, CO2 & H ions in blood (lecture #12)!Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C, DPG on Hb saturation!Carbamino compounds and carbonic anhydrase!Total blood carbon dioxide and the Haldane effect!Respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis!

Control of respiration (lecture #12)!Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!Control of ventilation during exercise!Other ventilatory responses!

Hypoxia and non-respiratory functions of lungs (lecture #12)!Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!Non-respiratory functions of the lungs!!

Transport of gases (“Hb role”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of

PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

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Transport of gases (“Hb role”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of

PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

Transport of gases (“Hb role”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of

PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

Transport of gases (“Hb role”)

Gas exchange as function of capillary length

Transport of gases (“Hb role”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of

PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

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Transport of gases (“O2 diffusion”)

Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

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Transport of gases (“O2 diffusion”)

pH = pK + log

HCO3

base acid

pH = pK + log H2CO3

pH = pK + log HCO3 PCO2

Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

Bohr!effect!

(increased affinity)

(decreased affinity)

Transport of gases (“O2 diffusion”)

HCO3 pH = pK + log

H2CO3 pH = pK + log

HCO3 PCO2

Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

In the lungs

pH = pK + log base acid

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In the lungs

Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

Transport of gases (“CO2 diffusion”)

HCO3 pH = pK + log

H2CO3 pH = pK + log

HCO3 PCO2

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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!HCO3

pH = pK + log H2CO3

pH = pK + log HCO3 PCO2

pH = pK + log base acid

(increased affinity)

(decreased affinity)

(increased affinity)

(decreased affinity)

(increased affinity)

(decreased affinity)

Transport of gases (“O2-Hb”)

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Transport of gases (“O2-Hb”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of

PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

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Transport of gases (“O2-Hb”) Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of

PO2 on Hb saturation!!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!HCO3

pH = pK + log H2CO3

pH = pK + log HCO3 PCO2 pH = pK + log

base acid

In the tissue

In the tissue

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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

Transport of gases (“CO2 diffusion”)

!!H ion!binding!by Hb!!!

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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

Transport of gases (“CO2 diffusion”)

mechanism for B & C

???

CO2

CO2

mechanism for B & C

???

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Hemoglobin (Hb), effect of PO2 on Hb saturation!

!Blood PCO2, H+ conc, t°C,

DPG on Hb saturation!!Carbamino compounds and

carbonic anhydrase!!Total blood carbon dioxide

and the Haldane effect!!Respiratory acidosis and

respiratory alkalosis!

Transport of gases (“dysfunctions”)

7.4

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7.2 7.6

1

2 3

4

60 mmHg 40

mmHg

20 mmHg

PCO2

HCO3

pH

1, respiratory acidosis 2, respiratory alkalosis 3, metabolic acidosis 4, metabolic alkalosis

pH = pK + log HCO3 PCO2

•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

Control of respiration (“structures”)

I

pneumotaxic

apneustic

lung stretch receptors

inspiratory muscles

expiratory muscles

other inputs Inspiratory center is tonically active

Expiratory center is active only when stimulated

stimulatory

inhibitory

PONS

MEDULLA

SPINAL CORD

control of respiration means control of

amplitude and frequency

E

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•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

Control of respiration (“structures”)

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Control of respiration (“baroreceptors”)

•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

Control of respiration (“chemoreceptors”)

•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

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Control of respiration (“ventilation”)

•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

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•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

Control of respiration (“ventilation”)

2

2

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•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

Control of respiration (“ventilation”)

receptor S

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E

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•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

Control of respiration (“ventilation”)

stimulate inspiratory center

inhibit inspiratory center upper respiratory tract (swallowing, diving reflex)

increase baroreceptor activity decreases inspiration & venous return decrease baroreceptor activity increases inspiration & venous return

increase PCO2 --> increases Va decrease PCO2 --> decrease Va increase H --> increase Va decrease H --> decrease Va increase Po2 --> decrease Va decrease PO2 --> increase Va

periphereal mechanoreceptors (skin, joints, etc..)

Low PO2 High PCO2

Control of respiration

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Low PO2

receptor S

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E

High PCO2

receptor S

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E

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•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

Control of respiration (“high PCO2”)

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•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

Control of respiration

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•  Neural generation of rhythmical breathing!

•  Control of ventilation by PO2, PCO2, and H+ conc!

•  Control of ventilation during exercise!

Control of respiration (“exercise”)

•  Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!

Hypoxia (“dysfunctions”)

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•  Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!

Hypoxia (“dysfunctions”)

•  Hypoxia and acclimatization to high altitude!

Hypoxia (“dysfunctions”)

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Respiratory System

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Respiratory System

ventilatory

pump

circulatory

pump

CNSvenous

return

VA / Q

PO2

BP

O2

content

blood

flow

O2

supply

Hemoglobin

Respiratory / cardiovascular

interaction

chemoreceptors

baroreceptors

CO=HR x SV

V=RF x TV

control of

amplitud &

frequency

DR=PD x A x DC / D(DC, CO2 = 20 DC, O2)

integrators compare what it should be with what it actually is and generate an error signal!

receptor S

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E

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Respiratory System

integrators compare what it should be with what it actually is and generate an error signal!

receptor

NEURAL

RESPIRATORY

CENTER

inputs

DISTRIBUTION

CENTER

METABOLIC

COMPONENTS

(all cells)

blood

related

neuro-

genics

THORACIC

COMPO-

NENTS

PCO2

pH

PO2

Pa

inspiratory

expiratory

AP

AP

AP

O2

CO2

O2

O2

O2

CO2

CO2

CO2

S

∑

E

Distribution Center

neural CV center

heart

lung periphery

cardio + cardio -

vasoconstriction

PCO2 PO2 pH Pa

extrinsic

intrinsic

(local control) (local control)

baroreceptor mechanism (e.g. carotid sinus)

chemo & baroreceptors

inputs output

where we would like to be at the end!of the cardiovascular and respiratory!

sections, by the end of this week!

6/4/14

30

CV hat

Resp hat

Kidney hat I wonder how will I look after the next section

???

GI hat

metabolism hat

repro hat

AT THE MIDDLE OF THE ROAD

I’D RATHER BE AT THE BEACH