research methodology
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Research Methodology for Research Methodology for Science and TechnologyScience and Technology
Rushdi ShamsRushdi ShamsDepartment of Computer Science and EngineeringDepartment of Computer Science and Engineering
Khulna University of Engineering & TechnologyKhulna University of Engineering & Technology
What is ResearchWhat is ResearchThe systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information in order to increase our understanding of the phenomenon with which we are concerned or interested. (Practical Research: Planning and Design by Paul Leedy)
It involves interpretation of data to draw conclusions
Research is not restating previous factsIt is not searching new knowledge for
information
What is ResearchWhat is ResearchAre you representing other peoples’ work in
a stylish well-understood manner?Then it is not a researchAre you seeking knowledge on the
architecture of cars by buying a car?Then it is not research
What is ResearchWhat is Research Originates with a question or problem. Requires a clear articulation of a goal. Follows a specific plan of procedure. Usually divides the principal problem into more
manageable sub-problems. Guided by the specific research problem, question, or
hypothesis. Accepts certain critical assumptions. Requires the collection and interpretation of data in
attempting to resolve the problem that initiated the research.
Builds on previous research.
Wallace’s ModelWallace’s Model
Research MethodologyResearch MethodologyPropose a research. In order to do that, you
will have to review literatures.Conduct a research. The ideas you generated
from the knowledge gathered in literature review should be carried out; analysis will be done; results will be produced
Document your work. This documentation will be the stem to produce Conference papers for sharing knowledge with
scholars Journal papers for archiving
Research Proposal
Documentation
PublicationConducting Research
Research Proposal
Documentation
PublicationConducting Research
Propose a ResearchPropose a ResearchA Formal way to propose a research is writing up a research proposal that will have precise indications
on your research and related work found from literature review
Why will you review LiteratureWhy will you review LiteratureThe literature review is a critical look at the
existing research that is significant to your project.
You should evaluate what has already been done, show the relationships between different work, and show how it relates to your project.
It is not supposed to be just a summary of other people's work.
What should Literature Review answerWhat should Literature Review answerWhat do we already know in the area
concerned?What are the existing theories?Are there any inconsistencies or other
shortcomings?What views need to be (further) tested?What evidence is lacking, inconclusive,
contradictory or too limited?Why study (further) the research problem?
Literature Review ResourcesLiterature Review ResourcesThe ACM Portal
http://portal.acm.com Kluwer Online
http://www.kluweronline.com IEEExplore
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org CrossRef
http://www.crossref.org
Research ProposalResearch ProposalAfter reviewing the relevant literature, you should
begin thinking about your proposalYour proposal will communicate your intentions to
your committee, It will serve as a plan for yourself and the
committee, and Connects yourself with the committeeIt should indicate that- You have identified a problem You read enough literature to discuss the subject
intelligently, You developed a strategy for completing the research.
Research ProposalResearch ProposalA Research Proposal will generally contain
following sections-Problem Statement
Which area the problem belongs to What has been done so far What problems are still not solved Why are those problems need to be solved
Motivation What problem are you particularly interested of What is your motive to solve that Narrower description of your research
Research ProposalResearch ProposalApproach
Brief description of your research How will you solve the problems What are the steps to accomplish your goal? Are you aware of the upcoming problems?
Challenges Difference with other work How your research will contribute
Applications Where your findings can be applied
DocumentationDocumentationAfter completing the research you promised in your
research proposal, you have to document them.
ThesisThesisDocumentation is vital as A good researcher
should know the way to let other researchers know about his work
If you wrote a good proposal, it should serve as the basis for the beginning chapters for your thesis.
ThesisThesisYour thesis should meet the following
criteria-1.Evidence of an original investigation or the
testing of ideas.2.Competence in independent work or
experimentation.3.An understanding of appropriate techniques.4.Ability to make critical use of published work
and source material.5.Appreciation of the relationship of the special
theme to the wider field of knowledge.6.Originality as shown by the topic researched
or the methodology employed. 7.Distinct contribution to knowledge.
Scientific Writing: IMRADScientific Writing: IMRADEvery scientific writing generally will have
four sections having an acronym of IMRAD- Introduction Methods Results and Discussion
Now, let’s take a look at the very basic parts of a technical documentation
TitleTitleTitle is a label- not sentenceFewest possible words that adequately
describe the contents of the thesisIndexing and abstracting services depend
heavily on the accuracy of the titleAvoid abbreviations
Authors Authors Alphabetical order or order of importancePersons who actively contributed to the
overall design and execution of the experiments
First name, middle name, last nameAddress of institution where the research is
doneAddress in same serial to the authors
AbstractAbstractPrecise summary of the contentBrief summary of each of the sectionsShould not exceed 250 words though there is
no hard and fast ruleStates the principal objectives and scope of
the investigationDescribes the methodologies employedSummarize the resultsState the principal conclusions
IntroductionIntroductionEnough background information so that
reader can understand resultsReader should not need to refer to previous
publications on the topicIntroduction should describe
Nature and scope of the problem investigatedReview of related literatureMethod of the investigationPrincipal resultsPrincipal conclusions
MethodsMethodsDescribe the experimental designProvide enough detail so that others can
repeat the experimentUse past tense
ResultsResultsOverall description of experimentPresent the dataResults are presented in past tenseAvoid redundancy
DiscussionsDiscussionsTry to present principles, relationships, and
generalizations shown by the resultsPoint out any exceptions or any lack of
correlation and define unsettled pointsShow how your results and interpretations
agree with previously published workDon't be shy; discuss theoretical implication
of your work as well as practical applicationsState your conclusions as clearly as possibleSummarize your evidence for each conclusion
AcknowledgementAcknowledgementAcknowledge any significant technical help,
etc.Acknowledge any outside financial assistanceGrants, contracts, or fellowships
ReferencesReferences List only significant, published references Check all parts of every reference against
the original copy the publications You can find Reference styles1. http://www.computer.org/author/style/
refer.htm 2. http://www.apastyle.org/ 3. http://www.acm.org/pubs/submissions/
submission.htm
PublicationPublicationNihil simul inventum est et perfectum
meansNothing is invented and perfected at the same time
Why PublicationWhy PublicationIf you gather knowledge, apply it, invent
something new and do not share with scholars, the invention will not be useful for human race
To make your research useful, you can submit them to journals
In journals, your research will be archived and will be plentiful to conduct other researches
You can submit them to conferencesYou can share ideas with scholars that can
broaden your view and instil newer ideas
Things to consider during PublicationThings to consider during PublicationIf you intend to publish your research work,
then you need to know the nuts and bolts- Information on conferences Call for Papers Review Process Submitting your Research Work Feedback from Reviewers Preparing Final Version
Information on ConferencesInformation on ConferencesPersonal web pages
http://www.tml.hut.fi/~pv/conferences.html Public databases
http://www.papersinvited.com/ Organizations
http://webapps1.ieee.org/conferenceSearch/search.do http://campus.acm.org/calendar/
SIGshttp://www.sigmm.org/Events/events_page
Call for PapersCall for PapersWhen you find a suitable conference, just
don’t blindly submit your paper. Carefully, take a look at-
Title of the conference Where will it be held Date of conference Deadline of paper submission Topics of Interest Instructions for Authors
Review ProcessReview ProcessIn order to place your paper in journal or a
conference proceedings, your paper will be reviewed generally based on-
Originality of your research work Contribution to the knowledge-based society Organization of the writing Quality of Language References you used
Submitting your ResearchSubmitting your ResearchBefore submission ask comments from your
colleagues and supervisorWhen the paper is ready, prepare it according
to the Instructions for Authors Layout Format Number of pages Word count Figures
Submitting your ResearchSubmitting your ResearchMost conferences have electronic submission
web page Email
Otherwise you have to submit the paper either using normal or courier mail
Make sure that you get an acknowledgement from the submission
Feedback from ReviewersFeedback from ReviewersUsually, conferences announce beforehand
when the review results should be readyThe results are usually emailed to all authorsRead the results carefullyRemember that good conferences accept less
than half of the papersAcceptance ratio can be even below 20%
Feedback from ReviewersFeedback from ReviewersIf the paper is not accepted, consider
improving it according to the comments and submitting it to another conference
Usually, it pays of to cool down for couple of days or even weeks
Preparing Final VersionPreparing Final VersionMake the corrections suggested by the
reviewersFollow the instructions given the to the
authorsOften, the final layout is different than the
review versionSend the final version to the conference well
before the deadline
Research PresentationResearch PresentationIn conferences, you will have to present your research work which is as important as your
research and documentation
What to say and How to sayWhat to say and How to sayCommunicate the Key Ideas
Make sure that your talk emphasizes the key ideas and skips over what is standard, obvious, or merely complicated.
Don’t get Bogged Down in DetailsDetails are out of place in an oral presentation. This rule cannot be over-emphasized.
Structure Your TalkA good speaker always lets the audience know exactly where they are and where they are headed. Your presentation should be broken into several distinct parts, each with its own objectives and style. Each part should be dearly delineated.
What to say and How to sayWhat to say and How to sayUse an Organized Approach
A sample time-frame for presentation of a paper can be-
Introduction (5%) Proposal (15%) Theoretical basis, results and evaluations
(45%) Conclusion (15%) Discussion (20%)
Getting through AudienceGetting through AudiencePractise your talkUse RepetitionConvey Enthusiasm, Excitement, ConfidenceUse Humour but don’t over-runMaintain eye contactControl your voiceControl your motionTake care with your appearance Don’t start talking with apologies
Visual and Aural AidsVisual and Aural AidsOverhead projectorsDon’t overload transparenciesAvoid slide coveringUse colors effectivelyUse pictures and tablesBeware of the microphoneFamiliarize yourself with stage
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