renaissance and reformation
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Renaissance Renaissance and and
ReformationReformation
(1350-1600)(1350-1600)
RenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissance The Renaissance Attitude:The Renaissance Attitude:
• IndividualismIndividualism• Secularism (Humanism)- not anti-ChristianSecularism (Humanism)- not anti-Christian• Revival of Classical valuesRevival of Classical values
RenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissance Means Means rebirthrebirth
• Revival of Antiquity (Ancient Greece & Rome)Revival of Antiquity (Ancient Greece & Rome)• Begins in ItalyBegins in Italy
Coliseum
AcropolisItaly
CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics Urban society = “city states”Urban society = “city states” Recovery from “horror” of 14Recovery from “horror” of 14thth Century (plague Century (plague
(black death), church problems, political instability)(black death), church problems, political instability) Belief in human achievement & individualismBelief in human achievement & individualism Largely reserved for wealthy upper classLargely reserved for wealthy upper class
“Men can do all things if they will”- Leon Batista Alberti
The Italian StatesThe Italian StatesThe Italian StatesThe Italian States Dominant force in Italy’s economic, social, and Dominant force in Italy’s economic, social, and
political lifepolitical life Milan, Venice, and Florence = prosperous Milan, Venice, and Florence = prosperous
trading centers that help promote “Renaissance trading centers that help promote “Renaissance spirit”spirit”
Italy= no kingItaly= no king How did they get there? How did they get there?
Duomo in Milan
Gondolas in VeniceUffizi Gallery in Florence
Medici FamilyMedici FamilyMedici FamilyMedici Family
1313th - th - 1717thth Century Florentines Century Florentines• Attained great wealth via Attained great wealth via
banking & trade industriesbanking & trade industries• Wealth = political powerWealth = political power• Greatest contribution to the Greatest contribution to the
Renaissance was in sponsorship Renaissance was in sponsorship of artists and architects of artists and architects Cosimo de’ Medici
Lorenzo de’ Medici
Renaissance SocietyRenaissance SocietyRenaissance SocietyRenaissance Society
Middle Ages =society Middle Ages =society divided into divided into 3 estates3 estates or or social classes:social classes:
1. Nobility1. Nobility
2. Peasants or Townspeople2. Peasants or Townspeople
3. Clergy3. Clergy Similar structure during Similar structure during
Renaissance, however, Renaissance, however, important change taking important change taking placeplace
NobilityNobility
Only 3% of population Only 3% of population but dominate but dominate European society:European society:• Hold important Hold important
political postspolitical posts• Advisors to monarchs, Advisors to monarchs,
popes, princespopes, princes• Land & business Land & business
ownersowners• Intent on acquiring, Intent on acquiring,
holding, and keeping holding, and keeping POWERPOWER
Nobility and BehaviorNobility and Behavior
Noble or aristocrat expected to fulfill Noble or aristocrat expected to fulfill certain ideals or standardscertain ideals or standards
Outlined by Outlined by CastiglioneCastiglione (kahs–teel–yoh-nay)(kahs–teel–yoh-nay) in in The Book of CourtierThe Book of Courtier (1528) (1528)
1.1. A noble is born, not made; “blood will out”A noble is born, not made; “blood will out”2.2. Military skill & classical educationMilitary skill & classical education3.3. Code of conduct Code of conduct
PowerPower
MachiavelliMachiavelli – – The Prince, The Prince, (1505)(1505)• One of most influential books One of most influential books
ever written on “how to ever written on “how to acquire and keep political acquire and keep political power”power”
• A political realist = The “end A political realist = The “end justifies the mean”justifies the mean”
Peasants & TownspeoplePeasants & Townspeople
By 1500:By 1500: More and more peasants became legally free from More and more peasants became legally free from
the “manorial system”the “manorial system” Artisans & merchants constituted townspeople, Artisans & merchants constituted townspeople,
diverse urban settingdiverse urban setting
Still a rather miserable lifeStill a rather miserable life
Family & MarriageFamily & Marriage
Arranged marriagesArranged marriages DowryDowry (sum of $ paid by (sum of $ paid by
wife’s family to husband wife’s family to husband upon marriage)upon marriage)
Father is absolute head Father is absolute head of householdof household
Adulthood reached when Adulthood reached when children officially “freed” children officially “freed” from father’s rulefrom father’s rule
HumanismHumanism
Renaissance marked by “secularism” or focus on Renaissance marked by “secularism” or focus on the “individual” = the “individual” = HumanismHumanism
Humanism based on study of the “classics” (Greek Humanism based on study of the “classics” (Greek & Roman literary works)& Roman literary works)
Humanists’ studied subjects such as: grammar, Humanists’ studied subjects such as: grammar, poetry, philosophy, historypoetry, philosophy, history• Emphasized interest in civic life – serve mankindEmphasized interest in civic life – serve mankind
Intellectual & Artistic Intellectual & Artistic ContributorsContributors
Petrarch (1304-1374)Petrarch (1304-1374)• Often called father of Often called father of
RenaissanceRenaissance• Gathered, recovered, and Gathered, recovered, and
organized Latin organized Latin manuscripts thus creating manuscripts thus creating large collections or libraries large collections or libraries for scholarly studyfor scholarly study
• Humanists’ stressed using Humanists’ stressed using LatinLatin
Intellectual & Artistic Intellectual & Artistic ContributorsContributors
Dante (1265-1321)Dante (1265-1321)• Famous work = Famous work = Divine ComedyDivine Comedy (soul’s journey (soul’s journey
to salvation)to salvation)
Intellectual & Artistic Intellectual & Artistic ContributorsContributors
Chaucer (1343-1400)Chaucer (1343-1400)• Famous work = Famous work = The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales
(collection of stories – 29 pilgrims (collection of stories – 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, England)Becket at Canterbury, England)
Intellectual & Artistic Intellectual & Artistic ContributorsContributors
Christine de Pizan (1365-1430)Christine de Pizan (1365-1430)• Famous work = Famous work = The Book of the City of The Book of the City of
LadiesLadies (denounced male scholars & (denounced male scholars & writers that argued women, by nature, writers that argued women, by nature, were unable to learn to level equal with were unable to learn to level equal with men)men)
Intellectual & Artistic Intellectual & Artistic ContributorsContributors
Masaccio (1401-1428)Masaccio (1401-1428)• Famous work = Known for “fresco” Famous work = Known for “fresco”
painting – done on fresh, wet plaster with painting – done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paintswater-based paints
Tribute Money
Intellectual & Artistic Intellectual & Artistic ContributorsContributors
Brunelleschi (1377-1446)Brunelleschi (1377-1446)• Famous work = architect, best known for Famous work = architect, best known for
cathedrals, especially cathedrals, especially Santa Maria del Santa Maria del FioreFiore
Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore
Intellectual & Artistic Intellectual & Artistic ContributorsContributors
Donatello (1386-1466)Donatello (1386-1466)• Famous work = sculptor, best known for Famous work = sculptor, best known for
St. George and St. Mark statues in St. George and St. Mark statues in FlorenceFlorence
St. MarkSt. George
The MastersThe Masters
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)• ““Renaissance Man”Renaissance Man”• Famous works = artist, painter, sculptor, Famous works = artist, painter, sculptor,
inventor, scientist - best known for paintings inventor, scientist - best known for paintings Mona LisaMona Lisa and and The Last SupperThe Last Supper
The Last SupperMona Lisa
The MastersThe Masters Michelangelo (1475-1564)Michelangelo (1475-1564)
• Famous works = painter, sculptor – best Famous works = painter, sculptor – best known for known for Sistine Chapel & DavidSistine Chapel & David
Sistine Chapel, Rome
David
The MastersThe Masters Raphael (1483-1520)Raphael (1483-1520)
• Famous works = painter with countless Famous works = painter with countless achievements (Madonna paintings)achievements (Madonna paintings)
School of AthensSistine Chapel
Madonna
The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance The mingling of Renaissance ideas with The mingling of Renaissance ideas with
Northern European culture created a Northern European culture created a unique Northern Renaissanceunique Northern Renaissance
ERASMUSSHAKESPEARE
The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance
ALBRECHT DURER-”SELF PORTRAIT” DURER’S “ADORATION OF THE MAGI”
Albrecht Durer- often considered the Albrecht Durer- often considered the greatest painter of the Northern greatest painter of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance
The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance
JAN VAN EYCK “ARNOLFINI PORTRAIT”
Jan Van Eyck- Flemish painter who used Jan Van Eyck- Flemish painter who used innovative oil painting techniquesinnovative oil painting techniques
The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance
ERASMUS’ CENSORED WORK THOMAS MORE
Christian Humanists- used Renaissance ideals in Christian Humanists- used Renaissance ideals in an attempt to reform the Church and societyan attempt to reform the Church and society Desiderius Erasmus- wrote Desiderius Erasmus- wrote The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly, ,
which mocked society and a Christianity he which mocked society and a Christianity he believed had fled many of its core principles.believed had fled many of its core principles.
Thomas More- wrote Thomas More- wrote Utopia, Utopia, a description of an a description of an ideal societyideal society
The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance William Shakespeare- William Shakespeare-
Generally considered the Generally considered the greatest writer in the English greatest writer in the English language. Was inspired by language. Was inspired by Renaissance ideas and drew Renaissance ideas and drew on the classics as inspiration. on the classics as inspiration.
The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance Johann Gutenberg developed Johann Gutenberg developed
a new type of printing press a new type of printing press using innovations from both using innovations from both Europe and ChinaEurope and China
One of the most important One of the most important inventions everinventions ever
The printing press and The printing press and vernacular literature vernacular literature combined to spread combined to spread knowledge and human knowledge and human freedom in ways that seemed freedom in ways that seemed unimaginable prior to the unimaginable prior to the RenaissanceRenaissance
The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation
Name given to religious Name given to religious reform that divided the reform that divided the western Christian Church western Christian Church into Catholic & into Catholic & Protestant groupsProtestant groups• Humanism Humanism had an impact had an impact
on movement that on movement that demanded reform of the demanded reform of the Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church
• Desiderius Erasmus – Desiderius Erasmus – criticized the Church in his criticized the Church in his work work The Praise of Folly The Praise of Folly for for emphasizing practices emphasizing practices (rites) over principles(rites) over principles
Church AbusesChurch Abuses Many moved to Many moved to
criticize Church for criticize Church for perceived abuses & perceived abuses & corrupt practicescorrupt practices
Popes more concerned Popes more concerned with political instead of with political instead of spiritual mattersspiritual matters
Church officials gained Church officials gained much wealth while most much wealth while most Christians sufferedChristians suffered
Sale of Sale of indulgencesindulgences (release from all or part (release from all or part of the punishment for of the punishment for sin)sin)
Because literacy was Because literacy was spreading, people were spreading, people were forming their own forming their own opinions about opinions about theological matterstheological matters
Johann Tetzel’s sale of Indulgences:“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.’
Martin LutherMartin Luther
German monk and Professor at German monk and Professor at Wittenberg University– on Oct. Wittenberg University– on Oct. 31, 1517 presented list of 31, 1517 presented list of Ninety-five ThesesNinety-five Theses objecting to objecting to Church practicesChurch practices
Believed man cannot do enough Believed man cannot do enough good works to earn salvation good works to earn salvation (original sin)(original sin)
Instead, man is saved by God’s grace Instead, man is saved by God’s grace by way of FAITH = “Justification by by way of FAITH = “Justification by Faith”Faith”
Catholic Church charged him with Catholic Church charged him with heresy & excommunicated him heresy & excommunicated him (1521) & declared him an outlaw via (1521) & declared him an outlaw via Edict of Worms Edict of Worms
95 Theses
Fun FactsFun Facts Emperor Charles V- “A singe friar who goes counter to all Emperor Charles V- “A singe friar who goes counter to all
Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong!”Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong!” 41 of the 95 Theses were condemned by the Pope. Luther 41 of the 95 Theses were condemned by the Pope. Luther
burned the Pope’s reply and said, “it is an old custom to burn burned the Pope’s reply and said, “it is an old custom to burn bad books.” bad books.”
After the Edict of Worms, Luther’s books were to be burned After the Edict of Worms, Luther’s books were to be burned and he was to be arrested, but Prince Frederick of Saxony hid and he was to be arrested, but Prince Frederick of Saxony hid him.him.
Luther created the modern Church service with Bible Luther created the modern Church service with Bible readings, preaching, and songs to replace the Catholic mass.readings, preaching, and songs to replace the Catholic mass.
Many politicians and noblemen supported Luther because Many politicians and noblemen supported Luther because they were tired of the Church meddling in their affairs.they were tired of the Church meddling in their affairs.
June 1524- German peasants revolt. Luther supports the June 1524- German peasants revolt. Luther supports the nobles because he feels the State is necessary to maintain nobles because he feels the State is necessary to maintain the peace necessary for the Gospel to spread.the peace necessary for the Gospel to spread.
Politics of ReformationPolitics of Reformation
German princes German princes mobilized behind Luther’s mobilized behind Luther’s teachings as a way to teachings as a way to oppose Monarch rule of oppose Monarch rule of Charles V (Holy Roman Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor – Hapsburgs)Emperor – Hapsburgs)
Charles V forced to settle Charles V forced to settle peacefully = peacefully = Peace of Peace of AugsburgAugsburg (1555) (1555)
German states allowed to German states allowed to choose between choose between Catholicism or LutheranismCatholicism or Lutheranism
Spread of ProtestantismSpread of Protestantism
Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli – priest introduced – priest introduced reforms in Switzerland, could not reforms in Switzerland, could not agree to alliance with Lutheranismagree to alliance with Lutheranism• Killed 1531 in war between Catholic & Killed 1531 in war between Catholic &
Protestant states in SwitzerlandProtestant states in Switzerland Leadership in Switzerland passed on Leadership in Switzerland passed on
to to John CalvinJohn Calvin who held beliefs who held beliefs similar to Luther, however, he similar to Luther, however, he believed “God had determined in believed “God had determined in advance who would be saved” = advance who would be saved” = predestinationpredestination• By mid-16By mid-16thth Century, Calvinism replaces Century, Calvinism replaces
Lutheranism as largest form of Lutheranism as largest form of ProtestantismProtestantism
Spread of ProtestantismSpread of Protestantism
Calvin forms a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. Calvin forms a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. Society was governed by a strict moral code. Society was governed by a strict moral code.
Geneva becomes the most important Protestant Geneva becomes the most important Protestant city in Europe.city in Europe.
Calvin completed his enormously influential Calvin completed his enormously influential commentary on the Bible called “commentary on the Bible called “Institutes of the Institutes of the Christian ChurchChristian Church”.”.
This work still forms the basis for the doctrine of This work still forms the basis for the doctrine of many contemporary denominations.many contemporary denominations.
The main points of Calvin’s theology are often The main points of Calvin’s theology are often summed up in the modern acronym T.U.L.I.P.summed up in the modern acronym T.U.L.I.P.
Reformation in EnglandReformation in England
King Henry VIII – desired annulment of his marriage to King Henry VIII – desired annulment of his marriage to Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon (no male heir) (no male heir)
He wants to marry Ann BoleynHe wants to marry Ann Boleyn Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry a divorce; why?Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry a divorce; why? In 1534 via In 1534 via Act of SupremacyAct of Supremacy England broke away from England broke away from
the Catholic Church formed the Catholic Church formed Anglican Church or Church Anglican Church or Church of Englandof England
How different was the Church of England from How different was the Church of England from Catholicism?Catholicism?
Additional Protestant GroupsAdditional Protestant Groups Some protestants adopted practice of “adult Some protestants adopted practice of “adult
baptism”baptism” Both Catholics and other Protestants assigned Both Catholics and other Protestants assigned
them the name “Anabaptists” and persecuted them the name “Anabaptists” and persecuted themthem
Today, many protestants practice adult baptism Today, many protestants practice adult baptism and the and the Mennonites Mennonites and and AmishAmish are the most are the most strict of the Anabaptist descendents strict of the Anabaptist descendents
Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation(Counter Reformation)(Counter Reformation)
In response to Protestant Movement, the In response to Protestant Movement, the Church was forced to address reform:Church was forced to address reform:• JesuitsJesuits – The Society of Jesus led by – The Society of Jesus led by Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola, ,
swore allegiance to the pope and used education to swore allegiance to the pope and used education to spread messagespread message
• Council of TrentCouncil of Trent (1545) – met off and on over 18 years (1545) – met off and on over 18 years Reaffirmed both works Reaffirmed both works andand faith necessary for salvation faith necessary for salvation
(“faith without works is dead”)(“faith without works is dead”) Selling of indulgences forbiddenSelling of indulgences forbidden
Ignatius of LoyolaCouncil of Trent
Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation(Counter Reformation)(Counter Reformation)
The Catholic Church had to make difficult The Catholic Church had to make difficult choices. In many cases, rather than give ground choices. In many cases, rather than give ground to Protestants, they chose to become to Protestants, they chose to become more more devoted to Church authority: Ignatius: "devoted to Church authority: Ignatius: "I will I will believe that the white that I see is black if the believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it.“hierarchical Church so defines it.“
Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV provide leadershipPope Paul III and Pope Paul IV provide leadership Role of the Inquisition (esp. the Spanish Role of the Inquisition (esp. the Spanish
Inquisition)Inquisition)
Legacy of the ReformationLegacy of the Reformation
Protestant Christianity becomes dominant Protestant Christianity becomes dominant Western religionWestern religion
Both Protest Reformation and Catholic Both Protest Reformation and Catholic Reformation lead to increased education (ex: Reformation lead to increased education (ex: Colleges)Colleges)
States gain powerStates gain power Questioning of authority leads to democratic Questioning of authority leads to democratic
ideas and Scientific Revolution/Enlightenmentideas and Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment
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