renaissance and reformation

Renaissance Renaissance and and

ReformationReformation

(1350-1600)(1350-1600)

RenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissance The Renaissance Attitude:The Renaissance Attitude:

• IndividualismIndividualism• Secularism (Humanism)- not anti-ChristianSecularism (Humanism)- not anti-Christian• Revival of Classical valuesRevival of Classical values

RenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissanceRenaissance Means Means rebirthrebirth

• Revival of Antiquity (Ancient Greece & Rome)Revival of Antiquity (Ancient Greece & Rome)• Begins in ItalyBegins in Italy

Coliseum

AcropolisItaly

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristicsCharacteristics Urban society = “city states”Urban society = “city states” Recovery from “horror” of 14Recovery from “horror” of 14thth Century (plague Century (plague

(black death), church problems, political instability)(black death), church problems, political instability) Belief in human achievement & individualismBelief in human achievement & individualism Largely reserved for wealthy upper classLargely reserved for wealthy upper class

“Men can do all things if they will”- Leon Batista Alberti

The Italian StatesThe Italian StatesThe Italian StatesThe Italian States Dominant force in Italy’s economic, social, and Dominant force in Italy’s economic, social, and

political lifepolitical life Milan, Venice, and Florence = prosperous Milan, Venice, and Florence = prosperous

trading centers that help promote “Renaissance trading centers that help promote “Renaissance spirit”spirit”

Italy= no kingItaly= no king How did they get there? How did they get there?

Duomo in Milan

Gondolas in VeniceUffizi Gallery in Florence

Medici FamilyMedici FamilyMedici FamilyMedici Family

1313th - th - 1717thth Century Florentines Century Florentines• Attained great wealth via Attained great wealth via

banking & trade industriesbanking & trade industries• Wealth = political powerWealth = political power• Greatest contribution to the Greatest contribution to the

Renaissance was in sponsorship Renaissance was in sponsorship of artists and architects of artists and architects Cosimo de’ Medici

Lorenzo de’ Medici

Renaissance SocietyRenaissance SocietyRenaissance SocietyRenaissance Society

Middle Ages =society Middle Ages =society divided into divided into 3 estates3 estates or or social classes:social classes:

1. Nobility1. Nobility

2. Peasants or Townspeople2. Peasants or Townspeople

3. Clergy3. Clergy Similar structure during Similar structure during

Renaissance, however, Renaissance, however, important change taking important change taking placeplace

NobilityNobility

Only 3% of population Only 3% of population but dominate but dominate European society:European society:• Hold important Hold important

political postspolitical posts• Advisors to monarchs, Advisors to monarchs,

popes, princespopes, princes• Land & business Land & business

ownersowners• Intent on acquiring, Intent on acquiring,

holding, and keeping holding, and keeping POWERPOWER

Nobility and BehaviorNobility and Behavior

Noble or aristocrat expected to fulfill Noble or aristocrat expected to fulfill certain ideals or standardscertain ideals or standards

Outlined by Outlined by CastiglioneCastiglione (kahs–teel–yoh-nay)(kahs–teel–yoh-nay) in in The Book of CourtierThe Book of Courtier (1528) (1528)

1.1. A noble is born, not made; “blood will out”A noble is born, not made; “blood will out”2.2. Military skill & classical educationMilitary skill & classical education3.3. Code of conduct Code of conduct

PowerPower

MachiavelliMachiavelli – – The Prince, The Prince, (1505)(1505)• One of most influential books One of most influential books

ever written on “how to ever written on “how to acquire and keep political acquire and keep political power”power”

• A political realist = The “end A political realist = The “end justifies the mean”justifies the mean”

Peasants & TownspeoplePeasants & Townspeople

By 1500:By 1500: More and more peasants became legally free from More and more peasants became legally free from

the “manorial system”the “manorial system” Artisans & merchants constituted townspeople, Artisans & merchants constituted townspeople,

diverse urban settingdiverse urban setting

Still a rather miserable lifeStill a rather miserable life

Family & MarriageFamily & Marriage

Arranged marriagesArranged marriages DowryDowry (sum of $ paid by (sum of $ paid by

wife’s family to husband wife’s family to husband upon marriage)upon marriage)

Father is absolute head Father is absolute head of householdof household

Adulthood reached when Adulthood reached when children officially “freed” children officially “freed” from father’s rulefrom father’s rule

HumanismHumanism

Renaissance marked by “secularism” or focus on Renaissance marked by “secularism” or focus on the “individual” = the “individual” = HumanismHumanism

Humanism based on study of the “classics” (Greek Humanism based on study of the “classics” (Greek & Roman literary works)& Roman literary works)

Humanists’ studied subjects such as: grammar, Humanists’ studied subjects such as: grammar, poetry, philosophy, historypoetry, philosophy, history• Emphasized interest in civic life – serve mankindEmphasized interest in civic life – serve mankind

Intellectual & Artistic Intellectual & Artistic ContributorsContributors

Petrarch (1304-1374)Petrarch (1304-1374)• Often called father of Often called father of

RenaissanceRenaissance• Gathered, recovered, and Gathered, recovered, and

organized Latin organized Latin manuscripts thus creating manuscripts thus creating large collections or libraries large collections or libraries for scholarly studyfor scholarly study

• Humanists’ stressed using Humanists’ stressed using LatinLatin


Dante (1265-1321)Dante (1265-1321)• Famous work = Famous work = Divine ComedyDivine Comedy (soul’s journey (soul’s journey

to salvation)to salvation)


Chaucer (1343-1400)Chaucer (1343-1400)• Famous work = Famous work = The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales

(collection of stories – 29 pilgrims (collection of stories – 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas journeying to the tomb of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury, England)Becket at Canterbury, England)


Christine de Pizan (1365-1430)Christine de Pizan (1365-1430)• Famous work = Famous work = The Book of the City of The Book of the City of

LadiesLadies (denounced male scholars & (denounced male scholars & writers that argued women, by nature, writers that argued women, by nature, were unable to learn to level equal with were unable to learn to level equal with men)men)


Masaccio (1401-1428)Masaccio (1401-1428)• Famous work = Known for “fresco” Famous work = Known for “fresco”

painting – done on fresh, wet plaster with painting – done on fresh, wet plaster with water-based paintswater-based paints

Tribute Money


Brunelleschi (1377-1446)Brunelleschi (1377-1446)• Famous work = architect, best known for Famous work = architect, best known for

cathedrals, especially cathedrals, especially Santa Maria del Santa Maria del FioreFiore

Dome of Santa Maria del Fiore


Donatello (1386-1466)Donatello (1386-1466)• Famous work = sculptor, best known for Famous work = sculptor, best known for

St. George and St. Mark statues in St. George and St. Mark statues in FlorenceFlorence

St. MarkSt. George

The MastersThe Masters

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)• ““Renaissance Man”Renaissance Man”• Famous works = artist, painter, sculptor, Famous works = artist, painter, sculptor,

inventor, scientist - best known for paintings inventor, scientist - best known for paintings Mona LisaMona Lisa and and The Last SupperThe Last Supper

The Last SupperMona Lisa

The MastersThe Masters Michelangelo (1475-1564)Michelangelo (1475-1564)

• Famous works = painter, sculptor – best Famous works = painter, sculptor – best known for known for Sistine Chapel & DavidSistine Chapel & David

Sistine Chapel, Rome

David

The MastersThe Masters Raphael (1483-1520)Raphael (1483-1520)

• Famous works = painter with countless Famous works = painter with countless achievements (Madonna paintings)achievements (Madonna paintings)

School of AthensSistine Chapel

Madonna

The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance The mingling of Renaissance ideas with The mingling of Renaissance ideas with

Northern European culture created a Northern European culture created a unique Northern Renaissanceunique Northern Renaissance

ERASMUSSHAKESPEARE

The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance

ALBRECHT DURER-”SELF PORTRAIT” DURER’S “ADORATION OF THE MAGI”

Albrecht Durer- often considered the Albrecht Durer- often considered the greatest painter of the Northern greatest painter of the Northern RenaissanceRenaissance


JAN VAN EYCK “ARNOLFINI PORTRAIT”

Jan Van Eyck- Flemish painter who used Jan Van Eyck- Flemish painter who used innovative oil painting techniquesinnovative oil painting techniques


ERASMUS’ CENSORED WORK THOMAS MORE

Christian Humanists- used Renaissance ideals in Christian Humanists- used Renaissance ideals in an attempt to reform the Church and societyan attempt to reform the Church and society Desiderius Erasmus- wrote Desiderius Erasmus- wrote The Praise of FollyThe Praise of Folly, ,

which mocked society and a Christianity he which mocked society and a Christianity he believed had fled many of its core principles.believed had fled many of its core principles.

Thomas More- wrote Thomas More- wrote Utopia, Utopia, a description of an a description of an ideal societyideal society

The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance William Shakespeare- William Shakespeare-

Generally considered the Generally considered the greatest writer in the English greatest writer in the English language. Was inspired by language. Was inspired by Renaissance ideas and drew Renaissance ideas and drew on the classics as inspiration. on the classics as inspiration.

The Northern RenaissanceThe Northern Renaissance Johann Gutenberg developed Johann Gutenberg developed

a new type of printing press a new type of printing press using innovations from both using innovations from both Europe and ChinaEurope and China

One of the most important One of the most important inventions everinventions ever

The printing press and The printing press and vernacular literature vernacular literature combined to spread combined to spread knowledge and human knowledge and human freedom in ways that seemed freedom in ways that seemed unimaginable prior to the unimaginable prior to the RenaissanceRenaissance

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

Name given to religious Name given to religious reform that divided the reform that divided the western Christian Church western Christian Church into Catholic & into Catholic & Protestant groupsProtestant groups• Humanism Humanism had an impact had an impact

on movement that on movement that demanded reform of the demanded reform of the Roman Catholic ChurchRoman Catholic Church

• Desiderius Erasmus – Desiderius Erasmus – criticized the Church in his criticized the Church in his work work The Praise of Folly The Praise of Folly for for emphasizing practices emphasizing practices (rites) over principles(rites) over principles

Church AbusesChurch Abuses Many moved to Many moved to

criticize Church for criticize Church for perceived abuses & perceived abuses & corrupt practicescorrupt practices

Popes more concerned Popes more concerned with political instead of with political instead of spiritual mattersspiritual matters

Church officials gained Church officials gained much wealth while most much wealth while most Christians sufferedChristians suffered

Sale of Sale of indulgencesindulgences (release from all or part (release from all or part of the punishment for of the punishment for sin)sin)

Because literacy was Because literacy was spreading, people were spreading, people were forming their own forming their own opinions about opinions about theological matterstheological matters

Johann Tetzel’s sale of Indulgences:“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs.’

Martin LutherMartin Luther

German monk and Professor at German monk and Professor at Wittenberg University– on Oct. Wittenberg University– on Oct. 31, 1517 presented list of 31, 1517 presented list of Ninety-five ThesesNinety-five Theses objecting to objecting to Church practicesChurch practices

Believed man cannot do enough Believed man cannot do enough good works to earn salvation good works to earn salvation (original sin)(original sin)

Instead, man is saved by God’s grace Instead, man is saved by God’s grace by way of FAITH = “Justification by by way of FAITH = “Justification by Faith”Faith”

Catholic Church charged him with Catholic Church charged him with heresy & excommunicated him heresy & excommunicated him (1521) & declared him an outlaw via (1521) & declared him an outlaw via Edict of Worms Edict of Worms

95 Theses

Fun FactsFun Facts Emperor Charles V- “A singe friar who goes counter to all Emperor Charles V- “A singe friar who goes counter to all

Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong!”Christianity for a thousand years must be wrong!” 41 of the 95 Theses were condemned by the Pope. Luther 41 of the 95 Theses were condemned by the Pope. Luther

burned the Pope’s reply and said, “it is an old custom to burn burned the Pope’s reply and said, “it is an old custom to burn bad books.” bad books.”

After the Edict of Worms, Luther’s books were to be burned After the Edict of Worms, Luther’s books were to be burned and he was to be arrested, but Prince Frederick of Saxony hid and he was to be arrested, but Prince Frederick of Saxony hid him.him.

Luther created the modern Church service with Bible Luther created the modern Church service with Bible readings, preaching, and songs to replace the Catholic mass.readings, preaching, and songs to replace the Catholic mass.

Many politicians and noblemen supported Luther because Many politicians and noblemen supported Luther because they were tired of the Church meddling in their affairs.they were tired of the Church meddling in their affairs.

June 1524- German peasants revolt. Luther supports the June 1524- German peasants revolt. Luther supports the nobles because he feels the State is necessary to maintain nobles because he feels the State is necessary to maintain the peace necessary for the Gospel to spread.the peace necessary for the Gospel to spread.

Politics of ReformationPolitics of Reformation

German princes German princes mobilized behind Luther’s mobilized behind Luther’s teachings as a way to teachings as a way to oppose Monarch rule of oppose Monarch rule of Charles V (Holy Roman Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor – Hapsburgs)Emperor – Hapsburgs)

Charles V forced to settle Charles V forced to settle peacefully = peacefully = Peace of Peace of AugsburgAugsburg (1555) (1555)

German states allowed to German states allowed to choose between choose between Catholicism or LutheranismCatholicism or Lutheranism

Spread of ProtestantismSpread of Protestantism

Ulrich ZwingliUlrich Zwingli – priest introduced – priest introduced reforms in Switzerland, could not reforms in Switzerland, could not agree to alliance with Lutheranismagree to alliance with Lutheranism• Killed 1531 in war between Catholic & Killed 1531 in war between Catholic &

Protestant states in SwitzerlandProtestant states in Switzerland Leadership in Switzerland passed on Leadership in Switzerland passed on

to to John CalvinJohn Calvin who held beliefs who held beliefs similar to Luther, however, he similar to Luther, however, he believed “God had determined in believed “God had determined in advance who would be saved” = advance who would be saved” = predestinationpredestination• By mid-16By mid-16thth Century, Calvinism replaces Century, Calvinism replaces

Lutheranism as largest form of Lutheranism as largest form of ProtestantismProtestantism

Spread of ProtestantismSpread of Protestantism

Calvin forms a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. Calvin forms a theocracy in Geneva, Switzerland. Society was governed by a strict moral code. Society was governed by a strict moral code.

Geneva becomes the most important Protestant Geneva becomes the most important Protestant city in Europe.city in Europe.

Calvin completed his enormously influential Calvin completed his enormously influential commentary on the Bible called “commentary on the Bible called “Institutes of the Institutes of the Christian ChurchChristian Church”.”.

This work still forms the basis for the doctrine of This work still forms the basis for the doctrine of many contemporary denominations.many contemporary denominations.

The main points of Calvin’s theology are often The main points of Calvin’s theology are often summed up in the modern acronym T.U.L.I.P.summed up in the modern acronym T.U.L.I.P.

Reformation in EnglandReformation in England

King Henry VIII – desired annulment of his marriage to King Henry VIII – desired annulment of his marriage to Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon (no male heir) (no male heir)

He wants to marry Ann BoleynHe wants to marry Ann Boleyn Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry a divorce; why?Pope Clement VII would not grant Henry a divorce; why? In 1534 via In 1534 via Act of SupremacyAct of Supremacy England broke away from England broke away from

the Catholic Church formed the Catholic Church formed Anglican Church or Church Anglican Church or Church of Englandof England

How different was the Church of England from How different was the Church of England from Catholicism?Catholicism?

Additional Protestant GroupsAdditional Protestant Groups Some protestants adopted practice of “adult Some protestants adopted practice of “adult

baptism”baptism” Both Catholics and other Protestants assigned Both Catholics and other Protestants assigned

them the name “Anabaptists” and persecuted them the name “Anabaptists” and persecuted themthem

Today, many protestants practice adult baptism Today, many protestants practice adult baptism and the and the Mennonites Mennonites and and AmishAmish are the most are the most strict of the Anabaptist descendents strict of the Anabaptist descendents

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation(Counter Reformation)(Counter Reformation)

In response to Protestant Movement, the In response to Protestant Movement, the Church was forced to address reform:Church was forced to address reform:• JesuitsJesuits – The Society of Jesus led by – The Society of Jesus led by Ignatius of LoyolaIgnatius of Loyola, ,

swore allegiance to the pope and used education to swore allegiance to the pope and used education to spread messagespread message

• Council of TrentCouncil of Trent (1545) – met off and on over 18 years (1545) – met off and on over 18 years Reaffirmed both works Reaffirmed both works andand faith necessary for salvation faith necessary for salvation

(“faith without works is dead”)(“faith without works is dead”) Selling of indulgences forbiddenSelling of indulgences forbidden

Ignatius of LoyolaCouncil of Trent

Catholic ReformationCatholic Reformation(Counter Reformation)(Counter Reformation)

The Catholic Church had to make difficult The Catholic Church had to make difficult choices. In many cases, rather than give ground choices. In many cases, rather than give ground to Protestants, they chose to become to Protestants, they chose to become more more devoted to Church authority: Ignatius: "devoted to Church authority: Ignatius: "I will I will believe that the white that I see is black if the believe that the white that I see is black if the hierarchical Church so defines it.“hierarchical Church so defines it.“

Pope Paul III and Pope Paul IV provide leadershipPope Paul III and Pope Paul IV provide leadership Role of the Inquisition (esp. the Spanish Role of the Inquisition (esp. the Spanish

Inquisition)Inquisition)

Legacy of the ReformationLegacy of the Reformation

Protestant Christianity becomes dominant Protestant Christianity becomes dominant Western religionWestern religion

Both Protest Reformation and Catholic Both Protest Reformation and Catholic Reformation lead to increased education (ex: Reformation lead to increased education (ex: Colleges)Colleges)

States gain powerStates gain power Questioning of authority leads to democratic Questioning of authority leads to democratic

ideas and Scientific Revolution/Enlightenmentideas and Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment

renaissance and reformation

Documents

political instabilitybelief

political lifemilan

famous work

renaissance spirititaly

european society

city statesrecovery

city of ladies

important change