reform and culture unit 10 1. the american nation reform and a new american culture, 1820–1860...
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Reform and Culture
UNIT 10
1
The American NationReform and a New American Culture,
1820–1860VOCABULARY WORDS
-Social Reform
-predestination
-Second Great Awakening
-revival
-debtor
-Temperance Movement2
What is reform and how is it protected by the Constitution?
- All citizens have rights
- All citizens have responsibilities
3
• Rights
-trial by jury
-to choose leaders
-to be elected to public office
• Responsibilities
- serve on jury
- vote in elections
`- obey laws
4
What is the importance of accepting personal responsibilities
- Educating your children
- Understanding the Constitutional guarantees
- Admitting when your wrong
- Accepting consequences 5
It is necessary for a Democratic Society to have freedom of speech and press in order to protect individual rights
6
Religious Ideals
In colonial times, American Protestants believed in predestination, the idea that God decided in advance which people would attain salvation after death.
7
Religious Ideals
•A religious movement of the early 1800s—the Second Great Awakening —stressed free will instead. Preachers said that individuals could save their souls by their own actions.
•In revivals, or huge outdoor meetings, people heard that individual salvation was the first step toward reforming the world. This message inspired people to improve society.
8
Roots of ReformPolitical Origins
• The ideals of liberty and equality in the Declaration of Independence inspire people to try to improve society
• During Jackson era, more people can vote than ever before
• Critics say slavery and other injustices violate democratic ideals
9
• The Constitution provides citizens with right to freedom of speech such as that used by political activists during the 19th century
• This reflects the importance American society places on equality
10
Roots of ReformReligious Influences
• Second Great Awakening stresses free will rather than predestination and had major effects on:
- Temperance movement
- Prison reform
- Women’s suffrage
• Revivals encourage people to reform their lives
• Finney teaches that individual salvation is the first step to the reform of a society 11
Dorothea Dix
12
Dorothea Dix Seeks to Reform the Treatment of Prisoners and the
Mentally IllReasons Dix called for prison reform:
• Men, women, and children were often crammed together in cold, damp rooms.
• Sometimes prisoners went hungry unless they could buy their own food.
• Most prisoners were debtors, people who could not pay the money they owed.
13
Dorothea Dix Seeks to Reform the Treatment of Prisoners and the
Mentally IllReasons Dix called for reform in treatment
of the mentally ill:
• The mentally ill were put in jails rather than hospitals.
• The mentally ill were often put in “cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods.”, Dix reported.
14
The Temperance Movement
Temperance Movement
• In the late 1820s, a campaign against alcohol abuse
• Some groups urged people to drink less.
• Others sought to end drinking altogether.
15
Temperance Movement
16
Improving Education
Public Schools• In the early 1800s, Massachusetts was the
only state that required free public schools. Reformers argued that a republic such as the United States requires educated citizens.
• In 1814, New York State passed a law requiring local governments to set up tax-supported school districts.
17
Improving Education
• In Massachusetts, Horace Mann urged legislators to provide more money for education. The state built new schools, extended the school year, raised teachers’ pay, and established colleges to train teachers.
• By the 1850s, most northern states had set up free tax-supported elementary schools.
• Mann is noted for the lasting institution of Public Education
18
Improving Education
Education for African Americans• A few northern cities set up separate schools
for black students.• In the North, a few African American men and
women opened their own schools. • Some African Americans went on to attend
private colleges such as Harvard, Dartmouth, and Oberlin.
• In 1854, Pennsylvania chartered the first college for African American men.
19
Improving Education
Education for people with disabilities
• In 1817, Thomas Gallaudet set up a school for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.
• In 1832, Samuel Gridley Howe founded the first American school for the blind.
20
Opposing Slavery
-American Colonization Society
-abolitionist
-The Liberator
-Underground Railroad
21
Most notable abolitionist
1. Grimke Sisters
2. Sojourner Truth
3. Harriett Beecher Stowe
4. Harriet Tubman
5. Fredrick Douglas
6. William Lloyd Garrison
22
Angela & SarahGrimke
23
The Grimke Sisters• Angelina and Sarah
• Father was a rich slave owner
• They hated slavery
• Moved to Philadelphia to work for abolition
• Spoke out to large crowds
• Helped spark a crusade for Women’s Rights
24
Sojourner Truth
25
Sojourner Truth
• Born into slavery in New York
• Original name was Isabella
• After gaining freedom she felt God wanted her to fight slavery
• She vowed to sojourn and tell the truth about slavery thus her name
26
Harriet Beecher Stowe
27
Harriett Beecher Stowe
• She wrote and published a novel in 1852
• “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”-opposed slavery
- showed evils of slavery
- injustice of Fugitive Slave Act
28
Harriet Tubman
29
Harriet Tubman
• She was an escaped slave
• Lead more than 300 slaves to freedom
• Credited for establishing the :Underground Railroad”
• Admirers called her “Black Moses”
• She had a $40,000.00 reward for her capture by slave owners
30
Fredrick Douglas
• Best known African American abolitionist
• Escaped slave
• Spoke in public after escaping
• Spoke across United States and Britain
• In 1847, started publishing the antislavery newspaper, the “North Star”
32
William Lloyd Garrison• Out spoke white abolitionists
• Spoke about how this evil should end immediately
• Started the antislavery newspaper “The Liberator”
• Founded the New England Antislavery Society
• The Liberator provided a voice for abolition that might have been unpopular in some places because of First Amendment Rights
34
Roots of the Antislavery Movement
Early antislavery efforts
Since colonial times, Quakers had taught that slavery was a sin.During the Second Great Awakening, ministers called on Christians to stamp out slavery.
35
Roots of the Antislavery Movement
Colonization Movement
The American Colonization Society proposed to end slaveryby setting up an independent colony in Africa for freed slaves. In 1822, the society founded the nation of Liberia, in West Africa. Only a few thousand African Americans settled there.
36
Roots of the Antislavery Movement
Abolitionist Movement
Reformers known as abolitionists wanted to end slavery completely in the United States.Some African Americans tried to end slavery through lawsuits and petitions. Others, such as Samuel Cornish and John Russwurm, used their newspaper to influence public opinion.
37
Roots of the Antislavery Movement
Abolitionist Movement
Free African American David Walker encouraged enslaved African Americans to free themselves by any means.
38
The Underground Railroad
• The Underground Railroad was a network of black and white abolitionists who secretly helped slaves escape to freedom.
• Conductors guided runaways to stations where they could hide—the homes of abolitionists, churches, and caves.
39
Reasons Why People Opposed AbolitionIn the North
• Northern mill owners, bankers, and merchants who depended on southern cotton worried about losing their cotton supply.
• Northern workers feared that freed African Americans might come and take their jobs.
40
Reasons Why People Opposed Abolition
In the South
• Many white southerners accused abolitionists of preaching violence.
• Slave owners defended slavery even more firmly than before. Some argued that slaves were better off than northern factory workers.
• To many southerners, slavery was an essential part of the southern economy and way of life.
41
A Call For Women’s Rights
• Seneca Falls Convention
• Women’s rights movement
• Most felt that giving women a right to vote would lead to the breakup of families
42
Major Women’s Rights Advocates
• Abigail Adams
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Loucretia Mott
• Sojourner Truth
• Susan B. Anthony43
Seeking Equal Rights for Women
Reasons people sought equal rights for women in the mid-1800s– Women could not vote or hold office.– When a woman married, all of her property
became her husband’s property.– A working woman’s wages belonged to her
husband.– A husband had the right to hit his wife.– The abolitionist movement made people aware
that women, too, lacked full social and political rights.
44
Sojourner Truth
45
Seeking Equal Rights for Women
Sojourner Truth
•This former slave was a spellbinding speaker. •She spoke out against slavery and also for women’s rights.•She ridiculed the idea that women were inferior to men by nature•She gave a powerful speech at the Seneca Falls Convention “Ain’t I A Woman”
46
Lucretia Mott
47
Seeking Equal Rights for Women
Lucretia Mott
This Quaker woman used her organizing skills to set up petition drives across the North.
48
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
49
Seeking Equal Rights for Women
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Stanton joined Mott and other Americans at the World Antislavery Convention in London. Back at home in the United States, she and Mott organized a convention to draw attention to women’s problems. Seneca Falls Convention- 200 women and 40 men attended
50
Declaration of Sentiments
• “We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal”.
• This was the beginning of the women’s movement
51
Susan B. Anthony
52
Seeking Equal Rights for Women
Susan B. Anthony
Traveled across the country, speaking tirelessly for women’s rights.
53
American Art and Literature
• How did American painters develop their own style?
• What themes did American poets, novelists, and storytellers explore?
• Why was the “inner light” important to Emerson and Thoreau?
54
American PaintersA New Universal theme or idea developed with
American Art, Music, and Literature
-spirit of self-determination
-celebrations of freedoms
-importance of the common man
Before 1800, most American painters studied in Europe.– Benjamin West– Charles Willson Peale– Gilbert Stuart 55
Gilbert Stuart
58
American Painters
By the mid-1800s, American artists began to develop their own style. The Hudson River School painted vivid landscapes of New York’s Hudson River region.– Thomas Cole– Asher B. Durand– Robert S. Duncanson
59
Thomas Cole
60
Asher B. Durand
61
Sam Gridley Howe- gifted Frenchman
- painted American wildlife
- Had to go to England to be published
62
Samuel Gridley Howe
63
American Painters
Some American artists painted scenes of hard-working country people.– George Caleb Binghan: frontier life along the
rivers– George Catlin: Indians of the Great Plains and
Rockies– Alfred Jacob Miller: Indians of the Great
Plains and Rockies
64
American Poetry, Stories, and Other Literature
65
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Poems based on events from the American past, such as “Paul Revere’s Ride” and “The Song of Hiawatha.”
66
John Greenleaf Whittier
Poems about the evils of slavery.
67
Walt Whitman
Leaves of Grass, a book of poetry celebrating democracy and common people.
68
Emily Dickinson
Recognized as one of the nation’s greatest poets.
69
Washington Irving
The Sketch Book, including “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.”
70
James Fenimore Cooper
Stories set in the American past. The Deerslayer and The Last of the Mohicans, about a strong, solitary frontiersman.
71
Herman Melville
Moby Dick, about the captain of an American whaling ship.
72
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Stories set in early New England, such as The Scarlet Letter.
73
Edgar Allan Poe
Tales of horror. Known as the “father of the detective story” for stories such as “The Murders in the Rue Morgue.”
74
William Wells Brown
The first African American to earn his living as a writer. Wrote Clotel, a novel of slave life.
75
The “Inner Light” of the Transcendentalists
Transcendentalists believed that the most important truths in life transcended, or went beyond, human reason. – They valued the spark of deeply felt emotions
more than reason.– They believed that each individual should live
up to the divine possibilities within.
76
The “Inner Light” of the Transcendentalists
Ralph Waldo Emerson – He believed that civilization provides material wealth, but the
human spirit was best reflected in nature.– He believed that nature exhibited values that came from
God.– He stressed individualism, or the importance of each
individual. He said that people have an “inner light” they can turn to for guidance in their personal lives and to help them improve society.
– He created paintings, novels, and essays on equality and the needs of the down trodden
77
Ralph Waldo Emerson
78
The “Inner Light” of the Transcendentalists
Henry David Thoreau– He believed that the growth of industry and
the rise of cities were ruining the nation.
– He urged people to live as simply and as close to nature as possible.
– He believed that each individual must decide what is right or wrong.
– He argued in favor of civil disobedience, the idea that people have a right to disobey unjust laws if their consciences demand it.79
Henry David Thoreau
80
Horace Mann
81
Mary Lyon
No available picture
82
Emma Willard
83
Brigham Young
84
Joseph Smith
85
Elizabeth Blackwell
86
Thomas Gallaudet
87
Abraham Lincoln
88
Lyman Beecher
89
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