qiang hu_scripps inst talk-v1 for public

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 1/27

Biofuel from Algae:

Technical Challenges and Opportunities

Presentation at

Scripps Institute of Oceanography

by

Qiang Hu

LABORATORY FOR ALGAE RESEARCH & BIOTECHNOLOGY

Arizona State University Polytechnic CampusMesa, AZ 85212 (huqiang@asu.edu)

(March 11, 2008)

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 2/27

Outline

Why algae?

urren s a us o a ga mass cu ure

Understanding of algal oil production

Design principles for photobioreactors

A case studyOther R&D issues?

What is the path forward?

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 3/27

The U.S. and the World

Face Ener Shorta es

  . .

reserves

The U.S. now im orts > 60% of its oil and will im ort

> 80% of its oil within 20 years

Total proven oil reserves worldwide ~ equivalent of  ca.years o consuma e o

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 4/27

CO2 and Global Climate Change

Fossil fuel combustion accounts for approx. 80%

of GWP weighted CO2 emissions in the U.S. since

1990Power plants emit 40% of the CO2 from

fossil fuel combustion in the U.S.

Transportation activities account for 33% of

CO2 emissions from fossil fuel combustion

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 5/27

Feedstock for Biofuels

Sunflower Soybean CanolaCorn

Rapeseed Palm fruitPeanut

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 6/27

Feedstocks for Food and/or Fuels ?

? ?

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 7/27

Algae Can Produce Large Amounts of

Neutral Lipid/oil (20~40% of dry weight)

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 8/27

Algal Lipid Production Potential*

Photosynthetic Lipids Algal biomass Algal lipids

,

5.58 50 33 118

13.73 50 82 291

20.76 50 123 441

*  

requirements, SERI, DOE 1986.

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 9/27

Crop Plant- and Algae-Based

Oil Production Potential

12000

8000

10000

   l   /  a  c  r  e

   )

6000

   i  e   l   d   (  g

635

2000   O   i   l

18   48 61   102   110 1270

  C  o  r  n

   b  e  a  n

  s  t  a  r  d 

  o  w  e  r  s

  o  c  o  a

  e  s  e  e  d

  r  o  p   h

  a

  c  o  n  u

  t

   p  a   l  m

  A   l  g   a  e 

  S  S  u

  n    R  a   J  a   C   O

Oil Crops

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 10/27

Companies in Algae Fuels

A2BE Carbon Capture

Algae BioFuels (PetroSun)

HR Biopetroleum

Imperium Renewables

Aurora Biofuels Carbon Capture Corp.

Inventure Kent Sea Tech

Diversified Energy

Genergetics

General Atomics

OriginOil

PetroAlgae (XL TechGroup)

Raytheon

Global Green Solutions

GreenFuel Technologies

GreenShift

Solarzyme

Solix Biofuels (SunSource)

Texas Clean Fuels

Green Start Products GS Cleantech

Valcent Products XL Renewables

Others below the radar, plus…

DOE, DARPA, AFOSR, National Labs, universities, foundations, ….

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 11/27

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 12/27

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 13/27

Algae Make Little Fat/Oil

chloroplast

cytosol

LB

SG

Protein Carbohydrate Lipid

Cell with low

Storage neutral lipids

- ~ ~ w

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 14/27

Algae Make A Lot of Fat/Oil

chloroplastcytosol

LBSG

Protein Carbohydrate Lipid

10-20% 25~30% 20~60% dwt 

Storage neutral lipids

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 15/27

Why and When Algae Make Oil

(~80% NADPH)

N assimilation

(~15% NADPH)

S assimilation

(~1% NADPH)Others

(~4% NADPH)

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 16/27

Stress Induced ROS Production

OH.

O2.-

2 2

O2

1 *2

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 17/27

Draining Photosynthetic Reductants

through the Lipid Biosynthesis

Acetyl-CoA

ACCase

CO2

Malonyl-CoA

Malonyl-ACP

3-Ketobutyryl-ACP

+

Thioredoxins

3-Hydroxybutyryl-ACP

NADP+

Fdox 1616e NADPH

Fdred

trans- 2 - Butenoyl-ACP

Butyryl-ACP

3-Ketoacyl-ACP

Cyt

b6f PSII PSIPQ

pool  

e

Cycle Continues 

H2O O2 H+ 22Fdox2Fdred

: -18:1-ACP

O2

2H2O

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 18/27

Consuming O2 through Carotenogenesis

  c   i   d  s

20

5Phytoene

PhytofluenePDS

2 e

2 ee

   F  a   t   t

  y  a10

0

1

NADPH

ζ-Carotene

NeurosporeneZDS

NAD(P)+

2 e

2 e H+NADPHNAD(P)+

Carotenoids0 2 4

Cyt

b6f 

PSII PSIPQNdhLycopene

e

2β-

Carotene

H2OO2

PTOXO

Astaxanthin

H2OO2

OHO

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 19/27

Strategies for Induction of Neutral Lipid

(~80% NADPH)

N assimilation

(~15% NADPH)

S assimilation

(~1% NADPH)Others

(~4% NADPH)

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 20/27

Biomass Productivity as a

Function of Light Intensity

  mo m- s-

6000

  c   t   i  v   i   t

2000

1200  p  r  o   d

    l  -   1   h  -   1

740

   i  o  m  a  s   (

270

- 

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 21/27

What a P – I Curve Tells Us?

   i   t  y   )

   i  c  a  c

   t   i

  g  -   1  m

   i  n  -

  y

  n   t   h  e

  g

      c        h        l

   P   h  o   t  o

   (   O   2

Light intensity ( mol m-2 s-1)

s

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 22/27

What a P – I Curve Means to Algal Culture?

   i   t  y   )

  c   A  c

   t   i

  g  -   1  m   i

  n  -   1

  y  n

   t   h  e   t

  g

      c        h        l  m

   P   h  o   t  o

   (   O   2

 ’

Light Intensity Is > 4000 mol m-2 s-1

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 23/27

Light Penetration Depth

as a Function of Al al Densit

-1 

1

300

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 24/27

Biomass Productivity as a

Function of Culture Mixin

   i   t  y

   d  u  c   t   i  v

  -   1   )

  s

  s  p  r

   (  g   l  -   1

6.0

   B   i  o  m

.

2.0

0.5 vvm**

Culture density (g l-1)

*OCD: Optimal cell density (g l-1)

** vvm: air volume/liquid volume/minute

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 25/27

Other R&D Issues

Algae harvesting- Centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation, flocculation, etc.

- Sun-drying, waste heat drying, drum-drying, freeze-drying, etc.Algae oil extraction and pre-treatment

- Solvents, mechanical, electrical, supercritical fluid extraction, etc.

Oil conversion and refinement- , xy , , z , .

Systems integration- Wastewater, flue ases, al ae culture, biomass residues,

system scale-up feasibility, etc.

Life cycle analyses and trade-off assessments

- Input/output flows, energy balance, cost/benefit tradeoffs,

feedstock market, energy market, and sensitivity assessments, etc.

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 26/27

Concluding Thoughts

Algae represent a promising opportunity for

renewable and sustainable fuels

Algal feedstock production can be coupled with

carbon sequestration and wastewater bioremediation

n eng neere a gae- ase approac represen s a

mid-, to long-term solution rather than an immediate fix

-  ,

collaborations are needed to capitalize on the

opportunity

8/11/2019 Qiang Hu_Scripps Inst Talk-V1 for Public

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/qiang-huscripps-inst-talk-v1-for-public 27/27

Acknowledgements

Biology Team:

Chengwu Zhang

Engineering Team:

Jerry Gintz

Martha KentWei (James) Chen

Andrew MilesSandeep Gupta

Jessica Richardson

Danxiang (May) Han

 Ying Hong

Emil Puruhito

Jeslin Samuel

Jeffer Collier 

Christopher Weller 

Guanqun Chen

Jose Zhou

Kan-sup Yoon