protein synthesis. what do you already know? what does the word “synthesis” mean? what is the...

PROTEIN SYNTHESISPROTEIN SYNTHESIS

What do you already know? What do you already know?

What does the word “synthesis” mean?What does the word “synthesis” mean? What is the building block of protein?What is the building block of protein? Where in the cell are proteins made?Where in the cell are proteins made? What is the function of proteins?What is the function of proteins? What 3 letters do all sugars end with?What 3 letters do all sugars end with?

Structure of RNAStructure of RNA

RibRiboseose SugarSugar PhosphatePhosphate group group Nitrogenous bases-Nitrogenous bases-

AAUU ( (not Tnot T))CC G G

Forms a Forms a nucleotide nucleotide (just like (just like DNADNA))

Post-it Post-it Activity:Activity:

1. On your post-it notes write 1. On your post-it notes write •2 things that only DNA has2 things that only DNA has•2 things that only RNA has2 things that only RNA has•1 thing in common 1 thing in common 2. Place your post-it on the appropriate poster. 2. Place your post-it on the appropriate poster.

RNARNA differs from differs from DNADNA

1.1. RNARNA has a sugar has a sugar riboseribose

DNADNA has a sugar has a sugar deoxyribosedeoxyribose

2.2. RNARNA contains uracil ( contains uracil (UU))

DNA DNA has thymine (has thymine (TT))

3.3. RNARNA molecule is molecule is singlesingle-stranded-stranded

DNA DNA is is doubledouble-stranded-stranded

Transcription – Basics

Process that makes mRNA (messenger RNA) from a gene (DNA) mRNA carries the genetic codes from the

nucleus to the ribosomes

Occurs in the Occurs in the nucleusnucleus

Transcription – DNA mRNA

1. DNA unzips into 2 separate strands

2. Enzymes pair up nucleotides according to RNA base pairing rules:

Cytosine(C) pairs with Guanine(G)

Uracil(U) pairs with Adenine(A)

3. A single strand of RNA has been produced.

4. Genetic code from DNA is transferred to mRNA

So, after transcription, what is the So, after transcription, what is the complementary mRNA strand from the complementary mRNA strand from the following strand of DNA?following strand of DNA?

DNA – AGG CTT GGC CAA GCTDNA – AGG CTT GGC CAA GCT RNA –UCC GAA CCG GUU CGARNA –UCC GAA CCG GUU CGA

DNA- TAC CGG ATA CCG CAT GCGDNA- TAC CGG ATA CCG CAT GCGRNA- AUG GCC UAU GGC GUA CGCRNA- AUG GCC UAU GGC GUA CGC

Brain BreakBrain Break

Find classmates that will help you Find classmates that will help you complete the sequence of protein complete the sequence of protein synthesis. synthesis.

Once you have all the pieces (5 total), Once you have all the pieces (5 total), working with your group organize the working with your group organize the picture/words into the correct order.picture/words into the correct order.

Have a teacher check your work then Have a teacher check your work then copy your sequence into your notescopy your sequence into your notes

Translation – mRNA protein

Process where mRNA is used to make proteins.

Occurs at the ribosomes

Ribsomes are made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Translation – mRNA protein

1. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes.

2. The ribosome attaches to mRNA

3. The mRNA is read by ribosomes 3 nucleotides (codon) at a time

4. As the codons are read, tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the appropriate amino acids and they are assembled in a long chain called a protein

Protein Synthesis Protein Synthesis SimulationSimulation

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302index_tj.asp?objID=AP1302

Flow MapFlow Map

Organize the pieces into the correct orderOrganize the pieces into the correct order Have a teacher check your answerHave a teacher check your answer Copy the correct sequence into your Copy the correct sequence into your

notes.notes.

The Genetic CodeThe Genetic Code

33 RNA nucleotides code for RNA nucleotides code for 11 amino acid.amino acid.

The strand AAACGUUCGCCC The strand AAACGUUCGCCC would be separated as would be separated as AAA-AAA-CGU-UCG-CCCCGU-UCG-CCC

How do we figure out the How do we figure out the amino acids?amino acids?

-we use the -we use the codon codon chartchart

Lysine – Arginine – Serine – Lysine – Arginine – Serine – ProlineProline

Genetic CodesGenetic Codes

Universal Genetic CodeUniversal Genetic CodeDNA mRNA

codontRNA anticodon

Amino Acid

G

T

G

U

A

C

G

C

A

CAC

GUG

Histodine

ATG

AUG

Tyrosine

GCA

CGU

Arginine

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

mRNA

RibosomerRNA

Amino acid

tRNA

protein

Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis

DNA making mRNA

DNA

tRNA

Amino acids

RibosomerRNA

Protein

mRNA

Transcription

Translation

DNA → RNA → Proteins

Quick ReviewQuick Review

1. How many nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid?

A.1

B.3

C.4

D.6

Quick ReviewQuick Review

2. Uracil is found in…..2. Uracil is found in…..

a)a) DNADNA

b)b) RNARNA

c)c) RibosomesRibosomes

d)d) Double HelixDouble Helix

Quick ReviewQuick Review

3. What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell?

A.preparing the genes for messenger RNA

B.changing nitrogen bases into amino acids

C.preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes

D.carrying amino acids to the ribosomes

Quick ReviewQuick Review

4. The genetic information for making a protein must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these moves this information to the cytoplasm?

A.a ribosome

B.DNA

C.RNA

D.an amino acid

Quick ReviewQuick Review

5. Which of these statements best explains how genes and proteins are related?

A.Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.

B.Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes.

C.Genes are the building blocks of proteins.

D.Proteins are the building blocks of genes.