protein synthesis: protein synthesis: translation and transcription eq: what is the central dogma...
TRANSCRIPT
Protein Synthesis:Translation and Transcription
EQ: What is the Central Dogma and what processes does it
involve? Describe processes
Central DogmaO Transcription converts a gene into a
single-stranded RNA moleculeO RNA carries DNA’s instructions out of the
nucleusO The central Dogma states that information
flows in one direction from: DNA RNA Protein
Central DogmaOThe central dogma includes three processes:OReplicationOTranscriptionOTranslation
ORNA is a link between DNA and proteins
RNAORNA differs from DNA
in three major ways.ORNA has a ribose
sugar while DNA has Deoxyribose
ORNA has uracil instead of thymine found in DNA
ORNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded
TranscriptionO Transcription copies DNA to make a
strand of RNA
RNA being transcribed
TranscriptionO Transcription makes three types of RNA
O Messanger RNA (mRNA) carries the message that will be translated to form a protein
O Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) forms part of ribosomes where proteins are made
O Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids from the cytoplasm to a ribosome.
TranslationO Translation coverts an mRNA message into
a protein
TranslationO Amino acids are coded by mRNA base
sequencesO Translation converts mRNA messages into
proteinsO A codon is a sequence of 3 nucleotides that
code for an amino acid
TranslationOAmino acids are
linked to become a proteinOAn anticodon is a
set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon.
OAn anticodon is carried by a tRNA
TranslationO Translation occurs at the ribosome
O For translation to begin, tRNA must bind to a corresponding codon. Ex. tRNA anticodon – UAC binds with mRNA codon AUG
O Then attaches amino-acid to form a protein
MutationO Mutations are changes in DNA that
may or may not affect an organisms traits and expression of genes
MutationsO Some mutations affect a single gene, while
others affect an entire chromosomeO A mutation is a change in an organism’s DNAO Many kinds of mutations can occur, especially
during replicationO A point mutation substitutes on nucleotide for
another
Mutations
O Chromosomal mutations affect many genesO Chromosomal mutations may occur during
meiosis
MutationsO Mutations may or may not affect expression
of genesO Chromosomal mutations tend to have a big
effectO Some gene mutations change gene expression
O A mutation may change protein shapeO Some gene mutations do not affect gene
expression
MutationsO Mutations can be caused by several factors
O Replication errors can cause mutationsO UV rays and chemicals can cause mutationsO Some cancer drugs use these properties to kill
cancer cells. O e.g. radiation treatment or chemotherapy