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I. CarboVac shortly
II. Why to install a VRU
III. Recovery based on AC technology
IV. Terminal conditions for VRU implementations
V. A VRU in your terminal
VI. Marine Loading VRU
VII. Middle east climate specificities
Our market: Oil Product Distribution & Storage Companiesof the world as BP, Shell, Total, Oil Tanking, Vopak, Aramco… for their distribution activities
Marine Loading applications
Storage Applications
Truck and Rail car Loading
Any Climate & Environment
CarboVac in figures
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
20072008
20092010
2011
Orders Nb
Turnover
2007 First VRU outside Europe supplied to WOQOD petroleum in DOHA-QATAR2008 First VRU for chemicals (Benzene)2009 CarboVac opens CarboVac Vostock in Moscow-Russia2010 CarboVac starts working with international EPCs such as Samsung, EIL, Technip, DPL2011 CarboVac has been granted of his biggest contract value for IOCL
Carbovac USA is launched in Philadelphia
CarboVac Worldwide
Carbovac Vostockemail info@carbovac.com
vitaliy.sysoy@carbovac.com2, 3th street Yamsokogo polyaBuilding 26 Office 318/319Moscow 125124 ‐ RUSSIAТел. +7 (495) 545 70 71 ‐ Факс +7 (495) 545 65 60www.carbovac.com
Carbovac SARLemail info@carbovac.com
gh@carbovac.comstephanie.gros@carbovac.com
38 rue de Paris 94470 Boissy Saint LegerFranceТеl. +33 145 980 017 – Fax. +33 143 826 884www.carbovac.com
CarboVac USAemail info@carbovac.com
gavinkahn@attglobal.net326 West Lancaster AvenueArdmore, PA 19003‐1228USATel : (+610) 645‐5430 Fax : (+610) 645‐5501www.carbovac.com
Carbovac Asiaemail info@carbovac.com
Terence.hah@carbovac.comBlk. 33, Bangkit Road.# 12‐02, Chestervale.Singapore 679974. Phone: +65‐96708269 www.carbovac.com
CarboVac main contacts in Europe
Combustion and Energy Italy Di GiovineVia per Dolzago 2123848 Oggiono (LC) - ITALYPhone ++39-0341-26.09.26Fax ++39-0341-57.77.47 vincenzo.digiovine@carbovac.com
METRANS MAKINA ENDUSTRISI URUNLERI Turkey Hakan Ersoy
Y.Dudullu, 1. Esensehir Mah.,Baraj Yolu Caddesi, Karakas Sokak No:17Umraniye, IstanbulTel: +90 216 540 6767Fax: +90 216 540 5696 hakan.ersoy@metransmakina.com
IQ Tec Latvia Oleg BubeyevKr. Valdemara 149-406, Riga, LV-1013 LatviaPhone: +3717377565 Fax:+3717377186 Mob: +37129551773 olegiq@batilcam.lv
ENERIC Ltd. Bulgaria Victor Georgiev Sofia 1164, Bulgaria Lozenetc, Yakubica 20 fl 4, ap. 14 tel:+35928624850 Mob:+359887687873 eneric@dir.bg
ALPHA MARINE ENGINEERING & VAPOREC Greece Vagelis Kanonis tel: +302108943220 - +302108980917
Fax : +302109680210 - +302108980917
ENRERGO Croatia Srdjan
Selska cesta 90A/VZagreb, CROATIAT +385 1 4876 864 F +385 1 4821 016www.energosistem.hr smartincic@energosistem.hr
UAB Kopa Lithuania Daujotas
Laisves al. 76-2Kaunas, LITHUANIATel. +370 37 423535 Fax +370 37 223545
kopa@swcorporate.compdaujotas@swcorporate.com
Sojitz Multiples through local offices S.Le Roux
Product ManagerSOJITZ EUROPE Paris Office 23 rue de la Paix 75002 PARIS (F)tel : 33 (0)1.58.56.17.06 info@carbovac.com
CarboVac main contacts in Asia
CarboVac Asia Singapour Terence HahPhone: +65-96708269 hanseow@pacific.net.sgBlk. 33, Bangkit Road.# 12-02, Chestervale.Singapore 679974.
EMPIRE INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT INDIA Mr Ajay Juneja
G-12 A, 2nd FloorHauz KhasNew Delhi 110016Mobile. + 91 9899854422 Tel. + 91 1141652332Fax. + 91 11 2652 1213
ajay.juneja@empireindia.com www.empiremumbai.com sales.delhi@empireindia.com
eiedelhi@gmail.com
PT WIJAYAPURA Indonesia Hari Danarbroto / Fanda
Jl. Jatinegara Timur No. 46Jakarta 13310, IndonesiaTel.: +62-21-819 3282 / 819 8981Fax: +62-21-819 9346 hari@wijayapura.com
ABCO Korea Andrew oh
Park Center 5th floor# 90-7 Yangjae-DongSeocho-Gu, SeoulKoreatel. 82-2-532-5733 fax 82-2-532-5773Mobile 82-10-3099-3210
Andrew.Oh@Abcokorea.com Torseda@aol.com
Sojitz
Japan
S.Le Roux
SOJITZ EUROPE Paris Office 23 rue de la Paix 75002 PARIS (F)tel : 33 (0)1.58.56.17.06 info@carbovac.com
China
CarboVac main contacts in Africa
CarboVac - Alma Algeria Zoubir Medili +21321480439 mediliz@yahoo.fr
APS Nigeria Jean-Laurent Louis
2 rue d'uzes,75 002 Paris - France33 (0) 6 69 08 89 88234 (0) 802 32 90 021www.aps-export.com jl.louis@aps-export.com
T.P.S Ltd Tanzanie Patrick HAYE
T.P.S Ltd31 Kurasini RoadP.O.Box 72376Dar es SalaamTanzaniaTel: 255 222 851 212Tel; 255 222 850 809Fax: 255 222 850 389Mob: 255 784 280 954 tps.gm@tpstz.com
Sojitz Egypt S Le roux
Paris Office 23 rue de la Paix 75002 PARIS (F)tel : 33 (0)1.58.56.17.06 info@carbovac.com
CarboVac main contacts in Middle East
Petro Middle East UAE Sinan Abu HantashP.O. Box 802, Abu Dhabi - U.A.ETel.: +9712 6212140Fax: +9712 6333422Mob.: +97150 6150297
Arabian Constuction Engg Co Qatar T.S. Mathan SivakumarPhone : 00974 -441 4862Fax : 00974 - 4430 112Mob : 00974 - 584 3181www.acecgroup.com acecmain@acecgroup.com
Sojitz
Kuwait …
MOhan T.A.Sojitz Corporation, P.O. Box 31696Al-Khobar 31952, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaTel: 00966 3 893 9565 / Fax: 00966 3 898 5989Cell: 00966 50 569 1820www.sojitz.com mohan.ta@sea.sojitz.com
Oman
A. Saudia
Shav-Tal Ltd. Israel Eitan Shavit Tel (Office): ++972-9-7488244Cell Phone: ++972-54-205 3000 sales@shav-tal.co.il
Parto Co,.Ltd Iran Maoud Sahifi Tel: +98 21 22885086-9Fax:+98 21 22884977 m.sahifi@partoltd.com
Alhutheily Corporation Yemen Salahadin S. Al-Absi
7 July St. Khawlan Road,Alhutheily ZoneP.O.Box 3065 – Sana’aRepublic of YemenTel : 00 967 1 613 662 - 613 945 (EXT 222)Mobile : 00 967 - 777 111 132Direct : 00 967 1 613 544www.alhutheily.com salabsi@alhutheily.com
CarboVac main contacts in America
IKSO Brazil Jose S Marinho LeiteAv Antonio Gazzola, 1001 9° andarItu – São Paulo – Brasil – CEP 13301-916
marinho.leite@ikso.com.br
Petrogreen S.A. Argentina Ing Norma G. Toneguzzo
Av. Del Libertador 1366, Vicente López, código postal B1638BEZ, Buenos Aires, ArgentinaTe: 54 11 4795-8508 / Fax: 54 11 6385-0256
www.petrogreen.com.ar ntoneguzzo@petrogreen.com.arpetronet@petrogreen.com.ar
ASERVIN Colombia David Aponte Morales
Calle 81 No 19ª-18 Edificio Reservas del Country Oficina 302 Bogota-Colombia david.aponte@aservin.com
SOJITZ
Chile
S.Le Roux
Product ManagerSOJITZ EUROPE Paris Office 23 rue de la Paix 75002 PARIS (F)tel : 33 (0)1.58.56.17.06 info@carbovac.com
Peru
Venezuela
Canada
Some of CarboVac references
Date Client Location Type of Unit Details Project description Vapours treated
2011 EIL ‐ IOCL Pardip ‐ India 500‐15D25‐3x38C46‐V 99% recovery Turnkey marine loading VRU ‐ Full analysis shelter
MS regular andpremium, Naphtha,Paraxylene (Alone)
2011 Saudi ARAMCO (SATORP ‐ DPL) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 400‐4D25‐44C57‐V 98% recovery Turnkey Vapour Recovery Unit for Marine Loading
Gasoline, RBCB, PetrochemicalNaphta,
2011 Saudi ARAMCO (SATORP ‐ DPL) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 400‐4D25‐44C57‐V 98% recovery Turnkey Vapour Recovery Unit for Marine Loading
Gasoline, RBCB, PetrochemicalNaphta
2011 Saudi ARAMCO (SATORP ‐ DPL) Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 400‐8D08‐44C57‐V 98% recovery Turnkey Vapour Recovery Unit for Marine Loading Paraxylene
December 2010 Samsung ‐ SONATRACH Skikda, Algérie 200‐2D12‐20C11‐C‐3E 10gHC/m3 Turnkey Vapour Recovery Unit for Fixed Roof Storage Tanks Light Naphtha,
August 2011 Vopak Amsterdam, Holland 400‐15D25‐3x38C45‐V 150 mgHC/m3 Turnkey Vapour Recovery unit for tanker loading facilities Crude oil, Gasoline, Diesel
March 2011 Petroleum & EnergyInfrastructures Ltd Haifa ‐ Israel 200‐3D25‐32C31‐V 150 mgHC/m3 Turnkey Vapour Recovery unit for
tanker loading facilities Crude oil, Gasoline, Diesel
April 2010 Oiltanking Amsterdam, Holland 250‐3D25‐36C32‐V 150 mgHC/m3 Rewmping iof an existing unit recovering marine tankers vapours Crude oil, Gasoline, Diesel
December 2009 Neste Oil / Technip It Rotterdam, Holland 250‐5D12‐30C27 150 mgHC/m3 Turnkey Vapour Recovery unit for tanker loading facilities Gasoline, crude oil
December 2009 Transneft Kosmino, Russia 600‐18D25‐3x54C84‐V 10 gHC/m3 Turnkey Vapour Recovery unit for tanker loading facilities Crude oil
October 2008 BP Amsterdam, Holland 500‐9(15)D25‐3x38C45‐2V10 gHC/m3, extensible to 150 mgHC/m3
Turnkey Vapour Recovery unit for tanker loading facilities Gasoline, diesel
I. CarboVac shortly
II. Why to install a VRU
III. Recovery based on AC technology
IV. Terminal conditions for VRU implementations
V. A VRU in your terminal
VI. Marine Loading VRU
VII. Middle east climate specificities
VOC emissions impact on:
human health (Drivers, Operators… Neighbourhood) pollution of the troposphere (Global Warming)
Implementation of legislation and several regulations in particular on emissions in hydrocarbon storage and transfer terminals
Why to install a VRU
In the 80ies, 1st legislation : Clean Air Act on VOCEmission limit : 80 g/m3 loaded
In 1982, emission limit reduced to 35 g/m3 loaded (general case) and locally to 10 or 6 g/m3 loaded.
EPA: 35 g / m3 of product loaded (many states ask lower values)
Legislation
European Directive EC94/6335 g / m3 of air emitted (often 10 g / m3 is desired – Gothenburg protocol)3 phases :- 1998 : a VRU for all new terminals + terminal > 150 000 tons/year of gasoline- 2001 : a VRU for terminal > 25 000 tons/year- 2004 : a VRU for terminal > 10 000 tons/yearApplication for fuels with RVP > 276 mbar
TA-Luft 01 in Germany, LRV in SwitzerlandIf emission mass flow > 3 kg/h :150 mg HC/ m3 of air emitted (20. BImSchG)5 mg / m3 for benzene
Methane is excluded (difficult to recover, only destruction possible bycombustion with secondary emissions)
Legislation
In USA : emissions measured as a function of loaded gasolineComplex system required for EPA compliance testMeasurement of the entire volume during 6 hoursMeasurement of the average hydrocarbon concentrationMeasurement of the total volume of gasoline loaded during 6 hrsCalculation of the mass emitted/litre loaded averaged over 6 hrs
Continuous measuring system with complex and expensive devicesCIM : Control Inlet MonitoringCEM : Continuous Emissions Monitoring
In Europe : emissions measured as real emission concentrationSimple emissions monitor in the outlet line (infra-red detector)
Measurement
Hypotheses :
Vapor inlet concentration : 40 % VolumeAverage outlet concentration :Average MW :
2g / Nm-3
65 (Gasoline vapours)
Masse of hydrocarbons recovered 1159.5 g / m-3 of inlet vapor
The recovery rate :
§ The effective recovery rate is 1 . 49 liter per m-3 Inlet vapor§ Vapor recovery rate 99. 9 %.
Calculation :
0.4 x 65Mass of hydrocarbons at inlet per m-3 = = 1160,7 g / m-3
22.4 x 10 - 3
Masse of hydrocarbons in the outlet per m-3 inlet = 2 x (1 - 0.4) = 1.2 g / m-3
Measurement
I. CarboVac shortly
II. Why to install a VRU
III. Recovery based on AC technology
IV. Terminal conditions for VRU implementations
V. A VRU in your terminal
VI. Marine Loading VRU
VII. Middle east climate specificities
Adsorption on Activated Carbon
The recovery process consists of 3 parts
1 - Adsorption of the hydrocarbons on activated carbon2 - Regeneration of the carbon by means of vacuum3 - Re-absorption of the hydrocarbons in a liquid product
During the loading of gasoline and diesel in trucks, the concentration of the vapours may vary between 0 to 50 % Vol. depending of :• the nature of the products previously loaded.• the loading station
Theses hydrocarbons are generally composed (% Vol) of :
C1 0 - 0.2.C2 0 - 0.45C3 1.5 - 3.8C4 37 - 50C5 22 - 43C6 8 - 12C7++ 1.7 - 5.4Benzene 0.26 - 2.6Toluene 0.36 - 1.8
Vapour composition
• Activated Carbon = most used adsorbents in the world
• Obtained through carbonization and activation of natural products and mineral charcoal
• The adsorption capacity depends on :– Specific internal surface (up to 1800 m2/gram)– Pore size and distribution– Base material properties
Adsorption on Activated Carbon
Heat released : 350 kJ / kg of hydrocarbons (exothermic) The adsorption effect improves with :
Heat required : 2200 kJ / kg of water (endothermic) increase of the pressure Equilibration of the temperature decrease of the temperature
increase of the concentrationLarge HC molecules are better adsorbed Selective recovery The phenomenon is reversible
The concentration of HC’s is increased
HC molecules
Water molecules
Adsorption on Activated Carbon
Phenomenon reversible Decrease of temperature
Smaller molecules better desorbed
Desorption increases with :low pressure desorption by vacuumhigh temperature low concentration air purge during end of desorption
Adsorption on Activated Carbon
Adsorption on Activated Carbon
Clean Air OutletPurge Air
during vacuum regeneration phase
Emission Zone
Transition Zone
Mass Transfer Zone
Inlet Vapour Mixture
The emission level of the system depends on carbon type, vacuum level and amount of purge air.
30 mbar for 50 - 100 mg/m3100 mbar for 1 – 5 g/m3
The saturation rate of the top layer of carbon is always low.
The transition zone of the carbon bed provides a buffer for variations in flow rate and concentration.
The mass transfer zone removes the bulk of the hydrocarbons
Desorption Curve
Desorption Curve
1510
Typical Pump Speed Curve
Cycle Time in minutes
Pressure in the Adsorber
%
100
10
Air or Nitrogen Purge
Energy consumption
Energy consumption increases with lower emission requirementsBasis 1200 g/m3 HC in the inlet to the VRU
Emissionin g/m3
35 20 10 1 0,15
Energy RequiredIn kWh/m3
0,08 0,09 0,09 0,1 0,2
g/m3 recovered 1179 1188 1194 1199,4 1199,916
Delta rec. in g 9 6 5,4 0,5
Energy consumption difference between 1g/m3 and 0,15 g/m3 is 2xExtra 0,5 gram recovered costs 0,1 kWh or 200kWh per kgTo make this energy we need to burn 75 x the equivalent as fuel
Energy consumption
Energy Consumption versus Emission Level
00,10,20,30,40,50,60,7
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Emission Level in mg/m3
Ene
rgy
Con
sum
ptio
n in
kW
h/m
3
The dry technology permits to reduce the system to the essential components required for functioning. The vacuum pumps used in the CarboVac technology are totally dry and cause no pollution of the recovered products, eliminating all corrosion and abrasion problems related to “wet” systems.
The absence of glycol or any other seal fluids (compatibility problem) and a deep vacuum level offers the possibility to treat a vast range of products:
- Alcohol (Methanol, Ethanol)- ETBE- MTBE- Benzene (BTX)- Crude Oil- Gasoline…
CarboVac DRY Technology
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
Inlet side Discharge side
Back to pump inletOpen to atmosphere
CarboVac DRY Technology
CarboVac DRY Technology
Advantages the Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery System
• Effective energy reduction program
- Speed control of the dry screw vacuum pumps
- Energy consumption proportional to the mass of hydrocarbons loaded
• Activated Carbon
- Very low sensitivity for hot spots through heat balanced adsorption.
- Very good vapour distribution inside the adsorbers.
- Very low pressure drop over the carbon beds.
- Good mechanical resistance.
- Very good bleed through values for low emissions ( 0,01 et 5 g/m3).
- Long life time of more than 15 years.
• Re-absorber level control through frequency controlled return pump
Advantages the Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery System
• Simplification of the process
The system is reduced to the absolute essential components required for functioning. There is no Glycol, no heat exchanger, no glycol circulation pump, no separator.
less space required.
• Absence of glycol
No attack on the glycol by bacteria and fungi causing acidity and corrosion No glycol losses and yearly exchanges.
• Less maintenance requirements
• Less energy consumption< 0.12 kWh/m 3 of vapor treated.
• Flexibility of the process - more products can be treated (alcohol, ethers, MTBE)
• Lower absorbents circulation flow rate.
CarboVac DRY Technology
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
Disadvantages of the Liquid Ring Systems
• Energy consumption ( 0.25 kWh/m3 of vapor treated on daily bases)
• Seal fluid system Glycol losses Problems with corrosion and abrasion
• Limited vacuum level ( 80 mbar abs.)
• Creation of secondary waste products
• Non compatibility with certain in glycol solvable products (alcohol, MTBE)
• Maintenance and quality checks of the glycol
LRVP disadvantages
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
• Why change to DRY
– Corrosion and abrasion– Energy consumption– Simplicity of the system– Range of vacuum levels– Range of products to recover– Proportional energy control
LRVP disadvantages
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
• Selection of Vacuum Pumps
– Roots blowers (single, multi stage)– Rotary vane pumps (dry, oil lubricated)– Dry screw pumps
Vacuum pumps technology choices
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
• Roots Blowers (multi stage)
– Only low pressure drop possible per stage– Noise– Elevated internal temperatures– Inter stage cooling required– Maintenance sensitive equipment– High energy requirements
Vacuum pumps technology choices
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
• Rotary vane pumps (waste oil principle)
– Moving parts touch inside the pump (friction)– Oil consumption– Pollution of the recovered product– Not explosion proof design– Very maintenance sensitive– Cannot handle liquid slugs– Not designed for process applications
Vacuum pumps technology choices
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
• Dry screw vacuum pumps
– No touching part inside the pump (no friction)– Low energy consumption– No pollution of the recovered product– Can handle liquid slugs– Explosion proof design
Vacuum pumps technology choices
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
• Specifics of the BUSCH COBRA
– Intermediate chambers between process and bearings (can be purged, flushed or vented)
– No mechanical seals (overhaul period >40 000 h)– Interesting standard capacity range (400, 800, 1200 and
2500 m3/h)– No nitrogen purge required– World wide service network
Vacuum pumps technology choices
Dry Vacuum Vapour Recovery Units ‐ PP Presentation
• Safety Aspects
– Robust construction– Low pumping temperatures ( 50°C, 120F )– No internal friction– Explosion proof design at 15 barg (220 psi)– Full monitoring by VSD’s
Vacuum pumps technology choices
I. CarboVac shortly
II. Why to install a VRU
III. Recovery based on AC technology
IV. Terminal conditions for VRU implementations
V. A VRU in your terminal
VI. Marine Loading VRU
VII. Middle east climate specificities
Refinery
Terminal Service-station
Car filling
Losses : 0,1 kg/m3Emission reduction measures up to 99%
Losses : 1 kg/m3Emission reduction measures up to 90%
Losses : 1 kg/m3Emission reduction measures up to 99%
Losses : 1 kg/m3Emission reduction measures up to 99,99 %
Recovery Chain
Service‐station :
– Pressure / vacuum relief valve to be installed in the ground tank vent line
– Vapour return connection to be installed on the tank vent line
Implementation of Stage 1…
To VRU
At the Service Station
At the Terminal
Stage 2
Stage 1
Car
EC Directive 94/63 Stage 1 and 2 for fuel distribution
Typical compartment truck
Truck:Truck modified to bottom loading
Overfill protection
All compartments connected to a central vapour collecting line equipped with 4" API coupler with check valve.
Vapour Collector connected to each compartment
4” API Vapour Coupler
Compartment cover serves aspressure safety relief valve
Typical compartment truck
• Terminal :– Modification from top loading to bottom loading if possible– Installation of a Vapour Recovery System– Vapour collecting line to the Vapour Recovery System – Use of a dedicated gasoline tank for recovered product– Installation of floating roof in fixed roof type storage tanks
or complete balancing of the vapour space to the VRU– Integration of a new process in the terminal and adaptation
of operating and safety procedures
Implementation of Stage 1
Main Vapour Line 12”
Top Filling Arm
With Cone & Vapour return
Connection
Vapour Hose attached to the Loading arm
Detonation
ArrestorCheck Valve
Typical Arrangement for Vapour Return from Truck Top Loading
Vapour Line
Pressure Vacuum Safety Valve
Detonation Arrestor
Level Switch
Drain valve
Vapour arm
Position Switch
VRU
Vapour Collecting System Truck loading Application
I. CarboVac shortly
II. Why to install a VRU
III. Recovery based on AC technology
IV. Terminal conditions for VRU implementations
V. A VRU in your terminal
VI. Marine Loading VRU
VII. Middle east climate specificities
Return line directly to storage tanks
Supply headers from storage tanks to loading pump station
VRU =
x m x y m x 10 m height minimumVapour line Air line
Gasoline circulation lines
Electrical connections kw installed
Elected storage TK
Elected storage TK
Terminal implantation
Scope of Supply VRU Tank Header for loading pumps
1” Thermal expansion relief Valve, 6 barg
Gasoline circulation Lines
Storage Tank
1” Line
Min Distance 3m
Return Pump
Supply Pump
Terminal implantation
Vapour
Recovery
Unit
CablingNitrogen
Water
Gasoline
in out
Foundation drainage
Modem lineOpen/close Emergency VentEmergency vent valve positionPowerInput (start/stop truck loading)Gasoline pump start /stop/running signalSite ESD signalVRU runningVRU alarm
Air Compressor(instrument quality)
Control buildingmodem
Operations Room PC &interactive keyboard
Cabling
Terminal implantation
Electrical Room
VRU
J M
PLC
PC
I
Power feed cable
PC Monitoring
Power cables to MotorsInstrument cables
Customer signals
Modem Supervision
P601
Power Cabinet
Control Cabinet
CONTROL ROOM
Carbovac FRANCE
Instrumentations
Modem
C301 C302 P501
LOCAL REP
Modem
Modem
I. CarboVac shortly
II. Why to install a VRU
III. Recovery based on AC technology
IV. Terminal conditions for VRU implementations
V. A VRU in your terminal
VI. Marine Loading VRU
VII.Middle east climate specificities
Marine Loading VRU
Safety Valve
VRU
Tanker or Barge
PTPressure Transmitter maintains constant
pressure in vapour line
Ventilator
Detonation Arrestor
Absorbent circulation lines
Product loading line
Product Tank
Hydrocarbon vapours are heavier than air and form a layer on top of the product
This layer prevents further evaporation
Product loading arm
Vapour return line
Product and vapour headers on board
Vapours from Previous CargoLayer of
new Vapours
Marine Loading VRU
After 80% of the loading time the new vapours start leaving the vessel
At the end of the loading operation the relative vapour saturation will reach approximately 80%
Product loading arm
Vapour return line
Product and vapour headers on board
Layer of new Vapours
Marine Loading VRU
During unloading of the tanker inert gas or exhaust vapour is injected into the tanker.
The Oxygen content is less than 5% by volume
Overall vapour concentration after unloading is relatively low.
Product unloading arm
Inert Gas
Inert gas generator or
exhaust gasesProduct and vapour headers on board
Vapour Mixture from Previous Cargo and Inert Gas
Marine Loading VRU
25%
5%
Loading Time in %0% 80% 100%
Typical Concentration Profile for Gasoline Loading versus time
± 80% relative saturation
± 15% relative saturation
Vapo
ur C
once
ntra
tion
in
% b
y Vo
lum
e
Marine Loading VRU
Recovery of Vapours from Crude Oil
• Relatively high content of Methane
• Mercaptan
• Hydrogen Sulphide
• What to do with the Recovered Product
Marine Loading VRU
Methane
• Methane has a very low loading factor on activated Carbon
• The fraction retained will not re-absorbed in an Absorbent
• Finally all Methane goes to Atmosphere
Marine Loading VRU
Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)• H2S concentrations are usually low
• H2S decomposes to elementary Sulphur in the Pores of the Activated Carbon, which cannot be removed by Vacuum
• Treatment is possible by additional pre-filters using Limonite (Iron Ore) or special impregnated Carbon
8H2S + 4O2 S8 + 4H2O Activated Carbon
H2S O2 S8 Water Film with Potassium Iodide
30 °C
Marine Loading VRU
Recovered Product Solutions
• Return to Crude Oil Loading Line
• Re-absorption in an other available Light Product
• Liquefaction of the desorbed Vapour by Compression and Cooling
Marine Loading VRU
I. CarboVac shortly
II. Why to install a VRU
III. Recovery based on AC technology
IV. Terminal conditions for VRU implementations
V. A VRU in your terminal
VI. Marine Loading VRU
VII. Middle east climate specificities
Specificities of Middle East climate
Influence of high Absorbent Temperature:
• True Vapour Pressure Increases (proportionally HC%) • Reflux from Re-absorber Column Increases• The VRU looses capacity
• Adsorption physics on Activated Carbon is not effected
Specificities of Middle East climate
TVP versus Temperature
0 ,00 0
0 ,20 0
0 ,40 0
0 ,60 0
0 ,80 0
1,00 0
1,20 0
25 30 35 40 45 50
Temperature in °C
TVP
in m
bar
abs
RVP7
RVP8
RVP9
Middle East Climate influence
TemperatureVapour Concentration in %Vol.
RVP7 RVP8 RVP9
25 34 40 44
30 40 47 53
35 48 54 61
40 56 65 73
45 65 76 85
50 76 87 98
Middle East Climate influence
Possible Solutions to reduce increase of RVP and Reflux problems:
• Increase of the pressure in the Re-absorber
• Cooling of the Absorbent
• Cooling with recovery of Energy
• By-Pass of the Re-Absorber
Column back pressure increase
Re-Absorber Absorbent CirculationDry Screw
Vacuum Pump
Vapour Inlet
Activated Carbon Beds
Clean Air Outlet
Cooling of the absorbent
Chiller UnitVRU
Return
Vacuum Pump
Supply Pump
E1
Vapour linesVacuum linesGasoline linesCold Cooling Water lines
StorageTank
By pass of the re‐absorber column
Re-Absorber Absorbent CirculationDry Screw
Vacuum Pump
Vapour Inlet
Activated Carbon Beds
Clean Air Outlet
Middle East Climate influence
3 Truck SpotVRU
Vac Pump Motor SizekW
Cons. Power
kW
Additional
kW
TotalkW Remarks
Standard Dry Vacuum VRU 22 20 0 20 TVP < 700 mbarg
Increased Column Pressure
+200 mbar 37 31 0 31 Limited at higher RVP's
Cooling (direct) ΔT=20°C 22 18 40 58 Temperature effects fully eliminated
Cooling with E-Recovery ΔT=20°C 22 18 20 38 Temperature effects fully
eliminated
Column By-Pass300
mbarAbs.
22 20 0 20 Limited at higher RVP's
Truck terminal in ME
Some Data:
• 8 Truck Loading Bays dedicated to gasoline
• The maximum RVP of this gasoline is 9 psi.
• At maximum absorbents temperatures of 45°C it is required to cool the gasoline before use in the absorption tower.
• VRU designed for 2000 m3/h
Truck terminal in ME
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
30 35 40 45 50
Gasoline Temperature in °C
Ref
lux
%
RVP7
RVP8
RVP9
HC Reflux
HC from Inletto ADS
Cooling with E‐Recovery
Chiller UnitVRU
Return
Vacuum Pump
Supply Pump
E2
E1
Vapour linesVacuum linesGasoline linesCold Cooling Water lines
StorageTank
45 °C40 °C
25 °C
30 °C35 °C
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