[ppt]infrared radiation, microwave, ultraviolet . · web viewinfrared radiation, microwave,...

Infrared Radiation, Infrared Radiation, Microwave, Ultraviolet Microwave, Ultraviolet

Radiation.Radiation.

InfraredInfrared Infrared lamps emits electromagnetic radiation Infrared lamps emits electromagnetic radiation

within frequency range within frequency range heat absorbed by heat absorbed by the matter.the matter.

IR is emitted by many sources (e.g. the sun).IR is emitted by many sources (e.g. the sun).

Physical CharacteristicsPhysical Characteristics IR radiation has wave length IR radiation has wave length

of 770 nm to 1 mm.of 770 nm to 1 mm.

Part of EM spectrum lying Part of EM spectrum lying between visible light and between visible light and microwave. microwave.

Divided into 3 bands:Divided into 3 bands:

1- IR-A: 770 to 1400 nm1- IR-A: 770 to 1400 nm2- IR-B: 1400 to 3000 nm2- IR-B: 1400 to 3000 nm3- IR-C: 3000 to 103- IR-C: 3000 to 1066

Types of IR radiation (Used clinically)Types of IR radiation (Used clinically)

Luminous (visible)Luminous (visible) Non luminous (invisible)Non luminous (invisible)

IR lamps available emit radiation of wave length IR lamps available emit radiation of wave length 780 and 1500 nm. 780 and 1500 nm.

Physical Behavior of IRRPhysical Behavior of IRR:: ReflectedReflected AbsorbedAbsorbed TransmittedTransmitted RefractedRefracted DiffractedDiffracted

Physiological Effects of IRRPhysiological Effects of IRR:: Metabolic effect:Metabolic effect:

Increases metabolic activity.Increases metabolic activity.

Circular effect:Circular effect: Increases blood flow superficially.Increases blood flow superficially.

Neurological effects:Neurological effects: Increases nerve conduction velocity.Increases nerve conduction velocity.

Cellular effects:Cellular effects: Increases elastic fibers in upper dermis.Increases elastic fibers in upper dermis. Increases ground substance.Increases ground substance. Alters composition of amino acid proteins. Alters composition of amino acid proteins.

Clinical (Therapeutic) Effects of IRRClinical (Therapeutic) Effects of IRR:: PainPain Muscle spasm Muscle spasm Joint stiffnessJoint stiffness Tissue healingTissue healing CirculationCirculation EdemaEdema Skin lesionSkin lesion Others: before stretching, mobilization, traction, Others: before stretching, mobilization, traction,

massage, exercises, E.S. , bile pigments.massage, exercises, E.S. , bile pigments.

Modes of Heat TransferModes of Heat Transfer Radiation (lamp to body)Radiation (lamp to body) Convection and conduction ( through the body)Convection and conduction ( through the body)

DosageDosage Sensory report of the patientSensory report of the patient ِ�ِ�Adjusted by:Adjusted by:

Changing power output of the lampChanging power output of the lampDistance of lampDistance of lampAngle of incidence Angle of incidence

Time of ApplicationTime of Application

10 – 20 minutes.10 – 20 minutes.

MicrowaveMicrowave E.M.R. between the radio waves and infrared.E.M.R. between the radio waves and infrared. Wavelength between 1 m and 1 cm.Wavelength between 1 m and 1 cm. Frequency between 30MHz – 30GHz.Frequency between 30MHz – 30GHz. Available since 1930Available since 1930 Effective method of heating (highly vascular Effective method of heating (highly vascular

tissue)tissue)

Production of M.WProduction of M.W.. High frequency oscillating current.High frequency oscillating current. Magnetron to generate oscillating currents Magnetron to generate oscillating currents

directly from high velocity electron motion. directly from high velocity electron motion. CoaxialCoaxial cable. cable. Antenna (emitter).Antenna (emitter). Intensity control.Intensity control. Meter mean of switching.Meter mean of switching. Can be continuous or pulsed.Can be continuous or pulsed.

Ultraviolet RadiationsUltraviolet Radiations Physical properties of U.V. radiations:Physical properties of U.V. radiations: Electromagnetic radiations.Electromagnetic radiations. Frequency 7.5x10Frequency 7.5x101414 to over 10 to over 101515.. Wavelength 400nm to below 290nm.Wavelength 400nm to below 290nm. Lies between x-ray and visible light.Lies between x-ray and visible light. Divided into three bands, A, B and C band.Divided into three bands, A, B and C band. A and B bands reach the earth, whereas C band is A and B bands reach the earth, whereas C band is

filtered by the ozone layerfiltered by the ozone layer Produce physiological effect by non thermal Produce physiological effect by non thermal

mechanismmechanism

Most significant source of U.V. is the sun.Most significant source of U.V. is the sun. Obeys inverse square and cosine law. Obeys inverse square and cosine law. Intensity is proportional to the power of lamp Intensity is proportional to the power of lamp

output.output. Deepest penetration with high intensity, long Deepest penetration with high intensity, long

wavelength and lower frequency.wavelength and lower frequency. U.V.A penetrate farthestU.V.A penetrate farthest U.V.B and U.V.C are less deep. U.V.B and U.V.C are less deep. Less deep penetration if skin is thick or dark. Less deep penetration if skin is thick or dark.

Physiological Effects of U.V.RPhysiological Effects of U.V.R

1- Erythema production:1- Erythema production:

Redness.Redness. Depends on the amount of U.V.Depends on the amount of U.V. Types of erythema.Types of erythema. High dose High dose destructive. destructive.

2- Tanning:2- Tanning:

Delayed pigmentation of the skinDelayed pigmentation of the skin

Caused by:Caused by: Increase production and upward migration of Increase production and upward migration of

melanin granulesmelanin granules Oxidation of premelanin in the skin Oxidation of premelanin in the skin Protective response of the body Protective response of the body

3- Epidermal hyperplasia3- Epidermal hyperplasia Thickening of the superficial layer of skin.Thickening of the superficial layer of skin. 72 hours after exposure.72 hours after exposure. Persists for several weeks.Persists for several weeks. Protective mechanism.Protective mechanism.

4- Vitamin D Synthesis 4- Vitamin D Synthesis Conversion of provitamin D to vitamin D.Conversion of provitamin D to vitamin D.

5- Other Effects5- Other Effects Bactericidal effect.Bactericidal effect.

Erythemal ResponsErythemal Respons Suberythemal dose (SED) :Suberythemal dose (SED) :

No change in 24h after exposure.No change in 24h after exposure.

Minimal erythema dose (MED) :Minimal erythema dose (MED) :Smallest dose Smallest dose erythema (8h) erythema (8h)Dissapears within 24 hoursDissapears within 24 hours

First-degree erythema (E1) :First-degree erythema (E1) :Definite redness with mild desquamation.Definite redness with mild desquamation.Appears within 6 hours.Appears within 6 hours.Lasts for 1 – 3 daysLasts for 1 – 3 daysAbout 2.5 times MEDAbout 2.5 times MED

Second degree erythema (E2)Second degree erythema (E2) Intense erythema with edema, peeling and Intense erythema with edema, peeling and

pigmentation.pigmentation.Appears within 2 hours or less.Appears within 2 hours or less.Like severe sun burn.Like severe sun burn.About 5 times MED.About 5 times MED.

Third degree erythema (E3) :Third degree erythema (E3) :

Erythema with severe blistering, peeling and Erythema with severe blistering, peeling and exudation.exudation.

Dose about 10 times MEDDose about 10 times MED

Clinical Indications for U.V. Clinical Indications for U.V. radiationradiation

Skin disorderSkin disorder Psoriasis and other dermatological conditionsPsoriasis and other dermatological conditions Non pulmonary T.B.Non pulmonary T.B. Healing woundsHealing wounds

Application TechniqueApplication Technique Determine patient’s sensitivity to U.V Determine patient’s sensitivity to U.V

radiation radiation Use the same lampUse the same lamp

Dose response assessmentDose response assessmentGraded according to individual’s erythemal Graded according to individual’s erythemal

responseresponse

The EndThe End

Good Luck To You All Good Luck To You All