physiology of cells chapter 4 anatomy and physiology
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Physiology of CellsChapter 4
Anatomy and Physiology
Transportation Processes Passive transport:
no energy needed Diffusion Dialysis Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Filtration
Active Transport: energy used Sodium-potassium
pump Endocytosis
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
Exocytosis
Diffusion Tendency of small
particles to spread out evenly in any given space
Occurs down a concentration gradient-from high concentration to low concentration
Dialysis Form of diffusion in
which a selectively permeable membrane causes separation of smaller solute particles from larger solute particles
Osmosis Diffusion of water
through a selectively permeable membrane
Facilitated Diffusion Movement of
molecules is facilitated by the action of carrier mechanisms in cell membrane
Filtration
Passage of water and solutes through a membrane by the force of hydrostatic pressure
Sodium-potassium pump Transports sodium
out of cells and potassium into cells
Endocytosis Phagocytosis:
microorganisms are other large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane
Pinocytosis: process in which fluid and substances dissolved in fluid enter the cell
Exocytosis Process in which
large molecules can leave the cell
Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell
Cell Metabolism Enzymes Catabolism-Cellular respiration
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron transport System
Anabolism DNA Transcription Translation
Enzymes
Functional proteins Act as chemical catalyst
Structure of Enzymes Active site: portion of the enzyme that
chemically “fits” substrate molecules
Function of Enzymes Enzymes are
specific in their action
Allosteric effect: various physical or chemical agents activate or inhibit enzyme action by changing the shape of enzyme
End Product Inhibition Chemical product
at end of a metabolic pathway binds to the enzyme & inhibit the synthesis of more product
Cellular respiration Process by which
cells break down glucose into CO2 and water
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport
System
Glycolysis Glucose 2
pyruvic acid Anaerobic (no O2) Releases energy in
the form of ATP & NADH
Occurs in cytosol
Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs cycle) Aerobic Pyruvic acid
Acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle
Occurs in mitochondria
Electron Transport System Protons build up in
outer chamber of mitochondria then begin movement thru the membrane into the inner chamber, energy is transferred to ATP
Anabolism
DNA Transcription Translation
DNA Sugar + phosphate
group+nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous bases Purines
Adenine Guanine
Pyrimidines Thymine Cystosine
Transcription Synthesis of mRNA
from DNA Introns removed
from the mRNA molecule leaving only exons
Occurs in nucleus
Translation At the ribosome tRNA carry amino
acids for placement in the sequence
Mitosis Process of
organizing and distributing nuclear DNA during cell division
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
Mitosis Meiosis One phase Remain diploid #
Somatic cells
Two phases From diploid to
haploid # Sex cells
Image Citations Slide 3: Diffusion animation, 7/11/06,
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/diffusion-animated.gif Slide 4: Dialysis, 7/11/06,
http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/jrobertus/ch339k/overheads-1/ch5_dialysis.jpg
Slide 5: Osmosis, 7/11/06, http://w3.uokhsc.edu/human_physiology/presentation/osmosis1/index.htm
Slide 6: Facilitated diffusion, 7/11/06, http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/problem_sets/membranes/07t.html
Slide 8: Sodium-potassium pump animation, 7/11/06, http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Laboratories/Bio%20Pix%204%20U/Bio%20Pix.htm
Slide 10: Animation showing exocytosis, 7/11/06, http://www.aber.ac.uk/gwydd-cym/cellbiol/transport/
Slide 15: Competitive inhibition of enzyme activity, 7/11/06, http://student.ccbcmd.edu/courses/bio141/lecguide/unit4/genetics/protsyn/regulation/u4fg5a.html
Image Citations Slide 16: Cellular respiration, 7/12/06,
http://www.biologycorner.com/bio3/notes-respiration.html Slide 17: Glycolysis, 7/12/06,
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookGlyc.html Slide 19: Animation of ATP synthesis in mitochondria, 7/12/06,
http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/ATPmito.html Slide 21: DNA, 7/12/06, http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/DNA.html Slide 22: Transcription, 7/12/06,
http://www.brooklyn.cuny.edu/bc/ahp/BioInfo/TT/TscriptD.html Slide 23: Translation, 7/12/06,
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/GenWeb/Molecular/Theory/Translation/translation.htm
Slide 24: Mitosis animation, 7/12/06, http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/s2s/latest/dna1/src/mpage2.html
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