physical science eoct etowah high school. domain i: chemistry: atomic & nuclear theory, and the...
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DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Atoms–Protons (+) (nucleus)–Neutrons (no charge) (nucleus)–Electrons (-) (electron cloud)
•Electron Cloud – energy levels (2n2) •Valence Electrons (outermost electrons) (max is 8)
FRONT 1
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Atomic Number - # of protons•Isotopes – same # protons, different # of NEUTRONS•Atomic Mass – average of the isotopes
BACK 1
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Chemical Bonds – valence electrons–Ionic (transfer of electrons) – metal & nonmetal, called a formula unit
FRONT 2
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
–Covalent (share electrons) – 2 nonmetals, called a molecule
BACK 2
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Radioactivity – 3 types1. Alpha – He atoms, stopped
by paper2. Beta – electrons, wooden
board stops them3. Gamma – more powerful
than xrays, stopped by concrete
FRONT 3
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Half-Life – time required for half the atoms to decay.
•Fission – process of splitting, nucleus splits in 2 (like fissure)
23592U + 1
0n → 9038Sr + 143
54Xe + 310n
•Fusion – collide and combine, 2 nuclei join
11H + 2
1H → 32He
BACK 3
http://www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-nuclear-energy.html
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Periodic Table–Metals – shiny, conduct electricity–Nonmetal – don’t conduct electricity–Metalloid - semiconductors
FRONT 4
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
•Representative Elements – groups 1-2 and 13-18
•Group # = Valence Electrons
•Alkali Metals – Group 1
•Alkaline Earth Metals – Group 2
• Halogens – Group 17
• Noble Gases – Group 18
BACK 4
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
FRONT 5
• Plasmas – gases that are highly energized, ex. – solar flare
DOMAIN I: Chemistry: Atomic & Nuclear Theory, and the Periodic Table
BACK 5
PV = nRTP = pressure, V = volume, n = # of moles, T = temperature
* This formula shows the relationship between the pressure, temperature and volume of gases
P ↓ V ↑ T ↑ V ↑ T ↑ P ↑
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
FRONT 6
•Matter – anything that has mass & volume•D = m VD = densitym = massV = volume
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
FRONT 7
•Binary Ionic Compounds – 2 ions chemically combined– Ex. Mg 2+ and N 3-
– Criss cross the charges down to make Mg3N2
– Name the cation first, anion second with
-ide* Magnesium nitride
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
BACK 7
•Binary Covalent Compounds – 2 elements sharing electrons– Ex. C and O– No charges to criss cross!– Name the cation first, anion second with -ide, but you also need to use PREFIXES!!!
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
FRONT 8
•Law of Conservation of Mass – mass is neither created nor destroyed•Reactants Products•Mass of the products = Mass of the reactants•This law is used to BALANCE chemical equations•___H2 + ___O2 ___H2O
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
FRONT 8
•Law of Conservation of Mass – mass is neither created nor destroyed•Reactants Products•Mass of the products = Mass of the reactants•This law is used to BALANCE chemical equations•_2_H2 + ___O2 _2_H2O
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
BACK 8
•Types of Reactions – – Synthesis: A + B AB– Decomposition: AB A + B– Single Replacement: A + BC AC + B– Double Replacement: AB + CD AD + CB
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
FRONT 9
•Solution - homogenous mixture made of a solute (one being dissolved) and a solvent (doing the dissolving)•Solubility – ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
BACK 9
•Solubility Curves – shows how the amount of dissolved solute changes with temperature
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
FRONT 10
•Factors that affect rate of solubility:– Stirring– Inc. surface area – grind the solute into smaller particles– Inc. the temperature
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
BACK 10
•Conductivity – solution’s ability to conduct electricity•Strong electrolytes – high conductivity, dissolved ionic compounds, ex. – NaCl, HCl, AlCl3
•Weak electrolytes – low conductivity, weak acids or bases, ex. – NH3
•Nonelectrolytes – can’t carry electrical charges, covalent compounds
DOMAIN II: Chemistry: Chemical Reactions and Properties of Matter
BACK 11
•pH Scale – –7 is neutral–Below 7 ACIDIC–Above 7 BASIC•All compounds that give off H+ ions are acidic
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
FRONT 12
•Law of Conservation of Energy – energy cannot be created nor destroyed•Types of Energy – –Electrical–Thermal–Chemical–Mechanical•Kinetic (movement)•Potential (stored)
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
FRONT 13
•Heat Transfer–Conduction – between materials that are in direct contact with each other–Convection – transfer of heat energy by the mass movement of fluids contained heated particles–Radiation – transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
BACK 13
•Specific Heat Capacity – amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 kg by 1 C
•Q= mcΔTQ = heat energym = massc = specific heat ΔT = change in temp
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
BACK 14
•Force – a physical quantity that can change the motion of an object.–The unit is the Newton (N)–Balanced Forces – do NOT change the motion of an object–Unbalanced Forces – change the motion of an object
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
FRONT 15
•Speed – distance an object moves per unit of time•Velocity – speed PLUS its direction•Acceleration – has magnitude and direction
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
BACK 15
•Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion – –Newton’s 1st Law: object at rest/motion stays at rest/motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force (INERTIA)–Newton’s 2nd Law: F = ma–Newton’s 3rd Law: For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
FRONT 16
•Weight and Mass – •An object has mass no matter what•Weight changes depending on the influence of gravity•W = mg•g = 9.80 m/s2
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
BACK 16
•Types of Forces – –Frictional Forces – •Sliding friction•Rolling friction•Static friction (touch but do not move)
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
FRONT 17
•Work – transfer of energy when an applied force moves an object over a distance•W = fd
W = workf = forced = distance
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
BACK 17
•Work can be made easier by using Simple Machines•Mechanical Advantage – the # of times a machine multiplies the effort force
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Example –
•If a 15N force is applied to the handle of a screwdriver to lift with a resistance of 150N, then what is the mechanical advantage of the screwdriver?
10 ANSWER
DOMAIN III: Physics: Energy, Force and Motion
•Example –
•If a 15N force is applied to the handle of a screwdriver to lift with a resistance of 150N, then what is the mechanical advantage of the screwdriver?
10
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
FRONT 18
•Waves – disturbances that repeat the same cycle of motion and transfer energy
•Mechanical Waves – water waves, sound waves
•Electromagnetic Waves – light
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
BACK 18
•Differences between the 2:–Sound waves need a medium–Sound travels through everything, light is absorbed by opaque materials–Sound travels SLOW, light travels FAST•Sound Waves travel by vibrating from particle to particle
•They travel faster through solids and liquids than they do through gases…why?
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
FRONT 19
•Waves undergo 4 interactions:
•Reflection – bounces off the object
•Refraction – bends, passes from one medium to another
•Diffraction – passes thru a hole and spreads out behind the hole
•Interference – 2 waves arrive at the same point/same time, combine to produce one wave
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
CLICK HERE FOR THE ANSWER
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
BACK 19
•Doppler Effect - when a sound source moves towards a listener the pitch inc., when it moves away the pitch dec.
•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn35SB1_NYI
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
FRONT 20
•Electricity – energy associated with electrons as they move
•Like charges REPEL, opposite charges ATTRACT
•Static Electricity – buildup of electric charges, caused by:–Friction – rubbing two objects together–Conduction – electrons flow thru direct contact–Induction – electrons are rearranged, no contact is necessary
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
CLICK HERE FOR THE ANSWER
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
BACK 20
•Electric Current (I) - movement of charged particles, measured in Amperes (A)•Voltage (V) – potential difference in electrical potential energy, measure in volts (V)•Resistance (R) – opposition to current, measured in ohms (Ω)•Ohm’s Law – V = IR
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
FRONT 21
•Circuit – complete, closed path for electron flow•DC – direct current, current flowing in the same
direction•AC – alternating current, current moving back
and forth in cycles
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
BACK 21
•Series – one path, Xmas lights
•Parallel – multiple paths, used in homes
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
FRONT 22
•Magnetic Field – region around a magnet or current carrying wires where magnetic forces can be measured•Magnets have a north pole and south pole•Like poles REPEL, opposite poles ATTRACT
DOMAIN IV: Physics: Waves, Electricity and Magnetism
BACK 22
•Electromagnet – an electric current is used to produce a magnetic field in a coil of wire•A rotating electromagnet is used in electric motors, converts electrical energy to mechanical energy•Generator – converts mechanical energy to
electrical energy, uses electromagnetic induction
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