peculiarities of disaster management in high altitude areas

PECULIARITIES OF

DISASTER MANAGEMENTIN

HIGH ALTITUDE AREASAjay Bohtan, ITM University,Gurgaon

Prof Prem Vrat,Vice Chancellor, ITM University, Gurgaon

Prof A.K Vij,HoD, Management, ITM University, Gurgaon.

INDIA

PlainsDesert

Coast Mountains

INDIA: TYPES OF TERRAINS

HIGH ALTITUDE AREA

Height > 9000 feet above sea level

Himalaya Belt in India

J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh

HAA PLAINS

HAA : LANDSCAPE

HAA DESERT

HAA : ROADS

HAA COAST

HAA : BUILDINGS

PECULIARITIES OF HIGH ALTITUDE

Rarified Atmosphere

Low temperature

High Ultra Violet Radiation

Harsh Terrain

Extreme Precipitation

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

RARIFIEDATMOSPHERE

RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE

Low pressure of oxygen

Decreased density of air

Low Atmospheric pressure

RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON HUMANS

Reduced oxygen supply to body tissues

Headache / Nausea / Fatigue / Appetite loss

Muscular weakness / Loss of night vision

Loss of memory / Sleeping disorders

AMS / HAPO / HACO

Acclimatisation

RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON AIRCRAFT

Change in aerodynamics

Reduction in power, thrust & lift

Reduced maneuverability

Lower climb rate / Longer take off

Hovering (helicopters) is difficult

Reduced load lifting capacity

AIRCRAFT CAPACITY

At Sea Level – 30 persAt Leh (350 C) - Nil

MI-17

At Sea Level- 400 persAt Leh (250 C) - Nil

IL-76

RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON VEHICLES

Reduced efficiency

Loss of engine power

Excessive smoke in vehicular exhaust

Increase in fuel consumption

Reduced load carrying capacity

LOWTEMPERATURE

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

LOW TEMPERATURE

Further deterioration by ‘wind-chill’ effect

Temperatures as low as -300 C

Temperature decreases with altitude

LOW TEMPERATURE : EFFECT ON HUMANS & ANIMALS

Physiological shock

Hypothermia

Frostbite

Need for special clothing / food

LOW TEMPERATURE : EFFECT ON AIRCRAFT, VEHICLES & MACHINERY

Freezes Fuel Oil Lubricants

Makes metal parts brittle

Starting problems

Need for special additives / care

HIGHULTRA-VIOLET

RADIATION

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

HIGH ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION

Increases by 12 % for every 1000m height

Causes high ionisation

Polymers, paints & dyes: Degradation

Skin: Sunburn, Premature aging, Cancer

Eyes: Snow blindness, Cataract

Special protective gear required for humans

HARSHTERRAIN

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

HARSH TERRAIN

Narrow valleys with high peaks

Ridgelines- far away

Rocky narrow roads

Fog / Changing winds

Choke points – bridges, passes, defiles

Distances calculated in time

TERRAIN: EFFECT ON MEN & MACHINES

Few airstrips / helipads / dropping zones

Flying difficult in narrow valleys

Drastic reduction in vehicular speed

Limited approaches by road & air

Move on foot is extremely exhaustive

EXTREMEPRECIPITATION

PECULIARITIES OF HAA

EXTREME PRECIPITATION

Rain

Snow

Fog

Thunderstorms

Either excessive / reduced• Excessive – Uttarakhand, Kashmir, NE India• Reduced - Ladakh

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN HAA

HIGH ALTITUDE AREA &

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

POTENTIAL NATURAL DISASTERS

Earthquake

Melting of Permafrost

Heavy Precipitation

Landslides / Mudslides

Avalanche

Blizzard

Drought

DISASTER MANAGEMENT: HAA

Prevention

Mitigation

Preparation

EventResponse

Recovery

Development

CYCLE

Construction Activity• Takes time• Only in summer months

Wooded areas at High reaches• Fire Lanes• Only when not under snow or heavy rain

Prevention

Legal Aspect• Disaster Management in Master plans• Construction of houses as per specifications• Proper Road Construction

Hazardous Material, Fuel, Chemicals• Decentralised Stocking

Early Warning System• Unattended• Robust• Reliable

Mitigation

Advance Winter Stocking• Annual road cut off period• Potential cut off sites e.g bridges, crossing

pointsAb initio Construction• Helipads, Airstrips, Communication, Power

Backup• Adequate redundancy

Facility Locations• Decentralised• Locations chosen with due modeling

Updated Population & Tourists Records

Preparation

Pin point affected areas• Helicopters / UAVs / Satellite Imagery

Collection of data• Affected populace / Survivors

Restoration of Communication• Road/ Air/Tele

Debris removal• Low efficiency of machines• Reduced human effortAcclimatise Search & Rescue teams

Response

Restoration takes time• Little construction period• Food & medical priorities

Time only to raise temporary shelters• Pre-fabricated

Supply Chain for Stores• Stores as per priority• Selected mode of transportation• Stocking space pre-identified

Recovery

Master Plan- Regulated & controlled

Disaster Management aspects incorporated ab-initio

Specially designed Infrastructure

Development Activities should not add to potential disasters

Development

DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN HAA

SUPPLY CHAIN MODELLING

SUPPLY CHAIN MODELPHASE PRE DISASTER DISASTER POST DISASTER

OPERATION Prevention Mitigation Preparation Response Recovery Development

MAJOR ACTIVITIES

Identify potential disaster sites

Evacuation Pre Positioning

• Evacuate Casualty

• Distribute Relief

• Extricate displaced persons

Road Comn

• Build houses

• Generate employment

TYPE OF SUPPLY CHAIN

Business Supply Chain Disaster Response Supply Chain

Business Supply Chain

SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL

Business supply chain – Minisum•Time not a high priority•Cost is paramount•Aim - Minimise the sum of cost of logistics

Disaster supply chain - Minimax•Relief supplied fastest•Aim - Minimise the Maximum time for response

MEANS OF TRANSPORT : HAA

ByAir

ByRoad

DISASTER RELIEF SUPPLY : AIR

Air infrastructure availability

Weather dependent

Less time

Exorbitant cost

Opportunity cost – RELATIVELY LOW

DISASTER RELIEF SUPPLY : ROAD

Condition of roads, bridges etc

Weather dependent

Long time

Low cost

Opportunity cost – CATASTROPHIC

AIR vs ROAD

Air Road

LCV

5 hrs

Mi-17

0.5 hrs

Load of 3 Tons to be transported to a distance of 100 km

AIR vs ROAD

Air Road

₹ 10,000

e

5 hrs

₹ 87,500

0.5 hrs

Cost of transportation α Kt2

Note: Calculations done as per Gravity Location ModelK – cost/time t- time

A

B

C

D

E

H

G

I

F

J

L

K

M N O P

3

4/6

4/6

7

2/4

3/6

2/3

6/24

2/8

2/3

2/3

3/4

3/4

2/3 2/5 2/4

PERT CHART: MOVEMENT OF DISASTER RELIEF MATERIAL AIR vs ROAD

AssumptionsIntact Road CommunicationCompletion Time

Most Likely

Pessimistic Time

Road 23 hrs 53 hrs

Air 22 hrs 42 hrs

CONCLUSIONSupply Chain by MiniMax model

Facility Location by Gravity Model

Relief material by air / road

Pre-positioning of relief material

‘One size fits all’ – does not apply

HAA Peculiarities: Planning Imperatives

ENDOF

PRESENTATION