peculiarities of disaster management in high altitude areas
DESCRIPTION
PECULIARITIES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN HIGH ALTITUDE AREAS. Prof A.K Vij , HoD , Management, ITM University, Gurgaon. . Ajay Bohtan, ITM University , Gurgaon. Prof Prem Vrat , Vice Chancellor, ITM University, Gurgaon. INDIA: TYPES OF TERRAINS. HIGH ALTITUDE AREA. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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PECULIARITIES OF
DISASTER MANAGEMENTIN
HIGH ALTITUDE AREASAjay Bohtan, ITM University,Gurgaon
Prof Prem Vrat,Vice Chancellor, ITM University, Gurgaon
Prof A.K Vij,HoD, Management, ITM University, Gurgaon.
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INDIA
PlainsDesert
Coast Mountains
INDIA: TYPES OF TERRAINS
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HIGH ALTITUDE AREA
Height > 9000 feet above sea level
Himalaya Belt in India
J & K, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Arunachal Pradesh
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HAA PLAINS
HAA : LANDSCAPE
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HAA DESERT
HAA : ROADS
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HAA COAST
HAA : BUILDINGS
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PECULIARITIES OF HIGH ALTITUDE
Rarified Atmosphere
Low temperature
High Ultra Violet Radiation
Harsh Terrain
Extreme Precipitation
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PECULIARITIES OF HAA
RARIFIEDATMOSPHERE
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RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE
Low pressure of oxygen
Decreased density of air
Low Atmospheric pressure
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RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON HUMANS
Reduced oxygen supply to body tissues
Headache / Nausea / Fatigue / Appetite loss
Muscular weakness / Loss of night vision
Loss of memory / Sleeping disorders
AMS / HAPO / HACO
Acclimatisation
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RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON AIRCRAFT
Change in aerodynamics
Reduction in power, thrust & lift
Reduced maneuverability
Lower climb rate / Longer take off
Hovering (helicopters) is difficult
Reduced load lifting capacity
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AIRCRAFT CAPACITY
At Sea Level – 30 persAt Leh (350 C) - Nil
MI-17
At Sea Level- 400 persAt Leh (250 C) - Nil
IL-76
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RARIFIED ATMOSPHERE: EFFECT ON VEHICLES
Reduced efficiency
Loss of engine power
Excessive smoke in vehicular exhaust
Increase in fuel consumption
Reduced load carrying capacity
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LOWTEMPERATURE
PECULIARITIES OF HAA
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LOW TEMPERATURE
Further deterioration by ‘wind-chill’ effect
Temperatures as low as -300 C
Temperature decreases with altitude
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LOW TEMPERATURE : EFFECT ON HUMANS & ANIMALS
Physiological shock
Hypothermia
Frostbite
Need for special clothing / food
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LOW TEMPERATURE : EFFECT ON AIRCRAFT, VEHICLES & MACHINERY
Freezes Fuel Oil Lubricants
Makes metal parts brittle
Starting problems
Need for special additives / care
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HIGHULTRA-VIOLET
RADIATION
PECULIARITIES OF HAA
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HIGH ULTRA-VIOLET RADIATION
Increases by 12 % for every 1000m height
Causes high ionisation
Polymers, paints & dyes: Degradation
Skin: Sunburn, Premature aging, Cancer
Eyes: Snow blindness, Cataract
Special protective gear required for humans
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HARSHTERRAIN
PECULIARITIES OF HAA
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HARSH TERRAIN
Narrow valleys with high peaks
Ridgelines- far away
Rocky narrow roads
Fog / Changing winds
Choke points – bridges, passes, defiles
Distances calculated in time
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TERRAIN: EFFECT ON MEN & MACHINES
Few airstrips / helipads / dropping zones
Flying difficult in narrow valleys
Drastic reduction in vehicular speed
Limited approaches by road & air
Move on foot is extremely exhaustive
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EXTREMEPRECIPITATION
PECULIARITIES OF HAA
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EXTREME PRECIPITATION
Rain
Snow
Fog
Thunderstorms
Either excessive / reduced• Excessive – Uttarakhand, Kashmir, NE India• Reduced - Ladakh
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN HAA
HIGH ALTITUDE AREA &
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
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POTENTIAL NATURAL DISASTERS
Earthquake
Melting of Permafrost
Heavy Precipitation
Landslides / Mudslides
Avalanche
Blizzard
Drought
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT: HAA
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparation
EventResponse
Recovery
Development
CYCLE
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Construction Activity• Takes time• Only in summer months
Wooded areas at High reaches• Fire Lanes• Only when not under snow or heavy rain
Prevention
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Legal Aspect• Disaster Management in Master plans• Construction of houses as per specifications• Proper Road Construction
Hazardous Material, Fuel, Chemicals• Decentralised Stocking
Early Warning System• Unattended• Robust• Reliable
Mitigation
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Advance Winter Stocking• Annual road cut off period• Potential cut off sites e.g bridges, crossing
pointsAb initio Construction• Helipads, Airstrips, Communication, Power
Backup• Adequate redundancy
Facility Locations• Decentralised• Locations chosen with due modeling
Updated Population & Tourists Records
Preparation
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Pin point affected areas• Helicopters / UAVs / Satellite Imagery
Collection of data• Affected populace / Survivors
Restoration of Communication• Road/ Air/Tele
Debris removal• Low efficiency of machines• Reduced human effortAcclimatise Search & Rescue teams
Response
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Restoration takes time• Little construction period• Food & medical priorities
Time only to raise temporary shelters• Pre-fabricated
Supply Chain for Stores• Stores as per priority• Selected mode of transportation• Stocking space pre-identified
Recovery
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Master Plan- Regulated & controlled
Disaster Management aspects incorporated ab-initio
Specially designed Infrastructure
Development Activities should not add to potential disasters
Development
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN HAA
SUPPLY CHAIN MODELLING
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SUPPLY CHAIN MODELPHASE PRE DISASTER DISASTER POST DISASTER
OPERATION Prevention Mitigation Preparation Response Recovery Development
MAJOR ACTIVITIES
Identify potential disaster sites
Evacuation Pre Positioning
• Evacuate Casualty
• Distribute Relief
• Extricate displaced persons
Road Comn
• Build houses
• Generate employment
TYPE OF SUPPLY CHAIN
Business Supply Chain Disaster Response Supply Chain
Business Supply Chain
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SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL
Business supply chain – Minisum•Time not a high priority•Cost is paramount•Aim - Minimise the sum of cost of logistics
Disaster supply chain - Minimax•Relief supplied fastest•Aim - Minimise the Maximum time for response
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MEANS OF TRANSPORT : HAA
ByAir
ByRoad
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DISASTER RELIEF SUPPLY : AIR
Air infrastructure availability
Weather dependent
Less time
Exorbitant cost
Opportunity cost – RELATIVELY LOW
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DISASTER RELIEF SUPPLY : ROAD
Condition of roads, bridges etc
Weather dependent
Long time
Low cost
Opportunity cost – CATASTROPHIC
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AIR vs ROAD
Air Road
LCV
5 hrs
Mi-17
0.5 hrs
Load of 3 Tons to be transported to a distance of 100 km
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AIR vs ROAD
Air Road
₹ 10,000
e
5 hrs
₹ 87,500
0.5 hrs
Cost of transportation α Kt2
Note: Calculations done as per Gravity Location ModelK – cost/time t- time
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A
B
C
D
E
H
G
I
F
J
L
K
M N O P
3
4/6
4/6
7
2/4
3/6
2/3
6/24
2/8
2/3
2/3
3/4
3/4
2/3 2/5 2/4
PERT CHART: MOVEMENT OF DISASTER RELIEF MATERIAL AIR vs ROAD
AssumptionsIntact Road CommunicationCompletion Time
Most Likely
Pessimistic Time
Road 23 hrs 53 hrs
Air 22 hrs 42 hrs
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CONCLUSIONSupply Chain by MiniMax model
Facility Location by Gravity Model
Relief material by air / road
Pre-positioning of relief material
‘One size fits all’ – does not apply
HAA Peculiarities: Planning Imperatives
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ENDOF
PRESENTATION