passive solar building design using genetic programming
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Passive Solar Building Design Using Genetic
Programming
M. Mahdi Oraei Gholami
Brock UniversityDept. of Computer Science
500 Glenridge Ave.St. Catharines, Ontario
L2S 3A1, Canadamahdi.oraei@gmail.com
Brian J. Ross
Brock UniversityDept. of Computer Science
500 Glenridge Ave.St. Catharines, Ontario
L2S 3A1, Canadabross@brocku.ca
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Introduction• Passive solar building design goals:
o Collect heat in winter o Reject heat in summer o No mechanical system
• How to design a building?o Computer aided designo Interactive evolutionary systemso Automated evolutionary systems
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Introduction• What affects a building design?
o Building locationo Local climateo Materialso Window and Shading: size and
placement.o Budget
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Objectives• Objectives
o Building designs having good solar performance
• Performance may include...o Cooling energyo Heating energyo Window heat gaino …
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Approach• CFG-based system
o Modeling language.o Building shape and size.o Door and window.o Materials.
• Genetic programmingo Implements split grammar ideas and CFG
expressions.
• EnergyPluso Simulate and analyze all aspects of the
building.
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Conflicting objectives• Heat Gain
o windows allow sunlight to heat interior in winter but results in air conditioning cost in summer
• Heat Loss o windows lose heat at night, which
requires additional heating expense
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Single-objective evolution
• Minimize Energy Usageo small insulated
shack with no windows and small door is very efficient to heat and cool.
• Maximize solar heat gaino Maximizes sun intake
with its walls of windows on the east, south, and west sides.
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Background
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Evolutionary Design• Evolutionary design is the application of
evolutionary computation in designing forms.
• Architecture, art, engineering, etc.
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Design Language• Context free grammar design
language.• Strongly typed GP.
• Split grammar: simplified shape grammaro Some aspects (roofs, windows,...) based
on split grammar approach.
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Split Grammar• Rules:
Taken from [21]
• Result:
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Energy Efficiency• Reducing the cost and the amount of
energy, specially non-renewable energies, that is needed for providing services and products.
• Practical resulto Saving energyo Pollution is reduced.o Reducing noise of mechanical devices.
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Energy Plus
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EnergyPlus
• EnergyPlus is a free energy simulation, load calculation, building and energy performance, heat and mass balance application.o http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/
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EnergyPlus Input1. Input data file (IDF)
o Materials, and Constructionso Geometry: place and size of walls, roofs,
floors, doors, windows, and overhango Lights & Electrical equipment o Ideal Loads Air System
2. Weather file (EPW)o Temperatureo Latitude, longitudeo wind, rain, snowo ... and lots more!
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EnergyPlus Output• Annual Building Utility Performance
o Total energyo Heatingo Cooling
• Geometric characteristics:o Building areao Window areao Wall area
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Literature Review
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Evolutionary Design and Energy Efficient Architecture• Malkawi et al. (2005) : Windows, supply airs
ducts, and return air ducts placement.• Marin et al. (2008): Winter comfort. • Caldas (2008) : Sustainable energy-efficient
buildings. • Turrin et al. (2010) : Large roofs structures.• Harrington (2012) : Summer and winter
comfort.
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Methodology
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System Overview• ECJ : evolutionary system • GP: Strongly typed• CFG-guided design language with split
grammar functions.• Energy Plus: simulation and analysis
system.• Multi-objective technique: normalized rank-
sum
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Multi-Objective Techniques Comparison
Fitness Pareto Ranking
Ranks NRS
(33,0,125,39) 1* (3,1,6,3) 2.27(30,24,38,18) 1* (2,3,3,2) 1.4(0,47,43,18) 1* (1,4,4,2) 1.73(78,62,2,0) 1* (6,6,1,1) 1.37*(43,19,20,79) 1* (4,2,2,4) 1.47(55,55,89,80) 2 (5,5,5,5) 2.67
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GP Types and Functions
Type FunctionR Add Root(S)S Add Cube(D,D,D,FF), Add Cube(D,D,D,F)FF First Floor(DG,G,G,G,R2,I)F Add Floor(G,G,G,G,R2,I)DG Add Door Grid(I,I,I,d,W,I)G Add Grid(I,I,W,I), Add Empty Grid(I)DR Add Door(D,D,I,I)W Add Window(D,D,I)W Add Window Overhang(D,D,D,D,D,I)
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GP Types and Functions ( cont.)
Type FunctionR2 Add Simple Roof(I), Add Skylight(G)R2 Add Gabled Roof(I,G,G,D)R2 Add Gabled Roof2(I,G,G,D)D (& I) Avg(D,D),Max(D,D), Min(D,D),
Mul(D,D), Div(D,D), IfElse(D,D,D,D), ERC
D Half(D), halffwd(D)I Inc(I), dec(I)
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Roof, Overhangs, Skylights.
(a) Gabled roof 1. (b) Gabled roof 2.
(c) Overhangs and skylights.
(d) Gabled & Skylight roof.
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Building Model and Its Grammar Tree.
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Constraints• Some of the constraints are as
follows:o Min/max size limits o No interior designo symmetric window placement per wall
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Experimental Setup
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GP ParametersParameter Value
Number of Runs 10Generations 100Population Size 300Initialization Method Half-and HalfTournament Size 3Crossover Rate 90%Mutation Rate 10%Elitism 2Grow Tree Max Depth 6Grow Tree Min Depth 2Full Tree Max Depth 12Full Tree Min Depth 5
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Design ParametersParameter Value (m)
Max/Min Floor Length 20/10Max/Min Floor Width 20/10Max/Min Floor Height 8/4Maximum Number of Rows on a Façade
2
Maximum Number of Columns on a Façade
6
Max/Min Door Height 8/2Max/Min Door Width 6/1Max/Min Roof Height 10/3
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MaterialsConstruct
ionMaterial U-
factorWall_1 Wood, fiberglass quilt, and plaster 0.516Wall_2 Wood, plywood, insulation, gypsum 0.384Wall_3 Gypsum, air layer with 0.157
thermal resistance, gypsum1.978
Wall_4 Gypsum, air layer with 0.153 thermal resistance, gypsum
1.994
Wall_5 Dense brick, insulation, concrete, gypsum plaster
0.558
Roof_1 No mass with thermal resistance 0.65
1.189
Roof_2 Roof deck, fiberglass quilt, plaster 0.314
Roof_3 Roof gravel, built up roof, insulation, wood
0.268
Floor_1 Concrete, hardwood 3.119Floor_2 Concrete, hardwood 3.314
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Window and Door Materials
Construction
Material U-factor
SHGC
Window_1 3 mm glass, 13 mm air, 3 mm glass
2.720 0.764
Window_2 3 mm glass, 13 mm argon, 3 mm glass
2.556 0.764
Window_3 6 mm glass, 6 mm air, 6 mm glass
3.058 0.700
Window_4 6 mm low emissivity glass, 6 mm air, 6 mm low emissivity glass
2.371 0.569
Window_5 3 mm glass 5.894 0.898
Window_6 6 mm glass 5.778 0.819
Door_1 4 mm wood 2.875 -
Door_2 3 mm wood, air, 3 mm wood 4.995 -Door_3 Single layer 3 mm glass 5.894 0.716
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Different Geographical Locations Experiment
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Different Geographical
Locations• Toronto, Canada
o (baseline) humid continental• Anchorage, Alaska
o northern subarctic.• Eldoret, Kenya
o equatorial, tropical.• Las Vegas, USA
o subtropical, hot desert.• Melbourne, Australia
o southern hemisphere, temperate.
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Objectives1- Window heat gain in winter.
2- Annual cooling and heating energy consumption.
3- Window constraint: having at least 25% window area.
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Results
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Window Area AnalysisLocation South West North EastToronto 94 27.5 24 35Las Vegas 87 28 25 28Eldoret 45 52.5 27.5 55Anchorage
89 26 22.5 28
Melbourne
25 29 81.5 38Window area percentage of top solutions.
• Window Placement:o North hemisphere: south.o South hemisphere: north.o Near equator: east and west.
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Performance Plots
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Scatter Plot
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Scatter Plot (cont.)
a- Worst model (Toronto)
b- Best model (Melbourne)
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Consistency: Toronto Models
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Best Models
Toronto Anchorage Las Vegas
Eldoret Melbourne41/55
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Best Models Analysis (cont.)
• Neither skylights nor complex roofs are selected.o Annual energy consumption increases in either cases.o larger roofs = increased room volume
• Size:o Maximum length o Maximum width. o Height changes based on the location.
• Materials:o Walls: third lowest U-factor.o Double pane windows with argon
• Second lowest in U-factor and the best in SHGCo Floors and Roofs: biggest U-factor
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Multi-Floor Experiment
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Stylistic multi-floor buildings
Building name: Statoil HeadquartersLocation: Fornebu, Norway.Designed by: A-lab
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Multi-floor Experiment
• Objectives:1. Window heat gain in winter2. Annual cooling and heating energy
consumption. 3. Exactly 35% window area.4. Each floor has to be 15% smaller than
the floor underneath.5. Total volume has to be
• Location: Toronto
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Multi-floor Experiment
• Results:o More energy consumption than when
either window constraint or volume constraints are not considered.
o Less window heat gain than when window constraint is not considered.
o Without window constraint: volume constraints are met easier.
o Without volume constraints: window constraint is met easier.
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Multi-Floor Experiment
Materials:
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Performance Plots
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Performance Plots
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The Best Model
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The Best Model Heat Gain and Annual
Energy
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DiscussionA comparison to Caldas (2008) work:• Similarities:
o Materials, roofs, doors, overhangs, and windows are considered in both.
o Multi-objective approach.o Both have the problem of no window when only
energy consumption is considered.• Differences:
o Illumination vs. window heat gaino DOE2 vs. EnergyPluso GA vs. GPo Two objectives vs. five objectiveso Pareto ranking vs. normalized rank sum
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Conclusion• Evolutionary design (GP)
o Highly performance building design• CFG based grammar guided system
o Walls, floors, roofs, windows, overhangs, materialso Grammars were straightforward for our purpose
• EnergyPluso Simulation and analysis system.o Worked well, although it is not designed to be used
in batch mode with 1000’s of simulations!
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Conclusion• Multi-Objective
o Normalized rank sum worked well with even 5 objectives.
o Trade-off of objectives: Energy objectives treated “equally”, with no preferred biases.
• Consistent solutions with respect to size, geometry, materials, and design elements are achieved in all experiments.
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Thank you
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