pandemic disease and the wwtp wim wiegant royal haskoning

Pandemic disease

and the WWTP

Wim Wiegant

Royal Haskoning

Contents 1. the WWTP

2. the pandemic desease

3. pharmaceuticals

4. functioning of the WWTP

5. degradation ín the WWTP

6. conclusions

Pandemic disease and WWTP

Today’s Dutch WWTP

aeration

FeCl3

ANAE PRE-DN COMB. N/DN

finalsedimentation

sludge water

gravitythickening

sludge digestion

mechanicalthickening

transportdewatering

returnliquor

biogas

reject watertreatment

primarysedimentation

Important bacterial groups

anammox

methanogensacetogens

PAO nitrifiers

Important bacterial groups

phosphate accumulating bacteria

Glycogen

NADH2

ATPPoly-P

PO43-

HAc

PHB

ANAEROBIC PHASE

Glycogen

NADH2

ATPPoly-P

PO43-

PHB

AEROBIC / ANOXIC PHASE

Gly

PP

PHB

Growth

O2 / NO3-H2O / N2

Important bacterial groups

nitrifying bacteriaNH4

+ + O2 NO2-

NO2- + O2 NO3

-

anammox bacteria

NH4+ + NO2

- N2

Important groups in sludge digestion

acetogenic bacteria

methane bacteria

H C C + H2

H

H

O

O

H C C C

H

H

O

O

H

H

H C C CH4+CO2

H

H

O

O

propionate acetate

acetate methane

Important groups in sludge digestion

low growth rates (µMAX < 0.2 - 0.5 d-1)

specialized conversions

≡ low species diversity

hence

vulnerable conversions

relatively low recovery rate (2 wk – 2 mo) if no re-inoculation is possible

therefore

focus of investigative efforts

Pandemic disease

bacterial

cholera, encephalitis, et cetera

viral

influenza, HIV

eukaryotic

cryptosporidium, giardia

prionic

BSE, vCJD

Pandemic disease

Pharmaceuticals

antibiotics

antiviral agents

Functioning of the WWTP

antibiotics

vast array of compounds

different mechanisms

≡ different effects

broad spectrum antibiotics more likely to have adverse effects

Functioning of the WWTP

antibiotic dose effect onname mg/l ampicillin 250 – nitrification benzylpenicillin250 – nitrification novobiocine 150 – nitrification oxytetracycline 250 – nitrification chloramphenicol 50 – nitrification erythromycin 20 + nitrification tylosin diet + methanogenesis chlortetracyclin diet + methanogenesis 6 antibiotics diet – methanogenesis tetracyclin 50 ++ anammox chloramphenicol 20 ++ anammox

Functioning of the WWTP

oseltamivir

HN

ONH2

O

O

O

Tamiflu®

virtually no effect on nitrification

no effect at ‘pandemic conditions’

Degradation ín the WWTP

Much focus on degradation ín the WWTP

WWTP is the last ‘possibility for removal’ before entering suyrface waters

high emissions may promote bacteria or viruses resistant against the pharmaceuticals released

Degradation ín the WWTP

water

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 40 50

time (h)

con

cen

tra

tion

(u

g/l)

sludge

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0 10 20 30 40 50

time (h)

con

cen

tra

tion

(u

g/g

ds)

removal and degradation of Ibuprofen

as example for sulfonamides, cefalexin

Theory ...

Degradation ín the WWTP

adsorption, but no degradation

as example for ampilicin, norfloxacin, tetracyclin, roxithromycin

water

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 10 20 30 40 50

time (h)

con

cen

tra

tion

(u

g/l)

.

sludge

02

46

810

1214

1618

0 10 20 30 40 50

time (h)

con

cen

tra

tion

(u

g/g

ds)

Degradation ín the WWTP

oseltamivir

HN

ONH2

O

O

O

Tamiflu®

slow degradation (40% in 40d)

adaptation can occur

Conclusions

No general conclusions for antibiotics

some have more effect than others

some are degraded, some less or not

high inhibition of pollutant removal function of WWTP not very likely to occur

possibly only for anammox

Conclusions

Antiviral agents

low effect on nitrification

other effects not known

degradation slow but steady

inhibition of pollutant removal very unlikely to occur

Conclusions

The WWTP

resistant against many attacks

with re-inoculation, rapid recovery occurs

there seems to be little reason for panic

Theory

X)CCk(k

dt

)C(dSWpb

W

XCkX)CCk(k

dt

)XC(dS1SWpb

S

CS C in sludge, CW in water

kb transfer rate water-to-sludge

kp partitioning coefficient

k1 first order degradation constant

Theory

X)CCk(k

dt

)C(dSWpb

W

XCkX)CCk(k

dt

)XC(dS1SWpb

S

CS C in sludge, CW in water

kb transfer rate water-to-sludge

kp partitioning coefficient

k1 first order degradation constant

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