pandemic disease and the wwtp wim wiegant royal haskoning
TRANSCRIPT
Pandemic disease
and the WWTP
Wim Wiegant
Royal Haskoning
Contents 1. the WWTP
2. the pandemic desease
3. pharmaceuticals
4. functioning of the WWTP
5. degradation ín the WWTP
6. conclusions
Pandemic disease and WWTP
Today’s Dutch WWTP
aeration
FeCl3
ANAE PRE-DN COMB. N/DN
finalsedimentation
sludge water
gravitythickening
sludge digestion
mechanicalthickening
transportdewatering
returnliquor
biogas
reject watertreatment
primarysedimentation
Important bacterial groups
anammox
methanogensacetogens
PAO nitrifiers
Important bacterial groups
phosphate accumulating bacteria
Glycogen
NADH2
ATPPoly-P
PO43-
HAc
PHB
ANAEROBIC PHASE
Glycogen
NADH2
ATPPoly-P
PO43-
PHB
AEROBIC / ANOXIC PHASE
Gly
PP
PHB
Growth
O2 / NO3-H2O / N2
Important bacterial groups
nitrifying bacteriaNH4
+ + O2 NO2-
NO2- + O2 NO3
-
anammox bacteria
NH4+ + NO2
- N2
Important groups in sludge digestion
acetogenic bacteria
methane bacteria
H C C + H2
H
H
O
O
H C C C
H
H
O
O
H
H
H C C CH4+CO2
H
H
O
O
propionate acetate
acetate methane
Important groups in sludge digestion
low growth rates (µMAX < 0.2 - 0.5 d-1)
specialized conversions
≡ low species diversity
hence
vulnerable conversions
relatively low recovery rate (2 wk – 2 mo) if no re-inoculation is possible
therefore
focus of investigative efforts
Pandemic disease
bacterial
cholera, encephalitis, et cetera
viral
influenza, HIV
eukaryotic
cryptosporidium, giardia
prionic
BSE, vCJD
Pandemic disease
Pharmaceuticals
antibiotics
antiviral agents
Functioning of the WWTP
antibiotics
vast array of compounds
different mechanisms
≡ different effects
broad spectrum antibiotics more likely to have adverse effects
Functioning of the WWTP
antibiotic dose effect onname mg/l ampicillin 250 – nitrification benzylpenicillin250 – nitrification novobiocine 150 – nitrification oxytetracycline 250 – nitrification chloramphenicol 50 – nitrification erythromycin 20 + nitrification tylosin diet + methanogenesis chlortetracyclin diet + methanogenesis 6 antibiotics diet – methanogenesis tetracyclin 50 ++ anammox chloramphenicol 20 ++ anammox
Functioning of the WWTP
oseltamivir
HN
ONH2
O
O
O
Tamiflu®
virtually no effect on nitrification
no effect at ‘pandemic conditions’
Degradation ín the WWTP
Much focus on degradation ín the WWTP
WWTP is the last ‘possibility for removal’ before entering suyrface waters
high emissions may promote bacteria or viruses resistant against the pharmaceuticals released
Degradation ín the WWTP
water
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50
time (h)
con
cen
tra
tion
(u
g/l)
sludge
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0 10 20 30 40 50
time (h)
con
cen
tra
tion
(u
g/g
ds)
removal and degradation of Ibuprofen
as example for sulfonamides, cefalexin
Theory ...
Degradation ín the WWTP
adsorption, but no degradation
as example for ampilicin, norfloxacin, tetracyclin, roxithromycin
water
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50
time (h)
con
cen
tra
tion
(u
g/l)
.
sludge
02
46
810
1214
1618
0 10 20 30 40 50
time (h)
con
cen
tra
tion
(u
g/g
ds)
Degradation ín the WWTP
oseltamivir
HN
ONH2
O
O
O
Tamiflu®
slow degradation (40% in 40d)
adaptation can occur
Conclusions
No general conclusions for antibiotics
some have more effect than others
some are degraded, some less or not
high inhibition of pollutant removal function of WWTP not very likely to occur
possibly only for anammox
Conclusions
Antiviral agents
low effect on nitrification
other effects not known
degradation slow but steady
inhibition of pollutant removal very unlikely to occur
Conclusions
The WWTP
resistant against many attacks
with re-inoculation, rapid recovery occurs
there seems to be little reason for panic
Theory
X)CCk(k
dt
)C(dSWpb
W
XCkX)CCk(k
dt
)XC(dS1SWpb
S
CS C in sludge, CW in water
kb transfer rate water-to-sludge
kp partitioning coefficient
k1 first order degradation constant
Theory
X)CCk(k
dt
)C(dSWpb
W
XCkX)CCk(k
dt
)XC(dS1SWpb
S
CS C in sludge, CW in water
kb transfer rate water-to-sludge
kp partitioning coefficient
k1 first order degradation constant
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