paediatric ophthalmology community to the hospital siobhan wren consultant ophthalmologist
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Paediatric OphthalmologyCommunity to the hospital
Siobhan WrenConsultant Ophthalmologist
Hospital ServiceWorkloadAmblyopia
Visual development/assessment
Evaluation of the paediatric patientRed reflex
Detecting squints
Red eyes
Diagnosis of Paediatric Referrals (March 09)
Data available for 319/337
68%
Other includes ptosis/NF/retinal abN
Possible Amblyopia present in 124
Amblyopia
• Strabismus• Refractive• Occurrence
– 1-3% population– up to 5% pre-school
Visual development
• 1 month– pupils react to light– defensive blink present by 6-8 weeks– 3 weeks onwards watches familiar nearby face
when being fed– gaze caught and held by dangling bright toy gently
moved in line of vision at 15- 25 cm
• 3 months– very alert– fixes and follows toy at 15-25cm– converges eyes if toy brought toward eyes
• 6 months– any squint now is abnormal– reaches out for objects– searches for toy once it leaves visual regard
• 9 months– very alert to people– immediately grasps for toys– watches activities of people or animals within 3-4
metres with sustained interest for several minutes
• 12 months– interest in pictures– points to objects of interest
Health Visitor Questionnaire at 8 months and 2½yr contact
1. Do the parents suspect a squint?
2. Are there any concerns about vision, eye lids, eye movements, pupil size or shape?
3. Is there any family history of squint, amblyopia, glasses in early childhood, or wearing a patch.
4. Are there any risk factors of squint combined with family concerns i.e. prematurity or developmental delay
Fast track clinic run by a highly specialised orthoptist and paediatric optometrist can successfully assess large numbers of amblyopia &/or strabismus suspects.
A 74% discharge rate of 1st referrals, following the protocol, has a significant impact on paediatric outpatient clinic.
Surgical rates within this group of patients is in line with the national surgical rates .
Conclusions of Study into Fast track appointments
Making a diagnosisHISTORY
• Family history• Identify risk factors
– Prematurity– Developmental delay– Juvenile Rh Arthritis
• Family album• Photophobia• Redness• Discharge
– Purulent, watery
EXAMINATION
• External inspection• Red reflex• Corneal light reflex• Cover test
– Squinting– Head tilt– Eyelid closure
• Visual acuity >3 yrs– Defective ocular fixation/
interactions
Red reflex technique Sit in front of the child
and parent at about arm’s length. Set the ophthalmoscope to around +2 (green or black)
Focus on the parent’s eyes to show that the test is non-invasive and recognition of the normal red reflex in that particular ethnic group.
Then focus on the child’s face
and encourage the child to look at the light. Focus on the red reflex within the pupil.
The Childhood Eye Cancer Trust
Head postures • Check motility
Conjunctivitis
• Close contacts affected• Unilateral bilateral• Sticky discharge• Diffuse redness• Cornea and pupil normal• Chloramphenicol
• Cellulitis- Refer urgently
• Neonatal conjunctivitis: refer urgently– Risk of corneal perforation from n.
gonorrhoea
Allergic conjunctivitis
• Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) Perennial allergic conjunctivitis (PAC)
• Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) Atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC)
• Giant papillary conjunctivitis (GPC)
Symptoms
ItchingItching TearingTearing Rubbing Rubbing eyeseyes
00 AbsentAbsent AbsentAbsent No desireNo desire
11 TraceTrace TransientTransient RareRare
22 MildMild MildMild OccasionalOccasional
33 ModerateModerate ModerateModerate FrequentFrequent
44 SevereSevere SevereSevere ConstantConstant
Signs
RednessRedness Eyelid/Eyelid/Conjunctiva Conjunctiva swellingswelling
Sub-tarsalSub-tarsal
00 AbsentAbsent AbsentAbsent NormalNormal
11 MildMild Mild Mild Uniform Uniform ‘velvety’ ‘velvety’ papillae papillae appearanceappearance
22 ModerateModerate ModerateModerate Non uniform Non uniform with papillaewith papillae
33 SevereSevere SevereSevere Giant papillaeGiant papillae
Management• Allergy testing• Cool compress
• Artificial tear substitutes • Systemic and/or topical
antihistamines• Vasoconstrictors
• Mast cell stabilizers • Nonsteroidal anti-
inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
• Corticosteroids• Immunotherapy
Otrivine-antistin BD/TDS £2.35Otrivine-antistin BD/TDS £2.35 antazoline & xyometazoline antazoline & xyometazoline antihistamine and vasoconstrictor (weak) antihistamine and vasoconstrictor (weak) >5yrs NB sympathomimetic>5yrs NB sympathomimetic
Optilast QDS £6.40Optilast QDS £6.40 azelastine azelastine Antihistamine >4yrs 6 weeksAntihistamine >4yrs 6 weeks
Emadine BD £7.49Emadine BD £7.49
Relestat BD £14.00Relestat BD £14.00
emadastine emadastine
EpinastineEpinastine
Antihistamine >3 yrsAntihistamine >3 yrs
Antihistamine >12 yrs 8 weeks Antihistamine >12 yrs 8 weeks
Sodium chromoglycate QDSSodium chromoglycate QDS£3.08 (many other names eg £3.08 (many other names eg Optichrom) Optichrom)
sodium chromoglycatesodium chromoglycate mast sell stabilisermast sell stabiliser (weak); (weak);very safe very safe
Rapitil BD/QDS £5.12Rapitil BD/QDS £5.12 nedocromil sodium nedocromil sodium mast sell stabiliser >6yrs 12 weeksmast sell stabiliser >6yrs 12 weeks
Alomide QDS £5.48Alomide QDS £5.48 lodoxamidelodoxamide mast sell stabiliser >4 yrsmast sell stabiliser >4 yrs
Zaditen BD £9.75Zaditen BD £9.75 ketotifenketotifen mast sell stabiliser >3 yrsmast sell stabiliser >3 yrs
Opatanol BD £4.11Opatanol BD £4.11 olopatidine olopatidine mast sell stabiliser >3 yrs 16 weeksmast sell stabiliser >3 yrs 16 weeks
Acular £5.00Acular £5.00 ketorolacketorolac prostoglandin inhibitor prostoglandin inhibitor
Ocufen £37.15Ocufen £37.15 fluriprofenfluriprofen prostoglandin inhibitor prostoglandin inhibitor
Voltarol £6.68Voltarol £6.68 diclofenacdiclofenac prostoglandin inhibitor prostoglandin inhibitor
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