overview of high consequence livestock pathogens for veterinarians

Overview of High Consequence Livestock Pathogens

For veterinarians

Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2004

USDA High Consequence

Livestock Pathogens and Toxins

USDA High Consequence

Livestock Pathogens and Toxins

Disease AwarenessDisease Awareness• Veterinarians recognize animal

diseases at the local level• Prepare by knowing

−Typical signs of diseases−Basic disease etiology−Economic and trade impact−How to report suspected cases

• Disseminate knowledge

OverviewOverview

• Importance of agriculture and livestock to U.S. economy

• High consequence livestock pathogens−CDC’s Category A, B, C Bioterrorism

Agent List−Additional diseases

• Veterinarian’s responsibilities

Importance of Agriculture & Livestock

U.S. AgricultureU.S. Agriculture

• Exports are our lifeblood−2003, $56.2 billion exported in

agricultural commodities $12.2 billion from animal/animal

products

• Some diseases reportable to the OIE−Trade could be halted

• Negative effect on economy, livestock/grain producers, and employment rate

U.S. Animal Data, 2003U.S. Animal Data, 2003

Animal Number Value

Cattle 94.9 million ~$70.5 billion

Pigs 60 million ~$4.5 billion

Poultry (non-broiler)

338 million ~$1 billion

Sheep 6.1 million ~$600 million

Some Agents are ZoonoticSome Agents are Zoonotic

• Disease may be seen in animals before humans

• Animals are sentinels−Pets, livestock, wildlife

• Protect yourself • Educate your clients about the risks

Biosecurity: VeterinariansBiosecurity: Veterinarians• Disinfect your clothes, boots, equipment

between farms• Avoid vehicle contamination• Follow biosecurity guidelines set forth by

species-specific associations

CDC Category ABC Agent Overview

ClassificationClassification

• Prepared by the CDC’s Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Office

• Category A: Highest priority• Category B: Second highest priority• Category C: Third highest priority

CDC Category ABC AgentsCDC Category ABC Agents

Category A• Anthrax• Botulism• Tularemia

Category C• Nipah

Category B• Brucellosis• Glanders• Melioidosis • Q Fever• Viral

encephalitis• Toxins

“Weaponization” of Agents“Weaponization” of Agents

• Alter characteristics of a pathogen to make it a more effective weapon−Enhance transmission− Increase virulence−Resistant to antibiotics−Evade vaccine protection −Alter clinical signs

Note to presenterNote to presenter

• As time allows select diseases you would like to review.

• The CDC Category A,B,C diseases are listed first, and then you will see the additional High Consequence Livestock Pathogens.

• The disease coverage is brief. If you would like more information on a disease, refer to the fact sheet or to the disease specific presentation.

CDC Category A

AnthraxBotulismTularemia

Anthrax: The AgentAnthrax: The Agent

• Bacillus anthracis – Gram positive spore-forming bacteria

• Forms spores• Human disease

−Skin− Intestinal−Pulmonary

• Animal disease−Septicemia and rapid death

Anthrax: The BioweaponAnthrax: The Bioweapon

• History• Available & easily

produced• Spores infective• Aerosolization• Low lethal dose• High mortality• Person-to-person transmission rare

Anthrax: The ResponseAnthrax: The Response

• Vaccine−Humans−Animals

• Antibiotics−Treatment−Prophylaxis

• Disinfection −Sporicidal agents, sterilization

Botulism: The AgentBotulism: The Agent

• Clostridium botulinum – Gram positive, spore-forming bacteria

• 7 different neurotoxins −Types A-G

• Clinical signs−Flaccid paralysis−Pigs, dogs, and cats

fairly resistant

Botulism: The BioweaponBotulism: The Bioweapon

• Used by Aum Shinrikyo cult in Japan

• Aerosolized• Easy to produce and

transport• Potent and lethal• Most poisonous substance

Botulism: The ResponseBotulism: The Response

• Toxoids for high risk people• Antitoxin available

−Case-by-case basis

• Botulinum toxins are easily inactivated with many disinfectants and heat

Tularemia: The AgentTularemia: The Agent

• Francisella tularensis• Transmitted by ingestion,

inhalation, vectors, direct contact through skin

• Six clinical forms in humans

UlceroglandularGlandular

Tularemia: The AgentTularemia: The Agent

• Sheep, young pigs, horses, dogs, cats• Sudden fever, lethargy, stiffness,

prostration, and death

• Wildlife• Usually find dead• Rabbits behave strangely

• Cattle, older pigs resistant

Tularemia: The BioweaponTularemia: The Bioweapon

• Stable • Aerosolized• Low infective dose via inhalation• Case fatality: 30-60% (untreated)• WHO estimation: 1970

−50 kg agent: City population 5 million 250,000 ill 19,000 deaths

Tularemia: The ResponseTularemia: The Response

• Person-to-person transmission not documented

• Antibiotics effective, if early or prophylactic

• Vaccine−For high risk individuals−Unknown efficacy

against inhalational tularemia

CDC Category BBrucellosis Q FeverGlanders ToxinsMelioidosis Viral Encephalitis

Brucellosis: The AgentBrucellosis: The Agent

• Gram-negative bacteria• Ingestion, inhalation, or

direct contact• Clinical signs

−Humans: cyclic fever and flu-like symptoms

−Animals: reproductive signs

Brucellosis: The AgentBrucellosis: The Agent

Species Natural HostHuman

Pathogen

B. abortusCattle, bison, elk,

horsesYes

B.melitensis Goats, sheep, cattle Yes

B. suisSwine, hares, reindeer,

caribou, rodentsYes

B. canis Dogs, other canids Yes

B. ovis Sheep No

Brucellosis: The BioweaponBrucellosis: The Bioweapon

• History• Highly infectious• Easily aerosolized• Stable • Prolonged incubation period

−May make diagnosis difficult

• Person-to-person unlikely

Brucellosis: The ResponseBrucellosis: The Response

• Long term antibiotics generally effective

• Vaccinate calves, no human vaccine• Eliminate reservoir• Standard precaution to

avoid exposure• Thorough disinfection

Glanders: The AgentGlanders: The Agent• Burkholderia mallei: Gram-negative • Transmission by ingestion,

inhalation, or direct contact−Animal-to-human transmission

is inefficient

• Clinical signs−Humans & horses: cutaneous &

pulmonary lesions, rapidly fatal illness

Glanders: The BioweaponGlanders: The Bioweapon

• History−WWI Russian horses−WWII Chinese civilians, horses, POW’s

• Easy to produce• Aerosolized, highly infectious• Mortality high in chronic form

−50-70%

• Person to person transmission: Rare

Glanders: The ResponseGlanders: The Response

• No vaccine • Antibiotic therapy likely effective• Destroyed by various chemicals

Melioidosis: The AgentMelioidosis: The Agent

• Burkholderia pseudomallei: Gram-negative

• Transmission: Contact, ingestion, inhalation

• Clinical signs: Humans, sheep, goats, and pigs−Asymptomatic to

pneumonia, lung and wound abscesses

Melioidosis: The Bioweapon Melioidosis: The Bioweapon

• Easy to produce • Available• Aerosolization• High mortality: 90%• Person-to-person (rare)• Animal-to-person (rare)

Melioidosis: The ResponseMelioidosis: The Response

• Long-term, multiple antibiotics effective

• Vaccines available: not in U.S.

• Easily destroyed by disinfectants

Toxins: The AgentsToxins: The Agents

• Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)

• Ricin toxin from castor plant

• Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin

SEB: The AgentSEB: The Agent

• Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB)• A common cause of food poisoning • Clinical signs: Humans

−Fever, chills, headache, myalgia−Non-productive cough if inhaled−GI signs if swallowed

• Animals: Likely similar to human

Ricin: The AgentRicin: The Agent

• Ricin toxin from bean of castor plant • Available worldwide• Clinical signs

−Acute onset of fever,chest tightness, cough,

dyspnea, nausea

Epsilon Toxin: The AgentEpsilon Toxin: The Agent

• Clostridium perfringens type B and D• Increases intestinal and vascular

permeability, liver and neurological damage

• Clinical signs−Calves: Diarrhea, abdominal pain,

listlessness, neurologic−Sheep, goats: Watery to bloody

diarrhea, neurologic−Humans: Little information

Toxins: The BioweaponToxins: The Bioweapon

• History• Aerosolized: SEB, ricin • Available worldwide• Easy to produce, stable• Many species affected• No person-to-person transmission

Toxins: The ResponseToxins: The Response

• Supportive care• No vaccines currently available for

SEB or ricin• Vaccines for animals for clostridial

disease• Toxins are inactivated with common

disinfectants

Viral Encephalitis: The AgentViral Encephalitis: The Agent

• The Alphaviruses: EEE, WEE, and VEE• Transmitted via mosquito• Clinical signs

−Humans, horses, donkeys,mules: Often asymptomatic to flu-like

−Encephalitis in small proportions

• Birds are asymptomatic carriers, act as sentinels

Viral Encephalitis:The Bioweapon

• Easy to produce• Aerosolization• High rate of infection• Person-to-person transmission

possible

Viral Encephalitis:The Response

• Supportive care• Vaccine

−Equine−Human: High risk

• Virus unstable in environment

CDC Category C

Nipah Virus: The AgentNipah Virus: The Agent

• Paramyxovirus• Fruit bat reservoir• Clinical signs

−Humans: Encephalitis−Pigs: Respiratory, neurological−Dogs and cats: “Distemper”

Nipah Virus: The BioweaponNipah Virus: The Bioweapon

• Aerosolization potential

• Wide host range• No person-to-person

transmission expected

• High morbidity and mortality

Nipah Virus: The ResponseNipah Virus: The Response

• Avoid contact with all infected animals and fluids

• Vaccine being researched• Call authorities

immediately

Other Important Diseases

• Rift Valley Fever• Hendra Virus

Rift Valley Fever: The AgentRift Valley Fever: The Agent

• Phlebovirus in family Bunyaviridae• Transmission: Mosquito, inhalation,

contact with infected body fluids• Clinical signs

−Humans: Flu-like, fever, headache Severe disease: Retinitis, hemorrhagic

−Animals: Abortions, death in neonates

Rift Valley Fever: The Bioweapon

• WHO estimate: 1970−50 kg of virus aerosolized−35,000 incapacitated−400 deaths (1% mortality)

• Stable at most temperatures• Inactivated by various chemicals

Rift Valley Fever: The Response

• Vaccinate ruminants in endemic areas

• Control mosquitoes• Avoid contact with

infected tissues & blood−Wear protective clothing

• No person-to-person transmission

Hendra Virus: The AgentHendra Virus: The Agent

• Newly discovered−Australia

• Fruit bats• Transmission: Urine, body fluids• Humans

−Flu-like illness, respiratory failure• Horses, cats

−Acute respiratory signs, nasal discharge, fever, encephalitis, sudden death

Hendra Virus: The ResponseHendra Virus: The Response

• Little is known about disease• Highest level of security to work with

the agent• Potentially serious consequences

−High mortality rate−Lack of treatment

Additional High Consequence Livestock Pathogens

• African horse sickness• African swine fever• Akabane• Avian influenza (HP)• Bluetongue• BSE• Classical swine fever• Coccidioidomycosis• Contagious bovine

pleuropneumonia• Contagious caprine

pleuropneumonia• Foot and mouth disease

• Heartwater• Japanese encephalitis• Lumpy skin disease• Malignant catarrhal fever • Menangle• Newcastle disease• Peste des petit ruminants• Rinderpest• Screwworm myiasis• Sheep/goat pox• Swine vesicular disease• Vesicular stomatitis

World Organisation for Animal Health

• Early Warning System

• Disease reported within 24 hours

• Informs countries at risk

• Trade shut down until further notice

African Horse SicknessAfrican Horse Sickness

• Viral infection• Horses, mules, donkeys

−Lethal disease

• Arthropod-borne−Culicoides sp. (biting midges)

• Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa• Peak: Late summer - early autumn

−Prevalence influenced by climate

AHS: The DiseaseAHS: The Disease

• Incubation period: 2-14 days−Clinical signs typically seen in 5-7 days

• Four forms of the disease−Pulmonary

Mortality 100%−Cardiac

Mortality 50-70%−Mixed-pulmonary and cardiac−Horsesickness fever

Rarely fatal

AHS: Impact & ResponseAHS: Impact & Response• 1989: Portugal outbreak

−Eradication cost $1.9 million • U.S. Horse Industry

− Inventory: 5.25 million horses−Value of sales: $1.75 billion

• Vaccine available in endemic areas• No natural human infection• Vector control imperative to disease

control

African Swine FeverAfrican Swine Fever• Viral infection • Swine

−Febrile, contagious, systemic disease

• Garbage feeding− Infected pork-scraps

• Tick-borne−Ornithodoros sp. (soft ticks)

• Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa

ASF: The DiseaseASF: The Disease• Incubation period: 48-72 hours• Chronic infection

−Low fever, multi-focal erythema (raised and necrotic), pneumonia, painless swelling of joints

• High virulence (100% mortality)−High fever, recumbency, erythema,

anorexia, death • Low virulence (seroconversion)

ASF: Impact and ResponseASF: Impact and Response

• Morbidity approaches 100%−Mortality varies with virulence (0-100%)

• Import/export ban of hogs− Isolation and slaughter required

for eradication−Huge economic impact

• No treatment or vaccine• Humans not susceptible to disease

AkabaneAkabane

• Viral infection• Cattle, sheep, goats

−Reproductive disorders−Asymptomatic dams

• Mosquitoes, biting midges• Tropics and subtropics

−Australia, Japan, Israel, Korea− Incidence related to climate, season

Akabane: The DiseaseAkabane: The Disease

• Viremia: 1-6 days post-infection

• Adults asymptomatic• Pregnant ruminants

−Abortion and stillbirths−Dystocia

• Congenital abnormalities−Varies with stage of gestation

Akabane: Impact and Response

• 2002 U.S. livestock statistics−Calves: 38.2 million head−Lambs: 4.36 million head −U.S. livestock naïve

• No effective treatment• No natural human infection• Potential vectors found in U.S.

−Control vector to control disease• Vaccine used in Japan

Avian Influenza, Highly PathogenicAvian Influenza,

Highly Pathogenic• Type A virus• Domestic and wild birds• Humans• Reservoir: Migratory water fowl

−Aerosols, contaminated drinking water

• Infected flock- source of virus for life• Worldwide distribution

HPAI: The DiseaseHPAI: The Disease

• Incubation period: 3-14 days • Birds

−Sudden death−Egg production drops−Neurological signs

• Humans−Conjunctivitis and

respiratory signs−Death possible

HPAI: Impact and ResponseHPAI: Impact and Response

• Direct losses− Depopulation and disposal− High morbidity and mortality− Quarantine and surveillance− Indemnities

• 2003: European outbreak (H7N7)−30 million birds destroyed−Estimated at $338 million USD

• 2004: Asian outbreak (H5N1)

HPAI: Impact and ResponseHPAI: Impact and Response

• Treatment−Poultry- none−Humans- antivirals

• Control outbreak through depopulation/disinfection

• Prompt response to MP AI outbreak• Vaccine

−Poultry: Expensive, no cross protection−Human: No cross protection

BluetongueBluetongue

• Viral disease• Ruminants: Primarily sheep • 24 serotypes worldwide

−5 isolated in the U.S.

• Vector-borne−Culicoides (biting midge)

• Worldwide distribution−Mediterranean outbreak, 1997-2002

Bluetongue: The DiseaseBluetongue: The Disease• Incubation period: 5-20 days• Sheep

−Salivation, facial swelling, nasal discharge

−Cyanotic (blue) tongue−Reproductive disorders

• Cattle, goats−Subclinical; possible mild hyperemia

• Wildlife−Hemorrhages, sudden death

Bluetongue: Impact and Response

• Affects cattle industry−$125 million per year in lost trade and

animal testing• No treatment; supportive care• Vector control• Vaccine available

−Serotype specific, adverse effects• Humans: Low risk of infection

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

• Prions• Cattle and humans

−Progressively fatal neurologic disease

• Transmission−Consumption of scrapie-

infected feed−Spontaneous mutation

• Worldwide distribution

BSE: The DiseaseBSE: The Disease

• Cattle (BSE)− Incubation period: 2-8 yrs− Initial signs subtle−Final stages

Excitable, hypermetria, ataxic, tremors, loss of condition, death

• Humans (vCJD)− Incubation unknown−Neurological signs progressing to death−28 years old (mean age at death)

BSE: Impact and ResponseBSE: Impact and Response

• United Kingdom−£3.7 billion by end of 2001/02 financial

year• No effective treatment or

vaccine • Surveillance program• Restrictions in place

− Import, animal feeds, slaughter, mammalian products

• Very resistant

Classical Swine FeverClassical Swine Fever

• Viral infection• Pigs and wild boars

−Highly contagious reservoir

• Transmission−Oral (contaminated garbage), direct

contact, aerosol, vertical, insects, fomites

• Worldwide distribution

CSF: The DiseaseCSF: The Disease

• Incubation period: 2-14 days• Variable clinical signs

−Acute to asymptomatic Fever, weakness, anorexia, purplish

discoloration of ears/thighs Chronic infection fatal

−Strain of virus−Susceptibility of pigs− Indistinguishable from ASF

CSF: Impact and ResponseCSF: Impact and Response

• Mortality approaches 100% in acute/chronic infections

• Ban on import/export of pigs/products− Huge economic impact

• No treatment• Control through quarantine, slaughter• Vaccine in endemic countries• Humans not susceptible to disease

CoccidioidomycosisCoccidioidomycosis

• Dimorphic fungus−Saprophytic and parasitic

phase• Dogs, cats, horses, humans• From soil or dust

−Arthroconidia become airborne, inhaled

• Endemic in southwest U.S., northern Mexico, Argentina

Coccidioidomycosis: The Disease

• Incubation period: 1-3 weeks• Disease varies in severity and species

affected• Asymptomatic to disseminated• Primary form

−Fever, lethargy, dry/harsh cough

• Disseminate form−Lameness, joint swelling, abscesses and

draining skin lesions

Coccidioidomycosis: Impactand Response

• Infection is costly−1990: Kern County, CA

Cost more than $66 million−Can be widespread in livestock

• Not communicable or zoonotic• Anti-fungal treatment• No vaccine• Prevent exposure to dust in

endemic areas

Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

• Bacteria−Mycoplasma mycoides mycoides−Small colony type

• Bovine and zebu• Transmission via close contact

(inhalation); transplacental• Endemic in Africa

−Eradicated in Western Hemisphere

CBPP: The DiseaseCBPP: The Disease

• Incubation period: 20-123 days• Respiratory signs

−Cough, broad stance• Chronic infections

−Depressed, thin, polyarthritis−25% Subclinical carriers

• Morbidity ~100%• Mortality 10-70%

CBPP: Impact and ResponseCBPP: Impact and Response

• High economic, social impact− Zambia, Tanzania, Botswana− Drought leading to spread of

disease

• Treatment not always effective− Organism sequestered

• Vaccine available in endemic areas− Not always economically feasible

• Humans not susceptible

Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP)

• Bacteria−Mycoplasma capricolum −Mycoplasma mycoides capri

• Goats• Transmission by direct contact

− inhalation

• Africa, Middle East, Eastern Europe, Soviet Union, Far East

CCPP: The DiseaseCCPP: The Disease• Incubation period: 6-28 days• Mycoplasma F38 strain

−Respiratory symptoms Coughing, labored respiration, nasal

discharge,

−Chronic cases: Carriers

• M. mycoides capri−Septicemia, reproductive, GI, respiratory

symptoms

• Morbidity 100%; Mortality 60-100%

CCPP: Impact and ResponseCCPP: Impact and Response

• Africa and Asia−Goats essential to economics

Meat, milk, hides

• Treatment with antibiotics possible early−Newly infected countries: Slaughter

recommended

• Vaccine available in some countries• Humans not susceptible

Foot and Mouth Disease: FMDFoot and Mouth Disease: FMD

• Viral infection−Highly contagious

• Cloven-hooved animals −Not horses

• Transmission: Direct contact, aerosol, fomites

• Worldwide distribution−Eradicated from U.S. in 1929

Present

Recent Activity

(Rev. 3-25-01)

Foot-and-Mouth DiseaseDistribution and Recent Activity

FMD: The DiseaseFMD: The Disease

• Incubation period: 2-12 days• Cattle

− Indicator host− Fever, vesicles, salivation,

lameness• Sheep and goats

− Maintenance hosts− Mild clinical signs

• Pigs: Amplifying host− Lameness predominant sign

FMD: Impact and ResponseFMD: Impact and Response

• 2001, U.K. Outbreak−Total costs over $18 billion

• 6 million animals slaughtered−FMD free in less than 1 year

• Public perception−Animal welfare−Smoke pollution

FMD: Impact and ResponseFMD: Impact and Response

• Most important livestock disease in the world

• USDA upgrading safeguarding measures

• Quarantine, depopulation, disinfection• Vaccination – complex decision• Extremely rare, mild symptoms in

people

HeartwaterHeartwater

• Rickettsial bacterium• Cattle, sheep, goats, and water

buffalo−Severe disease

• Arthropod-borne−Amblyomma sp.

• Endemic in Africa and Caribbean islands

Heartwater: The DiseaseHeartwater: The Disease

• Incubation period: 14-18 days• Four forms of the disease

−Peracute (rare) Sudden death

−Acute (most common) High fever, respiratory distress,

nervous signs−Subacute (rare)

Prolonged fever and pulmonary edema−Mild or subclinical

Transient fever

Heartwater: Impact and Response

• Zimbabwe national losses−$56 million

• Potential outbreak in U.S.−Estimated 40–100% mortality

• Treat with tetracycline• Vaccine is available• Vector control

Japanese EncephalitisJapanese Encephalitis

• Viral infection• Humans, pigs, and

other domestic species• Arthropod-borne

−Culex sp.

• Endemic in temperate and tropical Asia

JE: The DiseaseJE: The Disease

• Incubation period: 6-10 days• Horses

−Fever and neurologic signs

• Swine−Stillbirths

• Humans−Fever, headache−Fatal encephalitis possible

JE: Impact and ResponseJE: Impact and Response

• High financial loss in pigs• No effective treatment

−Supportive care

• Vector control measures• Vaccine

−Horses and swine−Humans

Lumpy Skin DiseaseLumpy Skin Disease

• Viral infection• Cattle• Arthropod vector

−Mosquitoes and biting flies

• Endemic in sub-Saharan Africa

• Peak: Rainy season

Lumpy Skin Disease:The Disease

• Incubation period: 2-5 weeks

• Fever, abortions, decreased milk production−Nodules typically appear

10 days later

• Mortality rates vary− 2-85%

Lumpy Skin Disease: Impact and ResponseLumpy Skin Disease: Impact and Response

• Severe economic losses due to decreased animal production

• Control secondary infections

• Attenuated LSD vaccine−South Africa

• Sheep and goat pox vaccine−Kenya, Egypt

Malignant Catarrhal FeverMalignant Catarrhal Fever

• Viral infection• Wildebeest- Africa• Sheep/goats- N. America• Susceptible species:

Cattle, bison, other wild ruminants−Dead-end hosts

• Aerosol or mechanical transmission

MCF: The DiseaseMCF: The Disease

• Incubation period: 9-77 days• Four clinical forms

−Acute Sudden death

−Head and eye Fever, necrotic lesions

− Intestinal Severe diarrhea

−Mild

MCF: Impact and ResponseMCF: Impact and Response

• High economic losses in exotics• Mortality near 100% in clinically ill

animals• No effective treatment

−Supportive therapy

• No current vaccine• Human disease not

documented

Menangle virusMenangle virus

• Viral infection−Recently discovered

• Swine reproductive disease• Humans infected• Not highly contagious• Fruit bat reservoir

−Fecal-oral or urinary-oral • Single outbreak

−New South Wales, Australia

Menangle: The DiseaseMenangle: The Disease

• Incubation period: Unknown−Pigs seroconvert in 10-14 days

• Disease in developing fetuses−Mummification −Stillbirth−Deformities

• Decreased farrowing rate• No signs in postnatal pigs

Menangle: Impact and Response

• Great economic impact in naïve swine populations

• 1977 outbreak−Farrowing rate decreased 44%−Decreased litter size −Strong immunity after infection

• No vaccine• Humans

−Malaise, fever, chills−Full recovery

Exotic Newcastle Disease (END)

• Virus affecting poultry−Four pathotypes

• Migratory birds−Secondary human spread

• Feral pigeons• Psittacines shed virus for >1 year• vND endemic in Asia, Middle East,

Africa, Central/ South America

END: The DiseaseEND: The Disease

• Incubation period: 2-15 days• Drop in egg production,

neurological damage, GI signs, respiratory distress

• Numerous deaths within 24-48 hours

• Deaths continue for 7-10 days• Morbidity 100%, mortality 90%

END: Impact and ResponseEND: Impact and Response

• Most costly poultry disease worldwide• 2002-2003: California outbreak

−$160 million impact• Developing countries

−Affects quality and quantity of dietary protein

• Vaccine available• Human’s can acquire eye infections

from contact with virus

Peste des Petits RuminantsPeste des Petits Ruminants

• Viral infection• Goats and sheep• Close contact

−Aerosol, fomites?

• Morbidity and mortality up to 100%

• Africa, the Middle East, India

Peste des Petits Ruminants:The Disease

• Incubation period: 3-10 days• Sudden onset

−Fever, erosive stomatitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia

−More severe in young−Abortions−Diarrhea, dehydration and death

• Prognosis correlated with extent of mouth lesions

Peste des Petits Ruminants: Impact and Response

• Ecomonic losses−Loss of production, death, abortion−Limit trade, export −Constraints on availability of

protein for human consumption

• No specific treatment• Rinderpest vaccine

−Protects for 12 months−Hinders rinderpest campaign in Africa

RinderpestRinderpest

• Viral infection• Highly contagious• Cattle, domestic buffalo

−Other ungulates can carry disease

• Direct or close contact−Also contaminated food,

water, fomites

• East Africa, possibly Asia

Rinderpest: The DiseaseRinderpest: The Disease

• Incubation period−3-15 days

• Four forms−Classical: Fever, diarrhea, nasal/ocular

discharge, oral erosions−Peracute: Young animals, rapidly fatal−Subacute: Mild signs, low mortality−Atypical: Irregular fever, mild diarrhea

Rinderpest:Impact and Response

• Africa: 1982-84 outbreak cost $500 million

• $100 million spent annually on vaccination world-wide

• Diagnosis usually means slaughter• Vaccine offers life-long immunity• Humans not susceptible to disease

Screwworm MyiasisScrewworm Myiasis

• Larvae of the Family Calliphoridae• All warm-blooded animals• Humans and animals infected

when female fly deposits eggs into wound

• Morbidity variable, can reach 100%• Tropical regions

Screwworm Myiasis: The Disease

• Larvae−Emerge in 8-12 hours−Visible within 3 days

• Wounds−Bloody discharge−Foul odor−Secondary infection

• Depression, off feed, rubbing• Signs similar in humans

Screwworm Myiasis:Impact and ResponseScrewworm Myiasis:

Impact and Response• Estimated losses if reintroduced

−$540 million annually−$1.27 billion for eradication

• Treatment−Removal of larvae−Topical larvicide 2-3 days

• Sterile fly technique−U.S. free in 1966−Mexico free in 1991

Sheep and Goat PoxSheep and Goat Pox

• Viral infection−Capripoxvirus−Contagious

• Most important pox disease of domestic animals

• Direct contact− Inhalation, insects?

• Parts of Africa, Asia, India, and the Middle East

Sheep and Goat Pox: The Disease

• Incubation period: 4-13 days• Clinical signs include

−Fever, conjunctivitis, dyspnea−Skin lesions take up to 6

weeks to heal• Mortality

−50% in susceptible flock−100% in young

• No chronic carriers

Sheep and Goat Pox: Impact and ResponseSheep and Goat Pox: Impact and Response

• Infection can limit trade of live animals and product

• Treat secondary infections• Vaccination

−Endemic areas with attenuated virus

• Slaughter should be considered• Humans not susceptible

Swine Vesicular DiseaseSwine Vesicular Disease

• Viral infection−Resistant to heat, pH, curing−Moderately contagious

• Swine and humans• Ingestion or close contact • Previously Europe and Hong Kong

−Only in Italy as of 2002

SVD: The DiseaseSVD: The Disease

• Incubation period:− Ingestion: 2-5 days−Direct contact: 2-7 days

• Clinically resembles FMD • Fever, salivation, lameness• Vesicles

−Snout, mammary gland, coronary band

• Mortality low

SVD: Impact and ResponseSVD: Impact and Response

• Control measures costly• Export restrictions• Supportive care• Vaccine not commercially available• Human infection not common

− Incubation period: 1-5 weeks−Mild influenza-like symptoms−Vesicular lesions not seen

Vesicular Stomatitis Vesicular Stomatitis

• Viral infection• Horses, donkeys, cattle, swine,

South American camelids• Arthropod-borne, direct contact,

aerosol• Morbidity 90%, mortality low• Southwest United States

VSV: The DiseaseVSV: The Disease• Animals

− Incubation period 3-5 days−Oral/mammary/coronary band

lesions, salivation, lameness Resembles FMD

−Recovery in 2 weeks• Humans

− Incubation period 1-6 days− Influenza-like symptoms, rarely oral

vesicles−Self limiting

VSV: Impact and ResponseVSV: Impact and Response

• Outbreaks every 10 years in the U.S• 1982 and 1995: $53-$202 per head

lost on cattle• 1998: Equine outbreak• Supportive treatment • Vaccines available during

an outbreak

The Veterinarian’s Responsibility

• Guardian of animal and public health• Sharpen awareness of disease

agents• Alert officials early• Be involved with emergency

response plans at all levels• You are the expert

−Provide leadership and input to clients and community

ContactsContacts

• Phone numbers to know−State Veterinarian−State Public Health

Veterinarian−APHIS- Area Veterinarian

in Charge−Public Health Officials

Conclusion

SummarySummary

• Importance of agriculture and livestock

• Specific disease agents on high consequence livestock pathogen list−Zoonotic potential

• Veterinarian’s responsibilities• Awareness education imperative

ConclusionConclusion

“The best prescription,is knowledge.”

Dr. C. Everett KoopFormer U.S. Surgeon General

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

Author:

Co-author:

Reviewer:

Danelle Bickett-Weddle, DVM, MPH

Katie Steneroden, DVM, MPHStacy Holzbauer, DVM

James Roth, DVM, PhDGlenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH

overview of high consequence livestock pathogens for veterinarians

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