origin of continents and planets book
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The Origin of Continents and Planets
Scientist. G.Ponmudi
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Dedicated
To My Mother
Smt. Ayesha Ganapathy
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PREFACE
Lands are rising and the rising of land is responsible for earthquake.
The earthquake that shook the new Madrid city from December 1811 to
February 1812, still remain a scientific mystery.
Currently researchers believe that earthquake is an effect of rubbing of
moving continental plates.
But the problem is the city new Madrid is located at the central part of
the North American continent.
During the earthquake rising of some section of land created six foot
waterfalls in the Mississippi river . And the land in the nearby
city called as Tennessee uplifted, about 50 kilometers long and 23
kilometers wide.
This rising of land changed the course of the Mississippi river
permanently.
Therefore I conclude that the earthquake was caused by the rising of the
land.
sinse the earthquake zone is situated at the central part of the continent
the so called moving of continental plates can not be said as an
explanation.
it should be noted that when an earthquake occurred on 30.09.1993 in thekillari village which is located at the central part of the peninsular
India , land has been raised up to three feet hight and the rising of land
has been observed up to two kilometer distance.
Therefore the rising of land is the only reason for the earthquake.
I would like to thank the researches whos research work mentioned in the
reference list.
Yours faithfully
Scientist.G.Ponmudi.
Chennai.
28.02.2009.
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Part I
Continents are not drifting, but rising.
CONTENTSPage No
1. Dinosaurs fossils Challenge Drifting Continents Theory 6
2. Did Stone Age people undertake Sea Voyage? 9
3. Twenty million years ago, the sea level had been ten
Thousand five hundred feet lower than it is now. 13
4. The Ice age myth 26
5. A submerged continent discovered under the Indian Ocean 29
6. From where did the sea water originate? 31
7. Islands are rising 35
8. Continents are rising 39
9. Rocks that formed on the sea floor found on land 47
10. Researchers Opinion 52
11. Land is rising 55
12. The Islands of Indonesia are continuously rising 59
13. Rising of the earths crust is responsible for
Earthquakes 61
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Part II
Our earth is a dead star
CONTENTSPage No
14. Birth of a planet 65
15. Diamond Planets 73
16. Ideas About Planet formation 78
17. Giant Extra Solar Planets 84
18. Intermediate Stars and Giant Planets 92
19. Planet formationTheoryChallenged 100
20. Changing Stars 107
21. Dying stars finally becomes planets 113
22. Jupiter like climate on an intermediate star! 118
LIST OF REFERENCES 121
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Continents are not drifting, but rising
1).Dinosaurs fossils Challenge Drifting Continents Theory
South America and Africa are separated by the Atlantic Ocean . But,
in both these continents the bones of the giant sized lizard, Mesosaurs
which is a variety of dinosaurs are found.
Based on this, Albert Wagener, a meteorological researcher raised a
question as to how the same type of animal could be found in different
continents when they are separated by oceans and concluded that previously
they should have been one single continent. But, at that time this idea was
vehemently opposed.
In the Bering Strait which separates North America from Russia s
Siberia , the land rose first and served as a bridge of land for all
animals like woolly mammoth, wild buffaloes, lions, bears rabbits and cave
men.
To support this theory, in Siberia, in the Yana river valley, the
Stone Age tools used by man and numerous bones of animals were found.
The bones of the dinosaur, Sauropods which lived much before this
period were also found in numerous quantities.
Like this land bridge which is known as Beringiathere should have
been many land bridges between continents, through which the dinosaurs
would have moved and spread. Researchers said that other than this it was
not possible for the continents to move.
Wagenerrefused to believe the concept about land bridges but argued
that continents are moving. 200 million years ago, a huge continent named
Pangaea got divided in to two continents called Laurasia and Gondwana. 150
million years ago the continent Gondwanabroke in to many pieces and formed
South America, Africa, Australia and India .
Among this, India moved in a north eastern direction, crossed the
equator 45 million years ago and collided with the continent Asia . On
account of this, the Himalayas were formed. Wageneralso said that this was
cause for the earthquakes to occur there.
The dinosaurs which were the proof for Wageners concept of moving
continents have today become the opposing features.
The recently unearthed skull of dinosaur at the riverside of
Narmadha, when studied has been found to have existed 95 million years ago
and its close relatives have been living in South America and Africa.
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Professor Paul Sereno of the University of Chicago has said, We
cannot get the closely related species without transport.
The problem here is that according to Pangaeas concept, all these
continents got separated 150 million years ago and have been isolated by
the seas and oceans. So, the question now is that, how a species which
evolved after that period spread to other continents.
Is the Pangaea concept true?
According to the Pangaea concept, India was an island continent 65
million years ago. Dinosaurs which evolved during that period and lived in
the other parts of the world had no opportunity to enter India . It was
because, India was surrounded by sea. But, the skeletons of dinosaurs have
been found in many parts of India . Taking this into consideration, and
according to the Pangaea concept that continents keep moving, India had
never been an island continent. It is proved that as at present; it had
joined Asia. Only if it had happened, the dinosaurs could have come into
India.
Now Wagners followers have explained that, the continent Gondwana
should have got separated at a later stage about 100 million years ago and
even after that there should have been many temporary land bridges between
continents for a period of time, through which the dinosaurs would have
traveled to and fro.
But, the full opposing factor in this case is the dinosaur,Sauropods
which evolved 65 million years ago. This dinosaur which lived in many parts
of India and its close relatives had been living in South America andMadagascar Island in Africa .
According to the Pangaea concept, India was a separate island
continent which had detached it self from Africa and moved thousands of
miles and was near the equator. It had not yet come near the continent of
Asia . There had been sea in between India and Asia . How could the
dinosaurs,Sauropods have reached India ?
Professor Jeffery Wilson of the University of Michigan has said, The
statement that India had moved has not been substantiated with direction
and time.*(1)
But, Paleontologists have said that, fifty million years ago that is
even before Mount Everest came into being Sauropods dinosaurs had entered
India from the North. According to this theory, it is proved that India had
always been part of the continent, Asia .
(*See References)
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Dinosaurs have lived in Antarctica and Australia . Similar to the
land bridge which was formed in Bering Strait area due to the rising of the
land which made the sea recede and paved way for animals to move from one
place to another, there is a possibility that, there could have been many
land bridges between continents through which the dinosaurs could have
migrated to various places.
Hence, the continents did not move; it is only the animals which
moved from one place to another. When the land rises, the sea recedes in
that area and using the land that is visible, the animals move from one
continent to another.
If continents do not move, how do earthquakes occur? Earthquakes
occur only due to the rising of the land from below the sea above sea
level. The fossils of sea animals that are found on thousands of feet high
mountains including the Everest are the best examples for this.
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(2)Did Stone Age people undertake Sea Voyage?
Sandwiched between the continents of Asia and Australia , islands of
Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores , Timor etc. are situated in a
long strip. The caves of the island of Flores were inhabited by 3-foot
dwarfish Stone Age humans, perhaps as early as 1..8 million years ago,
whose bones and the stone tools used by them have been unearthed by the
archeologists of Australia during an excavation.*(2)
The bones of the Stone Age humans who lived forty thousand years ago
in this region, have already been unearthed by the researchers from Timor
Island situated near the island continent of Australia .
It is not an easy task to reach the islands of Flores and Timor .
Specifically, the islands of Sumbawa, Flores and Timor are found in
the ocean region which has a depth of four thousand feet. Lombok Island in
particular, is thirty kilometers away from the island of Bali . A dangerous
strait called Sape is running between these two islands. Hence, ships
with sails and motor boats alone can cross this sea strait. This has given
rise to controversies and arguments among the scientists as to how the
Stone Age man could have crossed this dangerous region between the Flores
and Timor islands.
The bones and tools of Stone Age people have been unearthed in India
and Sri Lanka which are separated by a six hundred feet deep sea.
Researchers are of the opinion that, ten thousand years ago, when the sealevel was six hundred feet lower than the present level, Stone Age people
should have migrated from India to Sri Lanka .
Researchers believe that later the ice which was above the land
should have melted and raised the level of the sea level for about six
hundred feet. But it is a surprise that how the Stone Age people went to
Flores Timor islands and the continent of Australia , which have been
separated by a four thousand feet deep sea.
Researcher Tim White says that, Stone Age dwarf people might have
been brought from Bali Island to Flores Island by Tsunami waves.
But researcher Robert Bednarik says that the currents that are
running between the Indonesian islands can only be crossed over by boats
made of wood like catamarans using oars. He not only said this, but also
tests his idea by traveling from Bali Island to Lombok Island a few times.
This voyage in catamarans was made into documentaries by BBC News Channel
and National Geographic Channel. *(3)
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The catamaran should be made by stone tools was the condition. But,
when bamboos were cut by these tools, they developed cracks. If a catamaran
was made with such bamboos, instead of floating it would sink in the sea.
Hence, this important condition was overlooked and the catamaran was made
by using iron tools. In the same way, using stones, it was impossible to
make even a single oar.
Once the catamaran was ready, early morning at 6.30 am it started
from Bali Island surrounded by security ships with twelve crew members.
Initially only three people were rowing. Within three hours, when they
became tired, the next three took over and continued rowing. When they too
became tired in the midday sun, the next three started the work. At the
same time, the catamaran reached the deepest part of the sea. The
catamaran which was proceeding forward till now was pulled sideward by the
water current.
When vigorous rowing was continued against current, one of the
sailors fainted. A person who came from the assisting ship continued
rowing. But, by this time, the current had changed the direction and had
taken the catamaran far away and the island which was visible before was
last from view. So, the catamaran was brought back to the previous spot and
rowing was continued.
But, the catamaran moved inch by inch. In this situation,
unexpectedly the direction of wind changed and using this opportunity, as
the catamaran proceeded, it reached Gili Island which was situated before
Lombok Island in the evening at 6.30 pm. The people who rowed the catamaran
were panting for breath when they said, Even if we had taken one or twominutes of rest, we would not have been able to reach the shore. Hence,
even after rowing continuously for twelve hours, the idea of reaching
Lombok Island did not succeed.
How could have Stone Age people crossed the sea which was not
possible even by the present day men?
Referring to this, researcher Loin Davidson says that from the past
two and a half lakh years to seventy thousand years, there has not been a
large change in the stone tools that have been used by the Stone Age men.
They seem to be similar. Hence, the intelligence level in these men might
not have undergone much of a change. This proves that the Stone Age men
would not have planned long sea voyages using their limited intelligence,
says Davidson. *(4,5)
Moreover, the continent of Australia is thousand kilometers away from
Timor Island and is not visible from Timor Island . Hence, would the Stone
Age men venture a sea voyage towards a destination that was not visible? In
addition to this, it took six days for the Robert Bednarik group to cross
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the deep sea between Timor Island and the continent of Australia . Would
the Stone Age men have ventured a similar day and night sea voyage? What
would they have done for food and water for six days?
Barbarians did not undertake any sea voyages. It was the sea that was four
thousand feet lower at that time?
Hence, the finding of bones and stone tools of Stone Age men who
lived forty thousand years ago in the continent of Australia, which was
separated from the continent of Asia by a four thousand feet deep sea,
proves that forty thousand years ago, the sea level was about four thousand
feet lower in the Indonesian region.
Hence, forty thousand year ago, a land connected the continent of
Asia and the continent of Australia . Through this strip of land, the Stone
Age people of the continent of Asia went by foot to the continent of
Australia . Later, when the sea level rose, the land also split in
different places and rose up along with the rising sea which resulted in
the formation of many islands. On account of this, the Stone Age men were
unable to leave the islands and were isolated there.
Why did the land rise? Why did the sea level rise?
The molted rock material found inside the earth gradually cooled down
and hardened to form rocky plates in different layers. On account of this
phenomenon, water, gases and oil were separated from the molten rock which
reduced the thickness of the rocky plates. As the thinner rocky plates
formed from the thick molten rock moved upwards, the land surface also
rose. At the same time, while the molten rock cooled, the water which wasseparated from it, formed hot water springs under the sea, which raised the
sea level up to four thousand feet.
When the land surface rises suddenly from the sea floor, natural
disasters like earthquakes, landslides and Tsunami are caused.
It is incorrect to say that the continents are moving
When the sea level was by many thousands of feet, the continents were
inter connected by land. Through this passage, animals migrated from one
continent to another. Later, when the sea level rose, the continents were
separated by the sea.
The reason for the discovery of the same species of animals found in
different continents separated by the sea proves that the sea level was
lower many thousands of years ago. But, some researchers says that once
upon a time the land surfaces found now formed a single continent and later
it split into many pieces of land and that is the reason for the presence
of the same type of species of animals on different continents and islands.
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The discovery of the bones of the terrestrial animal Mesosaurus in
South America and Africa which are separated by the Atlantic Ocean is
explained by the theory that, once upon a time these two continents were a
single land and later got separated is incorrect.
But in reality, the land is rising due to which earthquakes are
caused.
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(3)Twenty million years ago, the sea level had been ten thousand five
hundred feet lower than it is now.
In1835, Charles Darwin, a scientist visited the Galapagos Island
which is situated about thousand kilometers from South America in the
Pacific Ocean .
On the island, he saw a number of giant tortoises. He was surprised
as to how these creatures came to that island. It was because each tortoise
weighed two hundred and fifty kilos and looked like rocks. They would be
unable to float on water even for a second.
Researchers are of the opinion that these tortoises could have climbed on
the branches which were carried away by sudden floods in the river and
forced them into the sea. They would have traveled for about two weeks and
reached the island.
But, the branches will not float in a manner suggested by them. They
usually keep turning and rolling. These tortoises have no toes and their
legs resemble that of the elephants. Hence, it would not have been
possible for them to travel without rolling and falling into the sea when
the branches were rolling and tossing.
The important question is how they survived for two weeks without
food and water. Researchers say that sufficient fats and water were stored
in their body which would have helped them to live without food for two
weeks.
But, Trevor Worth, a research scientist found the jaw bone and thethigh bones of a rat like animal which could have lived nineteen million
years ago in New Zealand, a place two thousand kilo meters away from the
continent of Australia.
Michael Archer, an ancient Zoologist is of the opinion that as
the upper part of the thigh bone is broader than the lower part, this
animal would have been hopping and moving and would not have been able to
travel on a floating branch to reach the island. *(6)
Researchers say that traveling to Galapagos which is nearly thousand
kilometers from South America on a floating branch would take two weeks for
the tortoises to reach there. When this is the case, to reach New Zealand
which is in Australia about two thousand kilometers away by traveling on a
floating branch will take a minimum four weeks. Could a small rat like
animal have survived without food and particularly water, for such a long
period?
To be specific, the island of New Zealand is situated in a place
where the sea is of ten thousand feet depth. So, as the sea level had been
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ten thousand feet lower, there had been some connection between the
continents and using this, these animals must have reached here from the
continents by way of walking. Later on the sea level could have risen.
Moreover, bones of dinosaurs have been unearthed in the island
Chatham , *(7) which is close to New Zealand . As the sea level had been
ten thousand feet lower, even dinosaurs could have migrated from continent
to continent.
Instead of this, researchers say that all the continents were
together before and then slowly moved away from each other is incorrect.
The reason for the rising of the sea level about ten thousand feet
high is the continuous flow of water from hot water springs found under the
sea.
The molten rock found in the center of the earth gradually cools and
hardens to form rocky plates. The water which is eliminated during this
process only comes out through hot water springs.
As the water gets separated from the dense molten rock, it gets
converted into rocky plates which are of lesser density and these start
rising upwards there by making the continents also to rise. When the rocky
plates in a particular area rise like this, they rub against the adjacent
plates and this only results in an earth quake in that area.
Only the rising of the rocky plates causes earth quakes
Animals on remote islands is a puzzle
Chameleons are animals which originated twenty million of years ago.
Chameleons cannot swim. But, they are found not only in the continent of
Africa, but also in the islands of the Indian Ocean such as Madagascar ,
Sussex and Comoros . These islands are situated at a distance of ten
thousand five hundred feet (two miles) in the sea.
Hence, twenty million years ago, as the sea was ten thousand
five hundred feet (two miles) lower than it is now, from the continent of
Africa, chameleons spread by way of land to Madagascar , Sussex and Comoros
which are islands formed by volcanoes.
In the same way, in many islands found in the middle of the sea,
frogs, lizards and snails which cannot swim in the sea are found and this
proves the fact that, twenty million years before the sea was ten thousand
five hundred feet (two miles) lower than it is now.
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Lizards and frogs.
As frogs live both on land and water, they are known as amphibians.
But frogs mostly spend their life time near water bodies. The main reason
for this is, the first life which originated in the sea had to undergo a
lot of evolutionary changes. Frogs were breathing with the help of gills in
the tadpole stage but, developed lungs in due course to lead a terrestrial
life. But, the reason for frogs to live near water bodies is that, unlike
snakes and lizards, frogs eggs are smooth and slimy and are laid in
shallow waters. If these eggs were exposed to wind or sunlight for a long
time the water content in them will get evaporated and the embryo in the
eggs will die.
Similarly, the skin of the frog is very thin and moist and so the
frog always avoids windy and sunny places. Hence, frogs come out during
rainy season and reproduce. The most important thing to be noted is that
the frog cannot survive in sea water. It is because, when the excess salt
from the sea water gets into its body, the frog will die.
Under these circumstances, the reason for the presence of frogs on
islands is that, twenty million years ago the sea level was two miles lower
than it is now.
When compared to frogs, we can say that lizards are a slightly
advanced group of animals because they lay eggs which are protected by
shells. Hence there is no necessity for the eggs to be laid in the water or
near water.
Moreover the body of lizards and garden lizards are covered with dry
scales. This prevents the water in the body from being evaporated. So these
animals have spread out far from water bodies.
The toes of lizards and garden lizards are capable of holding on to
the branches of trees but are not designed to swim. So, the reason for wild
lizards and garden lizards to live on many islands is that the sea level
was two miles lower, twenty million of years ago. It is not possible to say
that man would have taken them there, because on each island, the wild
lizards are of different kinds. Likewise, after millions of years new
species will evolve.
Hence, as the lizards and frogs are different from each other, it
clearly shows that before man could inhabit those islands, these animals
have gone there. So, the reason for wild lizards and frogs which cannot
swim to live on many islands in the middle of the sea is that, the sea
level was two miles lower, twenty million years ago.
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How did field frogs cross the sea?
After harvest, in paddy fields a species of frog commonly called as
Rice Frog and scientifically known as limno nectus limcharis are spotted.
These frogs are not only found in the island of Srilanka and Indonesia but
also on the islands of Japan and Philippines .
In the same way a kind of lizard called Aranai in Tamil and
scientifically known as Tiliqua Gigas with a blue tongue is found in Papua
New Guinea , Guam, Aru and Bismarck islands. Similarly, a kind of lizard
with a blue coloured tail and scientifically known as Emoia caeruleocauda
is found in Malaysia , Indonesia , Philippines , New Guinea and Solomon
Islands . To be specific, these animals cannot swim in the sea. The reason
for their presence in these islands is that, the sea level was two miles
lower, twenty million years ago.
Chameleons on Seychelles Island
For example, the species of Tiger chameleon found on Seychelles
Island in the Indian Ocean, one thousand kilometers on the eastern side of
the continent of Africa are seen in Africa also.
Chameleons are animals which first originated twenty million years
ago. There are one hundred and twenty five species of chameleons. All these
species originated from a common ancestor.
The most important thing to be noted is that the depth of the sea
between Seychelles Island and the continent of Africa is ten thousand fivehundred feet (two miles). But, chameleons cannot swim in the sea because
their two toes are joined together and face the front where as the other
three toes are joined together and face the back side like tongs to enable
them to hold on to the branches of trees firmly.
Seychelles Island and the continent of Africa are ten thousand five
hundred feet (two miles) away from each other and how could the ancestor of
chameleon have reached there? The reason for their presence on this island
is that the sea level was two miles lower twenty million years ago and the
ancestorof tiger chameleon must have reached there by land.
Giant tortoises on Seychelles Island
Researchers are of the opinion that from Africa these chameleons could have
climbed on the branches which were carried away by sudden floods in the
river which forced them into the Indian Ocean and would have finally
reached Seychelles Island.
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But on Seychelles Island more than a lakh of giant tortoises are
found. These tortoises would be unable to float on water even for a second
because each tortoise weighed three hundred kilograms (the weight of three
men) and looked like rocks.
But, tree branches will not float like a boat. They usually keep
turning and rolling. These tortoises have no toes and their legs resemble
that of elephants. Hence, it would not have been possible for them to
travel without rolling and falling into the sea and most of all surviving
when the branches were rolling.
Leaf shaped snails in the continent of Australia .
In the island continent of Australia , yellow colored shell
less snail is found. This species of snail is also found in Papua New
Guinea islands, on the Eastern side of New Zealand and on the southern
side, island Macquarie . A researcher, T.W Burton of Victoria University
has stated The spreading of these snails from the continent of Australia
to the nearby islands cannot be determined using the knowledge available
at present. *(8)
It is important to mention that the frog Litoria eucnemis is also
found in the continent of Australia , Papua New Guinea islands and
Indonesia . How did these frogs reach Papua New Guinea islands and the
continent of Australia ?
Lizards on islands:
Mourning Gecko a species of lizard is found in India , Srilanka,
Andaman , Japan , Indonesian islands like Borneo and Sulawesi, in
Philippines , Guam Marcos and in the centre of the Pacific Ocean, Solomon ,
Fiji and Samoa Islands . How could these lizards have traveled to these
islands?
Partula snails
Snails that live on land breathe through lungs. These snails cannot
swim in the sea. But, Partula Gibba, a species of snail lives in Guam
Mariana and the other nine volcanic islands found on East Asian island area
of Philippines . How could a terrestrial snail reach the volcanic islands
found in the centre of the sea?
The other species of the same snail are found on the islands Samoa,
Tahiti and Marcos, situated in the centre of the Pacific Ocean which is
eight thousand five hundred kilometers on the western side of Philippines
Island . Researchers say that these snails could have reached there by air
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or by the sea water currents. But, as the earth is rotating from west to
east, the wind blows from west to east in the Pacific Ocean area.
Similarly, water currents are also running from west to east. In this
situation, therefore the question raised, how could the snails have
traveled from Philippines which is on the eastern side and reached the
islands, Samoa and Tahiti which are situated in the centre of the Pacific
Ocean , on the western side through air?
Hence, when the Pacific Ocean was ten thousand feet lower, there had
been land connections between the continents and the islands and using this
link, these snails must have reached the land in the centre of the ocean.
Later when the land rose, these land areas were surrounded by sea water and
they shrunk into islands.
Amber snails on Hawaii Island
On one side of the spherical earth, continents are situated and the
other side comprises of the Pacific Ocean . Surrounding the Pacific Ocean,
the continents of North America, South America, Asia and Australia are
found. The volcanic island of Hawaii is situated in the central part of the
Pacific Ocean , more than two thousand kilo meters away from these land
areas. But the amber snails which are in the color of amber and found in
North America, South America, Asia and Australia are found on this island
too.
Definitely these amber snails could not have reached the volcanic
island of Hawaii situated in the central part of the Pacific Ocean , more
than two thousand kilo meters away from these land areas by wind or water
currents. Hence, these amber snails also prove that the Pacific Ocean hadbeen lower before.
The extraordinary journey of snails
In the continent of Europe , Balea snails which have a very small nut
like shell are found sticking to the trees. These snails are found on
Azores, a volcanic island which is in the central region of North
Atlantic Ocean, one thousand five hundred kilo meters away from the
continent of Europe .
Dr. Richard Breeze of Cambridge University says that these snails
could have stuck to the legs of birds and reached the island. This
explanation sounds extraordinary because birds are in the habit of cleaning
themselves often. *(9)
The same species of snails which are found on the northern hemisphere
on the island, Azores situated in between North America and Europe in North
Atlantic Ocean is Also found on the volcanic island of Tristan de Cunha
in the southern hemisphere between the continents, South America and South
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Africa in the central part of South Atlantic Ocean which is nine thousand
kilo meters away from Azores .
So, the explanation which states that these Balea snails would have
stuck to the legs of birds and reached Azores becomes questionable. It is
because, the theory of Balea snails had moved from one island to another by
following the same method of clinging to the legs of birds sounds
unacceptable.
Then how could these snails have spread in both the islands?
To be specific, both these islands are the highest peaks of a
mountain range which starts from the northern hemisphere and extends to the
southern hemisphere below the sea and protrude above the surface of the
Atlantic Ocean .
This under sea mountain range is eight thousand feet above the
sixteen thousand feet deep sea bed of the Atlantic Ocean . But, it is six
thousand feet below the sea level.
As already known through different kinds of evidence, twenty million
years ago when the sea was ten thousand feet lower than it is now, this
under water mountain range was four thousand feet higher. So, Balea snails
found on Azores, a volcanic island which is in the central region of
North Atlantic Ocean, traveled by land and reached the volcanic island of
Tristan da Cunha in the central part of South Atlantic Ocean.
After this, as the sea level rose ten thousand feet, the mountain
range which was above sea level got submerged in the sea.
So, Balea snails did not cling to the legs of birds and reach the
island by air but in fact, twenty million years ago they traveled on the
Atlantic mountain range which was above the sea level and reached the
island of Tristan da Cunha from the island of Azores .
The Extraordinary sea voyage of frogs.
From the body of the thin skinned frog, water will get easily
evaporated. This will cause the death of the frog. To prevent this, the
skin of the frog will always be moist. In spite of this natural protection,
the frog comes out only in the rainy season. It always lives in wet shady
areas and avoids too much of sun and windy places. To be specific, frogs
will not move far away from water bodies.
When it is so, Dr. Blair Hedges of the Pennsylvania University has
found out through DNA test that, the frogs found in the Caribbean Islands
had their ancestors in the continent of South America .
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But, these ancestors would have traveled from South America to
Caribbean Islands on sea plants which was washed out into the sea by the
force of rivers and they would have had insects to eat and water to drink
on those sea plant says Hedges.*(10)
But, as the Atlantic Oceans level was ten thousand feet lower, the
frogs have traveled from South America to the Caribbean by land through the
connection that existed then. After the land rose, South America and the
Caribbean also rose.
Warrah, a continuing puzzle:
Warrah (extinct now), a type of barking hyenas lived on Falkland, an
island situated five hundred kilo meters from South America and ten
thousand feet deep in the Atlantic and till this day, nobody is able to
explain how they would have reached the island. This puzzle can also be
answered with the theory that twenty million years ago the sea was ten
thousand feet lower than it is now.
Giant earthworms on Borneo Island
Earthworms cannot swim or fly. The important thing to be noted is
that the skin of the earthworm is very thin. So, earthworms cannot cross
the sea. But, on the mountain region of Kinabalu situated in Borneo on the
seas of Indonesia , giant earthworms which grow up to seventy centimeters
are found. Usually from an existing species a new one will evolve after
millions of years. So, this giant earthworm has evolved from an earthworm
which went from Asia to Borneo many millions of years ago.
So, it is proved that many millions of years ago the island of Borneo
was connected to the continent of Asia by land. Later the new rocky plates
that were formed below the continuous land surface of Indonesia rose
individually thereby breaking the land into pieces. The sea level also rose
simultaneously, surrounded the pieces of land and created many islands.
Like the giant earthworm found in Borneo, a unique type of centipedes
are found on Hawaii islands.
Why does an earthquake occur?
When the molten rock gradually gets cooled and hardens to form rocky
plates, the water that escapes comes out through deep sea hot springs and
gets mixed with the sea which results in the rising of sea level up to ten
thousand feet high. Moreover the dense molten rock produces new rocky
plates which are less dense and these plates rise upwards. This results in
their rubbing against the neighboring plates causing earthquakes.
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Animals on islands-a mystery
The reason for the fossils to be found on the mountains is that, all
the land had once been under the sea bed and later rose above sea level.
But, what is the reason for the animals which are found on the
continents to be also present on the islands which are hundreds of miles
away?
The tiger which is found in Asia is also present in Sumatra and Java
islands. Similarly, the short tailed foxes found at California in North
America are also found in Santa Barbara , Santa cruse, San clement and
Channel Islands situated in the Pacific Ocean .
It is said that these short tailed foxes could have reached here 8000
years ago during the ice age when the sea was frozen to ice and appeared as
an ice desert. In the same island, the bones of cold region animal, woolly
mammoth which was of the height of a horse were also found.
Moreover, the rats found in Europe are also found in Cyprus situated
in the Mediterranean Sea . Man visited this island only 6000 years ago.
But, the rats from Europe had arrived on this island 9000 years ago.
In 1931, when Charles Darwin visited the Falkland Island in the
Atlantic Ocean, situated 500 miles away from South America , he found a new
species of hyenas moving about freely without any fear on the island and he
was surprised.
The hyenas gave them surprised looks as if they had never seen human
beings before.
Till this day, it has been very puzzling as to how these creatures
came to be on that isolated island.
Similarly, on the island Tasmania near Australia , animals called
Tasmanian devils are found.
How did these animals reach those islands? To be specific, the white
nosed bears found in India and the opossums found on Western Ghats are also
found in Srilanka. The snow monkeys found in the Himalayan region are also
found in the volcanic island group, the Japan Island in the Pacific Ocean .
Orangutan and Gibbon are also found in Java and Sumatra Islands .
These island groups are found on the sea bed called Sunda which is at
300 feet depth below the sea level. It is believed that during ice age when
the sea level was 300 feet lower, animals would have come to these islands.
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Can animals cross the ocean?
Animals which have pouches to carry their young like the kangaroo are
called marsupial mammals. As the fossils of these marsupials were found in
the continents of North America, South America and Antarctica, it was
concluded that these animals migrated from North America through the
continent of Antarctica to Australia . But, recently the bones of the
ancestors of kangaroos which lived 125 million years ago have been
unearthed in China .
Researcher Tom Rich of the Victoria museum of Melbourne city says
that this opens a new vista regarding the evolution of mammals. This
strengthens the view that from China these kangaroos could have gone to
Australia and the sea level had also been very low to help these animals to
move from one continent to another.
Did monkeys cross the Atlantic Ocean ?
According to Wagners theory of moving continents, it was believed
that 150 million years ago South America was detached from the continent of
Africa , moved towards west and reached the position in which it is now
situated. Researches show that only 3 million years ago the land of Panama
appeared between North America and South America and united both these
continents.
Wagners theory states that till then South America was an island
continent. Recently the jaw bones of a monkey which lived 20 million years
ago have been found in Andes Mountain at South America . After examiningthe teeth, researchers have stated that this species of monkeys originated
in Africa .
At present, the DNA tests conducted on the monkeys living in South
America also showed that their ancestors reached there from Africa .
(Researcher Diane Rowe of Massachusetts University said that even the
rabbit like animals living at present in America traveled on the Atlantic
using floating plants and logs and reached here from Africa ).
The problem here is, researcher John Flynn of the Chicago city museum
states that the ancestors of these monkeys traveled on floating plants and
logs 20 million years ago and crossed the 2000 miles broad Atlantic Ocean
and reached here. Moreover we were under the impression that the Andes
Mountain originated 100,000,000 years ago.
The recently discovered bones have made us understand that it
originated later and the theories about the formation of Andes have
completely changed. But, as the sea level was very low, there is a
possibility that from Africa these monkeys could have reached South America
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by land. Moreover the DNA tests conducted on monkeys found on Jamaica also
revealed that they were from Africa . So, it is clear that the sea level
had been very low many million years ago.
Penguins are birds which cannot fly. But these birds are found not
only in the continent of Antarctica but also in South America, Africa,
Australia and a few other islands. The reason for these birds to be found
in all these continents and islands is that, 60 million years ago the sea
was up to 2000 feet lower and many islands were above sea level at that
time.
Ramas Bridge which was used by animals and humans
Below the sea, connecting India and Srilanka for about 30 mile length
there is a bridge like structure made of limestone which was revealed by
the photograph taken by the American space research center NASAs
satellite. These under sea rocks which are called as Ramas bridge have
been formed seventy thousand years ago. Such limestone rocks, sea plants,
eggs of turtles and the fossils of ammonites have been unearthed in many
places in Ariyalur, at Trichy.
Hence, it is proved that all these land areas were once below the sea
and have risen up. Though this bridge is below the sea, six thousand years
ago it had been five feet above sea level.
Through this bridge, people have been able to go to Srilanka from
India by walking. The thin variety Opossums which at present live in
Western Ghats and the Opossumswhich live in Srilanka have been proved to
be close relatives through DNA tests. So, even animals have used thisbridge to reach Srilanka from India . Similarly, the existence of animals
in totally water surrounded islands has attracted the attention of the
researchers for a long time.
For example, on island Madagascar situated in the Indian Ocean, 250
miles away from the continent of Africa , a rare variety of monkeys called
Lemur are found. On the volcanic island, Comoros which is 100 miles from
here, including monkeys, wild cats called Civets, and insect eating animals
are found. A new debate has begun at present as to how these monkeys
reached this island.
Albert Wagner, a researcher said that, this island was initially
united with the continent of Africa and later around 160 million years ago
detached itself from there and moved in an easterly direction and became an
island.
Based on this theory, it was explained that when the island got
separated and moved, some monkeys also came along with it. But zoo
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researchers have found out that these monkeys have evolved only 60 million
years ago.
It was informed that even 60 million years ago that is, before the
evolution of these monkeys, Madagascar got separated from the continent of
Africa and reached the place where it is situated now.
Then, how these monkeys managed to cross the ocean and reach this
island? Now, the new explanation given is that the ancestors of these
monkeys would have reached here from Africa on floating plants.
Is it possible for small chunks of land from continents to get
detached to from islands and larger pieces of land to get separated from
mainland and move away from continents?
Is it true that animals could cross oceans on logs and floating
vegetation? The answer to this question has been obtained now.
The Island New Zealand is situated 1250 miles away from The land of
Kangaroos, Australia. This island is called The land of Birds. It is
because only birds live on this island. Apart from opossum which was
brought here by man, there are no more animals here.
So, the birds were able to live happily without any disturbance, lay
eggs raise their young and multiply in number.
But, researcher Wagner who put forth the concept of moving continents
has stated that this island was formed after it got separated from the
continent of Australia 80 million years ago.
The surprising feature here is that, 100 million years ago kangaroos
ancestors and many other mammals had lived in Australia . If it is true
that, this island had got separated from Australia 80 million years ago as
per Wagners statement, why is it that these animals did not move along
with the island?
So, it is revealed that, this island did come into being by detaching
itself from the continent of Australia. Moreover, from the mountain hare
and Perth in Australia, including the bones of Baleen whales, many more
fossils of sea organisms have been unearthed. So, the continent of
Australia and New Zealand are continuously rising upward from the sea.
A researcher by name Trevor Worth has unearthed the jaw and thigh
bones of a rat like animal which lived nineteen million years ago in the
central part of the island, New Zealand. This rat does not match with any
other animal found in Australia and so, this rat is considered to be a
separate animal species.
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Michael Archer, a researcher has said that this animal should belong
to those that hop and move after inspecting its thigh bone which was
broader on the upper side than the lower side. He also said that, this
animal could not have reached the island on floating plants or logs.
But, in the island Papua New Guinea which is near New Zealand , rats
are found. Moreover, both these islands are volcanic islands. When the
volcanoes rise from below the sea, the surrounding land is also raised.
This causes cracks on the earths crust and through these cracks, the
molten rock is emitted. When this molten rock cools down, the water, other
gases and oil are separated which results in the formation of rocky plates
with less density.
The ice which is formed from water is of low density and floats on
water. In the same way, the rocky plates which are of a lesser density than
the molten rock rise to the upper region. As the newly formed rocky plates
rise upwards, they rub against the rocks inside the earth which results in
earthquakes.
by making use of the land bridges that rise from below the sea,
animals move from one place to another and make their habitat. Apart from
this it is not possible for continents to move or for animals to cross the
oceans on floating plants.
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(4)The Ice age myth
Similarly, ice age is mentioned as a reason for the rising of the sea
level. It is believed that 12,000 years ago most of the land was covered by
layers of ice and snow and later when it melted and flowed into the sea,
the level of the sea rose.
The reason for the occurrence of ice age was believed to be the
changes that took place on the orbit of the earth. When the earth moved a
little away from the sun and revolved around it, the temperature decreased
and layers of ice were formed and when the earth moved closer to the sun
and revolved, the temperature rose and this resulted in the melting of the
layers of ice. The contradiction is that, when the earth moves away from
the sun and the temperature falls, the evaporation of sea water will also
be reduced. So, the water which is already on land will only turn to ice.
Similarly when the earth moves closer to the sun, the temperature
will rise and at the same time, both the melting of ice as well as the
evaporation of sea water will take place simultaneously and so, no
noticeable change will take place in the level of the sea.
Moreover, as the bones of dinosaurs found in the continent of
Antarctica match with the bones found in the continent of South America and
the continent of Australia , we come to know that dinosaurs had begun their
journey from South America, traveled through Antarctica and reached
Australia .
These continents are separated from each other by the sea which is upto two thousand feet deep. So, 65 million years ago if the sea level had
been 2000 feet lower, these dinosaurs could have migrated from one
continent to another.
What could be the reason for the sea to rise 2000 feet high?
Definitely it cannot be attributed to ice age. It may be because, 700 600
million years ago, during ice age not only the land but also the sea was
covered with thick layers of ice which extended to a height of many kilo
meters says the ice age theory. But the recently discovered proofs have
made these theories questionable.
Researcher Blair Hedges and his group from the University of
Pennsylvania wanted to find out when plants first appeared on earth with
the help of DNA tests and this group has declared that even before 700
million years ago non green plants like fungi have lived on earth. This
clearly shows that during this period of time, the earths crust was not
covered by Ice.*(11)
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Similarly, a group of researchers headed by Dr. Dan Condon of the
University of St. Andrews have stated that based on the fact that the
fossils of animals which lived 600 million years ago found in the rocks of
West Scotland, Namibia and California, the sea in this area could not have
been covered with ice during that period.*(12)
Similarly, researcher Allison Alcott of South California University
says that the earth was not covered with ice 600 million years ago after
seeing the fossils of living things in the slates found in Libya , Canada ,
Australia and Brazil which had been photosynthesizing using sun light.*(13)
Moreover, Phillip Alan, a professor of London College and a
researcher, after conducting research on the rocks and finding out the
Chemical reactions that took place due to the weather conditions which
prevailed 850 544 million years ago at Oman, states that there had been
no ice age at all!*(14)
If it is true that the whole earth had been covered with ice many
kilometers high, where did all that ice disappear? If such a huge quantity
of ice had melted and turned in to water, no part of earth would be visible
above the earth now. So, ice age is just an imaginary theory.
Hence, ice age is not the reason for the sea to be two thousand feet
low at a point of time and later rise upwards. In fact, thousands of hot
water springs which are under the sea and letting out?
Hydrothermal vent Water even today is only responsible for the rise
in the sea level.
During the Ice age also the sea level has risen.
Even in Ice age, it has come to our notice that there have been a lot
of differences in the sea level within a short period of time.. This too
has surprised the scientists. Due to change in the temperatures in the
polar areas, the snow layers keep melting and when there is snow fall
again, the snow layers keep forming again which produce differences in the
level of the sea. Usually, this rise and fall will be 100 feet in one lakh
of years.
Scientists are of the opinion that this change in the level of the
sea would have taken place in one lakh of years due to the changes that
occurred on the orbit on which the earth revolves around the sun. Other
than that, the scientists were under the impression that twelve thousand
years ago the level of the sea in Ice age was stable.
When this was the prevailing condition, two scientists of the
Columbia University, William Thomson and Steven L Goldstein have discovered
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a new method in which, by studying the amount of radio active uranium
present in the fossils of the sea moss deposited on the land, we can find
out accurately how the level of the sea had been thousands of years ago.
On the basis of this when they conducted a research; it had been
found that, in Ice age also huge changes have occurred in the sea level.
There had been changes in about 30 meters height. This is an unexpected and
surprising happening. This event has taken place between 3000 to 9000
years. *(15)
In Ice age where the temperature does not fluctuate, what is the
reason for the variation in sea level? This indicates that the so called
ice age does not happen.
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(5) A submerged continent discovered under the Indian Ocean
An American researchers haves discovered a submerged continent, at a
depth of two kilo meters, in the southern part of the Indian Ocean .*(16)
The volcanic island, Kerguelen is found near the continent of
Antarctica, seven thousand kilo meters away on the southern tip of India .
This island was discovered in 1772, by a French sailor named
Kerguelen. Hence this island is named after him.
As seals are found in abundance surrounding this island, only seal
hunters were using this island. At times researchers also visited the
island and conducted researches.
Though this island is situated at the extreme end of the Indian Ocean
and nearer to the continent of Antarctica, the flora found in this island
is similar to that found in the continent of South America which had been a
puzzle for a long time.
This puzzle is solved now.
The submerged continent
The island, Kerguelen and the surrounding three hundred tiny islands
are situated on a plateau which is two kilometers below sea level.
On the center of this submerged plateau, volcanic lava has flowed andcooled to form fossils in which the burnt parts of trees, seeds and pollen
grains were found by researchers.
Moreover researchers have found that these fossils were formed twenty
million years ago.
Based on these findings, researchers have discovered that twenty
million years ago this plateau had been above the sea level as a continent
with dense forests.
Twenty million years ago, when the sea level was two kilometers
lower, there had been land connecting the continents and pieces of land
which islands are at present. Through this connecting land, animals like
the Dinosaur and the flora had spread from one continent to another and
also the islands.
On account of this, the flora found on the island of Kerguelen is
similar to those found on the continent of South America .
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Later, the sea rose up to two kilometers. This rise in the level of
the sea resulted in the submerging of the continent which was once above
the sea level.
This continent which is three times larger in area than Japan is
named by researchers as the Continent of Kerguelen.
What is the reason for the rising of sea level up to two kilometers
high?
There are thousands of hot water springs below the sea. Through
these springs, water from the interior of the earth is pushed out and
continuously mixing with the sea. This water is formed when the molten rock
from deep earth cools down and hardens to form rocky plates. This water is
known as Molten Rock Water.
The water separated from the molten rock is expelled through the hot
water springs and gets mixed with the sea, resulting in the rise of the sea
level. When the sea rose two kilometers high, many islands and plateaus
were submerged in the sea.
For example, researchers have discovered three volcanoes in the
Pacific Ocean which were submerged two thousand feet deep in the western
side of North America .
The research conducted with the help of deep sea robots showed that
the rocks eroded by waves, caves formed in the rocks by waves and pebbles
were found near the under sea volcanoes.
Moreover, through research we come to know that due to the action of
the wind on the volcanic lava, once upon a time, these rocks must have been
thrown on the land which was situated above the sea level.
Hence, the researchers are of the opinion that the volcanoes which
are now submerged two thousand feet below the sea level had been in the
past beautiful islands with seashores above the sea level.
This submerged volcanoes proved that twenty million years ago, the
sea level had been lower than it is at present.
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(6) From where did the sea water originate?
The sea was formed only due to the water which came out of the hot
springs that are found under the sea.
The molten rock which is inside the earth has nearly 14 percent of
water. When this molten rock gradually cools and hardens, rocky plates are
formed. When the molten rock of higher density cools hardens and forms
rocky plates, water, oil and other gases get separated from it and so,
rocky plates of lesser density are formed.
Rocky plates which are formed from the higher density molten rock are
of lesser density and rise upwards forming the Under-water Mountains on the
sea bed.
Moreover from the hot water springs found on these mountains, air
comes out as bubbles. Near most of the hot water springs, the molten rock
which comes from inside the earth forms a layer on the sea bed. Along with
the water of these springs, including nitrogen sulphide, chemicals like
magnesium and iron oxide are also emitted.
These chemicals react with the sea water and form deposits near the
springs. This gives rise to chimney like structures around the springs and
they keep growing.
These chimneys can grow up to one or two centimeters per day. So, in
due course, chimney- like towers are formed near the hot water springs. In
America , in the state of Virginia , two hot water spring towers are
situated side by side in a park. So, the land has risen from below the seabed, above the sea is clearly understood. *(17)
Moreover, some microbes like the bacteria, which are capable of
producing the energy needed for living from the sulphide which is
eliminated from the hot water springs also spread on the sea bed near the
hot water springs and live there. The sea worms, crabs, snails and fish
which depend on these bacteria also live near the springs.
Recently it has been found out that, continuous tremors are produced
by these hot water springs. Sometimes, when these springs dry up, the
living things relocate themselves to the next hot water spring by following
the tremors emitted by it.
Scientists are of the opinion that, the first living being on earth
evolved near the deep sea hot water springs. A spider which lived under the
sea 425 million years ago got buried in the ash of an undersea volcano and
had turned into a three dimensional fossil and has been unearthed by the
scientists of England .*(18)
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Similarly, the fossils of pre historic living creatures are found in
Oman, Russia, New Brunswick, Canada, Alaska and Cyprus.
Moreover, on the rocky bed of South Africa, not only many holes of
hot water springs are found but also the chemical substance, iron oxide is
Found which clearly shows that this area has been under the sea and has
risen above the sea level and that, many millions of years ago the hot
water springs have been pumping out water.
Similar to the pump sets used in fields to pump water, from each hot
water spring 1135 liters of water comes out per minute with great force.
*(19) Moreover as there are hot water springs near many under water
volcanoes, it is clearly understood that this water comes out from the
molten rock.
The fossils of the arthropod, Trilobite which lived 500 million years
ago have been discovered in black color in the sea side rocks of Mistaken
Point at Greenland.
Moreover as the sea here is rough, with leaping waves, researchers
say that, this arthropod got buried in the ash of the volcanoes and it
explains why their fossils are black in color.
Even today the hot water springs are spewing out water under the sea
and this alone causes the level of the sea to rise continuously.
Recently, a research team, headed by Dr. jochen j.Brocks of Americas NASA
has taken out some green colored and light red colored fibers from the oil
deposits found on very old rocks in the McArthur basin of Northern
Australia and conducted a research. These were green and red coloredbacteria, which with the help of sun light did photosynthesis with these
fibers. *(20)
As these bacteria have been using the chemical substance, sulphide
for getting energy to live, he also says that in this area the sea had been
once shallow.
Moreover as the hot springs keep letting out chemicals like this
sulphide, the reason for the formation of the shallow area in the sea are
only due to the hot water springs.
So, all the water that is found in the seas had come only from the
hot water springs. Likewise, many thousands of hot water springs have let
out water for millions of years which resulted in the formation of the
seas.
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Salt in sea water a contradiction
It was believed that the hot planet earth was lashed with rain for
millions of years and this resulted in the formation of the sea.
It was thought that, the salt deposits in the rocks were dissolved by
rains and was brought by the river water to the sea and later due to the
process of evaporation, the water alone goes up and the salt is left
behind. When this happens continuously for millions of years, the sea water
becomes saline.
Why is sodium chloride abundant in the sea?
But, river water contains more of calcium and bicarbonate salts. Sea
contains enormous quantities of sodium chloride which is used by us for
cooking. That is, there is a lot of difference between the salts found in
the river water and the sea water.*(21) so, how did the excess sodium
chloride get into the sea?
In the beginning, our earth was a planet of molten rock and
volcanoes. As it cooled gradually with the help of sedimentary rocks, the
earths crust was formed.
Similarly, when the rocky plates were formed from the molten rock,
the water got separated and came out which formed the sea. In the
beginning, the sodium chloride salt which was inside the earth came out
through volcanoes in the form of gas and this is the reason for the sea
water to contain excess of sodium chloride salt.
Io the moon of Jupiter which is made up of molten rock is in
support of this theory.
Io has on its surface, volcanoes which are hotter than those found on
the earth. Darrel Strobel, a researcher belonging to the John Hopkins
University of America, has found out that from these volcanoes, including
sodium and chloride, other materials needed for making salt are spewed out
on the moon. *(22)
Through the telescope, in 1974, a researcher by the name Bob Brown
had declared that there were thin clouds of sodium in the atmosphere of Io.
But, this surprised many researchers because there were no deposits of salt
found anywhere onIo.
The puzzle of thirty years has been solved now by Darrel Strobel, who
has found out that from these volcanoes, including sodium and Chloride;
other materials are spewed out in the form of gases.
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Moreover, once upon a time when our earth was a planet of molten
rock, the volcanoes in the same way, were spewing sodium chloride and other
salts which resulted in the excess of sodium chloride found in the sea.
As Io is a moon of molten rock at a very high temperature, its outer
surface has not yet cooled and become rocky. When Jupiter revolves on an
elongated path of its orbit and comes closer, Io which is spherical becomes
slightly elliptical in shape due to the gravitational pull of Jupiter.
*(23)
Io also has a gas called silicon mono oxide. This gas is also found
in some of the less hot stars atmospheres.
Similarly, sodium gas is found in the atmosphere of Osiris, a giant
comet like planet which is 220 times larger than earth and is revolving
around the star HD 209458.*(24) So, it is clear that after their thin
atmosphere gets evaporated the stars only become planets with their raw
materials which do not get evaporated easily.
Based on the molten rock moon, Io which has a very high temperature
and salt volcanoes, it becomes clear that once upon a time even our earth
had volcanoes that emitted sodium chloride. Similarly, based on the fact
that the less hot stars, theOsiris, a giant comet like planet which is 220
times larger than earth and Io have sodium, it is also become clear that
the stars only become planets.
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(7) Islands are rising
The mystery of missing water
I will disclose another important matter. In the year 1990,
environmental scientists released a very important report. In that they had
stated that the atmosphere is heated too much and so the glaciers are
melting and due to this action, within ten years the sea level will rise.
They warned that when this happens, all the nine tiny islands like
Tuvalu and Vanuatu will get submerged in the sea. Immediately, the
President of Tuvalu which is in the Pacific Ocean wrote a letter to the
president of New Zealand .
He had stated that as per the calculations of the environmentalists,
their island will get submerged in ten years time and in case such an event
takes place, shelter has to be provided on compassionate grounds to the
inhabitants of the island as environmental refugees.
Ten years passed but, no island sank! At the same time, the
scientists of NASA had found out through research that in the polar region,
ice has melted and fifty billion tons of water had mixed with the sea.
Though enormous amount of water flowed into the sea why the islands did not
sink?
Interestingly, when the level of sea was checked near the islands,
the sea level was found to be two and a half inches lower than before.*(25)
This incident clearly shows us that the islands are rising.
Isle of the Dead is continuously rising.
There is another very clear proof to show that the islands are
rising. On the world map, near Antarctica Ross Sea is marked. Captain Sir.
James Clark Ross went on an expedition from Britain to Antarctica in two
ships during 1841 and it is named after him.
After his expedition in Antarctica, Captain Ross on his way to
Britain rested for a while in Tasmania Island which is near Australia .
Along with Thomas Lempriere, a researcher carved a 20 centimeter
length benchmark of a rising sun on a rock on the sea shore to mark the
average level of the sea and to signify that they were conducting a
research on the level of the sea water. As they did not want anyone to
erase it, they chose the Isle of the Dead which was a deserted spot.
This island is near Tasmania . As this island was used to bury only
dead people, it was called Isle of the Dead. They chose a rock where there
was not much of waves and carved a straight line on which they drew like
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the rays of the sun diverging from it. This symbol was carved on the 1st of
July in the year 1841. To be precise, 160 years ago from this day the
symbol was carved. *(26)
Today, the level of the sea is 30 centimeters lower than the symbol.
Hence, this incident also makes it clear that the land is rising.
The sea caves indicate Andaman Islands are continuously rising.
In the same way, near the islands which are situated in the sea near
Australia also the level of the sea has been found to vary in different
places. The main reason for the difference in sea level is that these
islands are rising in different speeds.
In the small streak like Andaman Island in the Indian Ocean , many
sea caves are found. Below these caves, tourists go on boat rides. The sea
caves upper curve is in such a height.
The reason for the curvature of the caves that were formed due to
erosion by the sea to be found at such a height is that Andaman Island is
rising from the seashore.
It is not possible for the Indian Ocean which is surrounding the
Andaman Island to suddenly decrease. There is one more proof to show that
Andaman Island is rising: the snake basalt rocks which are formed under the
sea are found on Andaman Island .
Only due to the rising of Andaman Island from the sea bed,
earthquakes often occur there. The rising rocky plates edges below theisland rub up and down against the non-rising neighboring earth plates
which results in earthquakes.
Therefore, the reason for the earthquakes is only the rising of the
land and for the land slides also only the rising of the land is
responsible.
When a part of the land rises, below the surrounding land areas an
open space is created. When it rains, the rain water fills up this space
which makes the soil marshy and results in land slides.
The caves which are found on the edge of the seashore become caves on
mountains when the land rises.
In the mountainous region of Srilanka, many spherical caves have
formed. The spherical caves show us clearly that while Srilanka was rising,
these caves were formed due to the erosion by the surrounding sea water.
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The most important thing to be noted here is that the lands
surrounding these caves have only encountered severe land slides which are
clearly shown by the map. So, when the land and mountains rise, land slides
result.
Sea caves indicate that the continents are rising.
On all the continents found on earth, caves are seen on the sea
shore. To be specific, surrounding the continent Europe , there are
numerous sea caves. These sea caves are formed due to the erosion caused by
the sea. The roofs of caves thus formed are 20 or 30 feet above sea level.
Small ships can travel through most of the caves. How could have the
roofs of caves which were formed due to the erosion by the sea have gone up
to such a height?
Many sea caves are found on the sea shore many hundreds of feet away
from the sea and many feet high from the sea level. Many sea caves are also
found dry without water.
All these caves, the islands on which they are situated, the land
surfaces and the continents show us clearly that the land is continuously
rising from the sea.
They say that when two land surfaces collide with each other,
mountain ranges are formed. But, the Crete mountain region shows clearly
that it did not form by the collision of a land.
Rising of sea level is different in different places!
Similarly when the sea level surrounding Europe was monitored by
satellite for a long period, it has been found out that the sea level is
rising at different rates in different places.
How the same sea level can be low at a particular place and rise at
other places? The sea level is measured in comparison with the nearby land
level. That is, the waves that are got back from the satellite are sent
back on the land and the sea at the same time.
When these waves collide with the land and the sea bed and return,
from the difference in speed with which they return helps us to calculate
the level of the water in the sea.
With the help of the details thus collected and compared, it has been
found out that the sea level is different at different places surrounding
the continent of Europe . *(27)
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Though it has been said that the reason for this is that the land in
that area is higher, researchers are of a different opinion.
They call this rise as Glacial Isostatic Adjustment.They say that,
previously layers of snow was exerting a pressure on Europe and that, now
these have melted and so the land is rising further .specially they say,
Scotland, which is on the northern side of Europe is rising fast and is
gaining more height than South England .
But, this is not a proper explanation. The fossils of the arthropod,
Trilobite are found in Dudley, situated in central England . So, including
England the whole of Europe has risen from the seabed 500 million years ago
and is still rising.
Iceland surfaced only 12 thousand years ago. But the fossils of
Trilobite assure that 500 million years ago the continent of Europe had
started rising and is still continuing to rise.
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(8) Continents are rising
Why should the rocks on the sea shore shiver?
The reason for this is, when the continents rise, the rocky plates
which are below the continent rub up and down on the adjacent rocky plates
which are not rising causing the rocks to vibrate. The frequent turbulence
of the sea at Kanyakumari is due to the tremors caused by the rocky plates
rising below it. Moreover the frequent occurrence of the mud slides and the
rocky landslides in the mountain regions of Ooty and Assam are attributed
to the rising of those mountains.
Shivering borders of sea shore
86 percent of the thousand one hundred mile length of the Californian
sea shore is shivering due to land slides. Land slides continue to take
place even in dry seasons.
Previously people used to compete with each other to buy the houses
situated on the sea edge facing the sea. But now, many houses have been
affected by land slides. Some houses are hanging dangerously from very high
rocks and some have fallen in to the sea and have caused the lives of
people.
So the real estate people who build houses in this area are forced to
guarantee that this place will be stable for 100 years.
But, the insurance companies have announced that they will not cover
land slides in insurance. Similarly in Britain s Yorkshire area, within 10years, 50 million pounds had to be spent to prevent land slides on the 72
kilometer length of Biles bayregion. As the land slides often take place
during the night, steps have also been taken to monitor continuously with
the help of satellites.
For this purpose, 2 satellites, E.S.A. and E.R.S. have been fitted
with Kodak D.C.S. =600 digital cameras and a micro light with G.P.S.
receiver and is being monitored. Similarly on the sea shore of Scotland ,
12,000 forts have been affected. Among these, more than hundred have
historical importance. These are also notable national attractions which
lure tourists and help to earn foreign exchange.
Why the houses, forts and light houses have been pushed to the stage
of crumbling? The reason is, all the continents are rising from below the
sea and coming above the sea level.
Once upon a time our earth was a planet of molten rocks which cooled
down gradually, due to which the surface of the earth had numerous
sedimentary rock ridges which constituted the crust.
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As the molten rock, magma contains 8 to 14 percent of water, when the
earths crust was formed the water got separated and formed the sea. Later
when the molten rock inside the earth got cooled and hardened, larger rocky
plates were formed.
As the ice which is of lower density floats on water, these rocky
plates which are of a lower density than the molten rock, rise up to the
surface of the molten rock and pushed the rocky crust already formed and
this made the large land surfaces called continents to rise above sea
level. We are living on this land surface. This land is rising once in a
while due to which earthquakes occur.
Is it only because the level of the sea dropped those fossils of sea
animals are found on the land and mountains?
90 percent of the ice on the earth is found on the continent of
Antarctica. These ice sheets have remained without melting for thousands of
years. Even if all these ice sheets melt completely and become water and
enter the sea, the sea level will rise only (61m) 200 feet high.
Next is Greenland Island with maximum amount of ice. Even if all the
ice melts completely and enters the sea, the sea level will rise only (7m)
20 feet high. Even if all the ice found on the whole of earth melts and
flows into the sea, there is no possibility of the sea level rising more
than 240 feet high.
The Australian continent is rising
Robert backer is a research scholar in the New England University ofAustralia.
Every Sunday to take rest, he used to visit the Sydney Harbor where
he once played and enjoyed with his friends when he was young.
Incidentally one day, on the rocks he saw many nests made of lime and
those resembled the nests of wasps. These nests were the nests of tubeworms
which live in the sea. But, seeing it at such a height was something
abnormal. The nests were about 7 feet above sea level where much erosion
had not occurred.*(28)
These tubeworms need to be in water for at least six hours for
survival. Under these circumstances, what could be the reason for the nests
being built 7 feet above sea water level?
Backer was able to arrive at only one explanation. That is, the sea
level in Sydney harbor has decreased by seven feet. And this must have
taken place recently. If it had happened long before, the nests would have
been eroded to a greater extent.
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Immediately he conveyed the information to Professor Peter flood and
Dr. Bob Haworth and they decided to conduct an elaborate research.
Subsequently, they went to the island New Caledonia which is 600
miles away from Australia and searched for the nests of the tubeworms.
Curiously, there also they found the tubeworms nests at a height where the
sea waves could not touch them.
Next, in island of Madagascar found near Africa in the Indian Ocean,
in South Corona on the border of North American sea shore, and in South
America on the sea shore of Brazil, they found the insects nests at a
height above the sea level and based on their findings of 8 years, they
finally announced that the sea level has fall down up to seven feet around
the world.*(29)
But, they did not reveal why it has dropped. Where did all the sea
water go? What happened to it? There was no explanation for these. It is
more than three billion years since the seas were formed.
It is not possible for the sea to reduce its level throughout the
world. So, only the continents have risen. This is the reason for the
insects nests seen at a height above the sea level.
The South American Continent is rising.
Similar to the finding of fossils in the deserts, huge deposits of
salt is also found.
The largest salt deposit of the world has been discovered in thedesert region of Uyuni which is situated on the south western side of
Bolivia in South America . This salt desert is of an area of 4600 square
miles. Ten billion tons (1 billion = 100 crores) of salt is found
here.*(30)
This place is situated 11 thousand feet high from sea level. When
seen from there only salt is seen in all directions as far as the eye could
see and so this area appears as a white region.
Similarly in Kavir desert in the Plateau of Iran, Death Valley in
the central part of North America, Atacama Desert in South America, Great
Victoria Desert in central Australia , Kalahari Desert and in Botswana in
South Africa and Sahara Desert in North Africa , large deposits of salt are
found. How could have salt of such magnitude be formed in deserts?
Already the fossils of sea organisms have been unearthed in
deserts. So it is confirmed that all these deserts had been under the sea
once upon a time and later have surfaced above from below the sea.
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When the sandy area rose above the sea level, some areas were lower
and the sea water which stagnated in due course got evaporated and the
large deposits of salt were formed.
The Antarctica continent is rising.
In March 2002, on the eastern corner, peninsular area, in the
continent of Antarctica situated at the South Pole, the ice sheets which
form on the land and extend on the sea suddenly broke into hundreds of
pieces and were thrown in all directions.
This incident surprised and stunned the scientists. Geologist Eugene
Dumac of the Michigan University stated This is a new event which has
never happened before. David Wagon, a research scholar of the British
Antarctic Research center has stated, It is difficult to believe that 500
billion ton of glacier had disintegrated in thirty five days. *(31)
Generally, due to the changes in temperature the layers of snow and
ice at the poles melt very slowly into water and mix with the sea.
To discuss the reason for the sudden breaking of the glacier on 4th
and 5th April 2002, more than 60 scientists from 12 countries assembled in
Hamilton College and discussed. It was announced that, the defective
formation of the glacier was only responsible for its disintegration.
Why should the formation of the glacier suddenly disintegrate?
The layers of ice are spread out continuously on the land as well as
the sea. The truth is when the peninsulararea of Antarctica rose upwards,
the formation was affected and it broke into pieces. This part ofAntarctica is under the British and hence the arthropod Trilobites fossils
have been found. So the reason for the sudden breakage is that this
particular continent is rising.
Similarly in Greenland at North Pole, sheets of ice covering the
island had long cracks and these started sliding faster than before.
In the North Pole area near the border of Ellesmere Island is an ice
shelf called Ward Hunt on which many cracks have formed during 2002.*(32)
Appearance of cracks on the ice shelves and these crac
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