organic chemistry. hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen carbon (4 valence e - ) will always...

Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbons

• Contain only carbon and hydrogen

• Carbon (4 valence e-) will ALWAYS form four bonds

Alkanes• Only single covalent bonds

• C1-C4—gases at room temp.

• C5-C10—liquids at room temp.

• C11 and up—solids at room temp.

• Nonpolar molecules, do not mix with water.

Alkanes

• CnH2n+2 is the formula for all alkanes

• Structural—

• Condensed—

• Molecular--

Naming Alkanes

• Find the longest “parent chain” in the molecule and name it.

• Name any branches using the correct prefix and the ending “-yl”

• Assign a number for the location on the parent chain where the branch is located.

Isomers

• Structural isomers have the same molecular formula, but different structures.

• Since they are built differently, they have different properties and react differently with other compounds.

Isomers

• Build a model of C4H10

Isomers

• Build a model of C4H10

• Does it look like this?

Isomers

• There is another form of C4H10

• And it looks like this:

Same molecular formula (C3H8), but completely different construction.

That’s isomers.

Isomers• How many isomers are there for

pentane?

• How many are there for hexane?

• Draw and name as many octane isomers as you can (as a group) before the end of class. (1 pt. each)

• Do the isomers page for homework.

Alkenes and Alkynes

• Contain double (-ene) or triple (-yne) bonds.

• Called unsaturated compounds.

• How do we name them?

Functional Groups

• This is a specific arrangement of atoms attached to an organic compound.

• The method we’ll use to introduce them will have the molecule represented as ‘R’ and the functional group attached.

Halocarbons

• This is a hydrocarbon with a halogen attached to it. R-Cl or R-Br

• How do you name them?

Alcohols

• This is a hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl attached to it. R-OH

• The carbon with the hydroxyl is numbered first, before any other attachment.

• How do we name them?

Ethers

• This is a hydrocarbon that has an oxygen along the chain. R-O-R’

• How do we name them?• Unfortunately, there are two

systems for naming ethers:

Aldehydes & Ketones• They have a carbonyl group

attached to them. -C=O

• A ketone has the carbonyl along the middle of the chain, and an aldehyde has the carbonyl at the end of the chain.

• How do we name them?

Carboxylic Acids

• Have a carboxyl group attached to them.

• These acids donate hydrogen ions just like any other acid.

• The carbon with the carboxyl attached to it is automatically carbon # 1.

• How do we name acids?

Esters

• Product of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol

• Often used as artificial flavors and fragrances.

Amines and Amides• Contain the functional group –NH2

• Amines have the NH2 anywhere along the chain.

• Amides have the NH2 at the end of the chain, attached to a carbonyl group.

• And for the last time, how do we name them?

Benzene

Some benzene compounds

Drug Compounds

Ephedrine methamphetamine

Caffeine

Steroids

Steroid Basis

Andro

Some others…• andriol

Some others…

dianabol

Polymers• Large molecules formed by the

repeated bonding of smaller molecules.

• For example, polyethylene is formed by repeating ethene molecules; sometimes thousands of them.

• Everything we know as plastic is some kind of polymer.

Fatty Acids or Fats

• Fats are carboxylic acids.

• An acid with only single bonds along the chain is a saturated fat.

• An acid with double bonds along the chain is an unsaturated fat.

Fatty Acids

• The double bond comes in two types, cis- and trans-.

• The trans- bond keeps the chain straight, and the cis- bonds makes the chain bend.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids

Table of Fatty Acids

Common Name

Carbon Double

Scientific Name SourcesAtoms Bonds

 Butyric acid 4 0  butanoic acid  butterfat

 Caproic Acid 6 0  hexanoic acid  butterfat

 Caprylic Acid 8 0  octanoic acid  coconut oil

 Capric Acid 10 0  decanoic acid  coconut oil

 Lauric Acid 12 0  dodecanoic acid  coconut oil

 Myristic Acid 14 0  tetradecanoic acid  palm kernel oil

 Palmitic Acid 16 0  hexadecanoic acid  palm oil

 Palmitoleic Acid 16 1  9-hexadecenoic acid  animal fats

 Stearic Acid 18 0  octadecanoic acid  animal fats

 Oleic Acid 18 1  9-octadecenoic acid  olive oil

Polymers

• All of these polymers that make plastics and fabrics are made of molecules that were distilled from crude oil.

Where a standard barrel of crude oil goes:

• 47% Gasoline• 23% Heating oil & Diesel fuel• 18% Plastics, synthetic rubber, chemicals• 10% Jet fuel• 4% Propane• 3% Asphalt• If we quit driving cars today, we would still

need oil for lots of things.