organelle presentations red block october 2012. nucleus by: nir liebenthal and julia gagosian
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Organelle Presentations
Red BlockOctober 2012
Nucleus
By: Nir Liebenthal and Julia Gagosian
Function & Structure:
• Store cell's DNA (Hereditary Material)• Direct the Cell's activities.
Metabolism Growth Protein Synthesis Reproduction
• Nuclear Envelope: Separates nucleus and cytoplasm.
• Nucleoplasm: Semi-fluid matrix found inside nucleus.
• Nuclear pores:Allow molecule passage between nucleus & cytoplasm.
• Chromatin: In the Nucleoplasm, protein cell's DNA, string like structure, that form chromosones during mitosis/ cell division.
• Nucleolus: organelle within nucleus that makes ribosomes.
Location:• Located in Eukaryotes.• Usually located in center of cell.• Exists in plants & animals.• Analogy: Brain
o Control Center: Movement, Reactions etc. References: http://www.lbl.gov/abc/wallchart/chapters/01/1.htmlhttp://www.ibiblio.org/virtualcell/textbook/chapter3/nucf.htmhttp://www.cellsalive.com/cells/nucleus.htm
NucleolusMary Ronchetti
~The Nucleolus is where protein and RNA molecules are constructed.These materials are subunits from which ribosomes are built. The subunits pass through nuclear pores to reach the cytoplasm.
Function
Round dense cluster of RNA and proteins
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=nucleolus&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=591&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=5vXxzu10dSiOZM:&imgrefurl=http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/nucleolus&docid=ZdOEZQEk2wM6kM&imgurl=http://images.tutorvista.com/content/feed/tvcs/nucleus_1.gif&w=454&h=317&ei=PVB8UJeqHK3H0AHxzIGADw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=716&vpy=188&dur=3768&hovh=188&hovw=269&tx=107&ty=139&sig=106272138567734021128&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=192&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0,i:146
Structure
~Found inside nucleus~Found in eukaryotics ~Found in protistans, fungi, plants and
animals.
Location
The Nucleolus is like a factory that produces a product and then ships it out.
Analogy
Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life by Starr and Taggart
References
Ribosomes
By: Ben Weinberg
Function and Structure
• Arranges strands of amino acids for use of other parts of cell and body
• Translates mRNA into protein
• Made up of proteins and RNA
• Cytoplasmic granules
• Two subunits: large and small
• mRNA is sandwiched between the small and large subunits
• ribosome catalyzes formation of a peptide bond between the two amino acids that are contained in the rRNA
(Add Picture)
Location
• Two types of ribosome: Free and attached
• Free ribosomes are found throughout cytoplasm
• attached ribosomes are connected to endoplasmic reticulum
• Exists in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• Composed of different amounts of rRNA and proteins
• Exists in plant, animal, and bacterial cells
Analogy: Famous athletes signing autographs for many diehard fans
(Add Picture)
References
Links for images used:
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=ribosome+location&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=865&tbm=isch&tbnid=coyKxPKF213QkM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome&docid=iLsoM4bShI6j1M&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Peptide_syn.png/350px-Peptide_syn.png&w=350&h=224&ei=fmd9UMWSBYn10gHCuYDABw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=320&sig=106021139315962829993&page=1&tbnh=149&tbnw=233&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:74&tx=143&ty=22
• http://www.google.com/imgres?q=ribosome&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&rls=en&biw=1024&bih=865&tbs=isz:m&tbm=isch&tbnid=tH5bhdbxCX0xdM:&imgrefurl=http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do%3FmomID%3D10&docid=O7do4On6Rh79sM&imgurl=http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/education_discussion/molecule_of_the_month/images/ribosome.gif&w=614&h=486&ei=eWl9UPvaCYbw0gGk54DgCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=97&vpy=217&dur=9&hovh=200&hovw=252&tx=108&ty=83&sig=106021139315962829993&page=1&tbnh=136&tbnw=166&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:138
Cited Source:
• Starr/Taggart. Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life. 9th ed. Pacific GAve: n.p., n.d. Print.
THE ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Tori Neville and Sabrina Smith
STRUCTURE AND LOCATION Twisted and flat sac continuous with
nuclear membrane Studded with millions of ribosomes
(what makes it rough) Found throughout cell but densest around cell nucleus& Golgi apparatus
FUNCTION Protein production, folding, quality
control, and dispatching Analogy:
Like a card building factory. A part produces the cards, a part folds them into cards, part checks to make sure the cards don’t have defects, and then a section ships the finished cards out to where they’re needed
REFERENCES Info from:
http://www.bscb.org/?url=softcell/er Picture 1:
http://kconline.kaskaskia.edu/bcambron/Biology%20117/Cells.htm
Picture 2: http://www.glogster.com/kcalderaio/rough-and-smooth-er-and-ribosomes/g-6o9nhukrkhubs2e32i8fd6r
Golgi Body
Function
Part of sequence of how a protein leaves cell
Modifies polypeptide chains into mature proteins
Sorts and ships proteins and lipids for secretion or for use inside the cell
Structure
Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae
Pancake-like structure
LocationFound in eukaryotic cells In plant, animal, fungi, and protistans cells Found near edge of cell membrane, yet
near rough ER
http://creationrevolution.com/2010/11/golgi-apparatus-steel-industry-of-the-simple-cell-–-part-6/
Analogy
Mail room: you put the letter in an envelope, put a stamp on it, then put it in a mailbox, where it is sorted in a mail room and categorized, then later sent out to the person that is supposed to receive it
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in eukaryotes. It is connected to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is connected to the nucleus. It looks like small tubes near the edge of the cell, and is found in both animal and plant cells.
http://im.glogster.com/media/2/2/82/6/2820694.jpg
http://witkopsbiology.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/2/7/5327095/1805707_orig.gif
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids (oils, phospholipids, and steroids) in addition to metabolizing carbohydrates, regulating calcium concentration, and detoxifying drugs and poisons.
http://diseasespictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-3.jpg
http://im.glogster.com/media/2/2/82/6/2820694.jpg
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is like a mother. She goes through your room throwing away all of the bad stuff you have, provides you with sustenance, makes sure you drink your milk, and makes sure you have the energy to go outside and play.
http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/kfield/organelles/organelleimages/smooth-er.gif
http://im.glogster.com/media/2/2/82/6/2820694.jpg
Chloroplasts
Function of Chloroplasts• Chloroplasts capture light energy and use it in
photosynthesis to make organic molecules and separate oxygen from water and carbon dioxide
• Only found in plants and other eukaryotic organisms that perform photosynthesis
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/photosynth/photo1.gif
Structure• Consists of stroma surrounded by an inner
and outer phospholipid membrane • Stroma contain stacks of thylakoids, in which
photosynthesis takes place. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll, giving the organelle its distinct green color
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/chloroplasts/images/chloroplastsfigure1.jpg
Location/Analogy• Located throughout cells’ cytoplasm• Is like a farm, in that it produces energy for the
cell from the perimeter as a farm produces food and would be located outside of a city
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/plant3.gif http://philadelphia.foobooz.com/files/2012/08/farm1.jpg
MitochondriaBy: Alex Lee
Function
Mitochondria’s main function is to create energy (ATP) required for metabolism and cellular respiration.
Analogy: power plant
http://www.nsf.gov/news/overviews/biology/interact08.jsp
Structure
Double membranes are phospholipid bilayers
The cristae are the folds of the inner membrane that increase cellular respiration
The matrix is the fluid-filled center where it holds its genetic material
mitochondria contain their own genetic material and protein-making machinery enwrapped in a double membrane
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/mitochondria/mitochondria.html
Location
Mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells, meaning they are found in both animal and plant cells
They are suspended in the cell’s cytoplasm.
http://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/01942/plcells/mitochondria.htm
LysosomesBrandon Harris
Function
• the digestion system for cell
• contains enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates
• can digest other organelles or other cells
Structure
• Hydrogen ion ATPases protein make up structure
• surrounded by membrane
• Expands and contracts (like stomach)
• A type of vesicle
http://faculty.muhs.edu/klestinski/cellcity/lysosomedata_files/image001.jpg
Location
• Found in Eukaryotic cells
• most common in animal cells
• rare but can exist in fungi, protistans, and plant cells
• usually near plasma membrane, can be anywhere inside membrane excluding inside nuclear envelope
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/animal4.gif
lysosome position in an animal cell
Analogy
a fish eats other fish as well as food like plankton
The fish is a lysosome organelle and the second fish is another organelle or cell while the plankton represents organic compounds like simple sugars and proteins.
Bibliography
• Textbook
• http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_lysosome.html
ERIC PINSKER-SMITH
Vacuoles
Function
The job of the vacuole is to:Hold waste products and contaminants Hold waterGive the cell structure Store nutrients Maintain interior acidic equilibrium (balance
pH values)
Textbook
Structure
Vacuoles are large bubbles made of amino acids and water that make up between 50% and 90% of the cells size.
Their composition is mostly empty space and water, with amino acids forming the perimeter
http://www.concord.org/~btinker/workbench_web/unitIII_mini/plant_turgor.html
LocationThey are in the center of the cell and will naturally
be oval-shaped, but other cell parts will change their shape
They are only found in both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells
They are present in plant, animal, and bacteria cells, but only some animal and bacteria cells, while they are in all plant cells.
Below Pictures from Wikipedia (2) http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/cell-organization/cyto
plasm.php
O
ANALOGYThe vacuole is like a warehouse. This is because they are relatively big and
their main job is storing stuff.
References
“Vacuoles." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 15 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Oct. 2012. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page>.
Starr, and Staggart. Biology Textbook. 9th ed. Chicago: Brooks, n.d. Print.
Cytoskeleton
Presentation by Stephanie Kim
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cytoskeleton&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=j4TS-Tbf7EeG5M:&imgrefurl=http://www.bscb.org/%3Furl%3Dsoftcell/cytoskeleton&docid=8vE09i4OJwDOCM&imgurl=http://www.bscb.org/softcell/images/
mp_tripple.gif&w=512&h=512&ei=jap9UIDeCKHz0gHKoIHoDA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=252&sig=112931310087527836485&page=2&tbnh=141&tbnw=141&start=15&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:18,s:0,i:125&tx=90&ty=101
-A cell's cytoskeleton is the scaffolding contained within a cell's cytoplasm of Eukaryotic cells.
-Connects to all major parts of the cell.
-Cytoskeleton is made up of polypeptide bonds
- Three components to the Cytoskeleton: the Microtubules, Intermediate Filaments, and Microfilaments
Structure
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cytoskeleton&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=4_K6QoIl-f8jaM:&imgrefurl=http://ccaoscience.wordpress.com/notes/protein-structures-within-the-cell/&docid=0w8MTyqQKYfdVM&imgurl=http://ccaoscience.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/cytoskeleton.jpg&w=360&h=237&ei=jap9UIDeCKHz0gHKoIHoDA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=412&vpy=158&dur=99&hovh=182&hovw=277&tx=181&ty=97&sig=112931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=218&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0,i:77
- The cytoskeleton helps develop and maintain a cell's shape.
-Similarly to our skeletal structure it helps keep all the organelles in place.
-Helps with cell movement.
-The cytoskeleton fibers also help transport various organelles throughout the cell. They act like railroad tracks within the cell.
Function
Cable Bridge- the large support beams hold the structure up Microtubules and the cables help stabilize the structure (Intermediate filaments, and Microfilaments)
- Also comparable to the human skeletal system.
Helpful Analogies
http://www.google.com/imgres?q=skeletal+system+for+kids&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=X&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=RumwAjrCbs2j5M:&imgrefurl=http://interestingfacts12.blogspot.com/2010_07_01_archive.html&docid=TR_Otu2mwsqtxM&imgurl=http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_-z5CDZfrG4k/TDX5sREZtHI/AAAAAAAAAkI/9TbYF4CAYko/s1600/human%252Bskeleton.gif&w=300&h=391&ei=vK19UISfJ6iw0QGs74HICg&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=205&vpy=156&dur=2052&hovh=256&hovw=197&tx=108&ty=124&sig=112931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=106&start=0&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0,i:137http://www.google.com/imgres?q=cable+bridge&um=1&hl=en&client=safari&sa=N&rls=en&biw=1110&bih=578&tbm=isch&tbnid=1akB1Fwj2qpT9M:&imgrefurl=http://www.tricitieshealthinsurance.com/&docid=kgCuIOTh-OUhJM&imgurl=http://tricitieshealthinsurance.com/img/pasco-kennewick-cable-bridge-2.jpg&w=440&h=293&ei=EK59UPGIEOSQ0QGSnYH4Bw&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=99&vpy=284&dur=1901&hovh=183&hovw=275&tx=89&ty=126&sig=112931310087527836485&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=193&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:10,s:0,i:154
Biology The Unity and Diversity of Life by Cecie Starr and Ralph Taggart
(Links for pictures can be found on individual slides)
References:
Flagella and CiliaNicholas Peretti
Function
1. Both Flagella and Cilia's function to advocate for mobility/motility
2. Flagella move the entire cell
3. Cilia move the stuff surrounding the cell
4. Flagella Cilia
http://remf.dartmouth.edu/imagesindex.htmlhttp://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s06/Lec-note/CytoskeletonA.htm
Struction
Both cilia and flagella are made of the same structure.
They have a 9 2,2 structure which means they have a ring of nine outer microbiol tubes and two inner tubes.
Flagella tend to be longer
then cilia, but cilia are
more profuse.
File:Axoneme.JPG and Figure 19.28 on page 819 of "Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition, Lodish and Berk" ISBN 0-7167-3706-X
Location
1. They are both in eukaryotes (animal cells only)
2. In prokaryotes and protists they tend to have cilia and not flagella.
3. the flagella is in the back of the cell and cilai tend to cover the top.
4. Refer to Function slide for refrence
Analogy
Flagella is like the fish tail of a cell.
Cillia is like the arms of people at a concert.
Cell Membrane Function
The cell membrane maintains the cell as a distinct entity, allowing for metabolic reactions within the cell to take place without interference from outside events.
However, the cell membrane does not completely isolate the cell. Substances and signals are able to continually move across it in a highly controlled way.
Structure The cell membrane has the appearance
of a thin layer surrounding the cell. It is made up of a lipid bilayer: two opposite facing layers of lipids, usually phospholipids, with the hydrophilic glyceride head facing outwards or towards the cell and the two hydrophobic fatty acid tails facing towards the other lipid layer.
Between the lipid bilayer are diverse proteins that are positioned at the surface of one of the lipid layers. These proteins carry out most of the membrane functions.
http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/
http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Genetic_Engineering_Chapter1.html
Location Cell membranes are found
surrounding both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, though prokaryotic cell membranes can vary and are less general than those of eukaryotic cells.
The cell membrane is the outermost part of the entire cell, keeping the cell’s contents within a defined space.
The cell membrane is present in plant, animal, and bacterial cells. However, while the cell membrane is the only means of protection for animal cells, plant cells have cell walls, and bacterial cells can have both cell walls and an outer membrane.
Analogy A cell membrane can be compared to
the border of a country. It keeps the rest of the organelles (cities, etc…) separate and within a defined entity, while border patrol facing both directions (lipid bilayer) decides what can enter and what can exit.
http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/cell/
http://www.healthhype.com/microorganisms-types-harmful-effects-on-human-body-pictures.html
Reference PageCecie Starr and Ralph Taggart, Biology The Unity
and Diversity of Life, Chapter 4: “Cell Structure and Function”
http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Genetic_Engineering_Chapter1.html
http://www.bioteach.ubc.ca/Bio-industry/Inex/http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/plants/
cell/http://www.healthhype.com/microorganisms-
types-harmful-effects-on-human-body-pictures.html
Function of Cell WallThe cell wall provides protection and structural
support in plant and bacteria cells.
Structure of Cell Wall• Permeable to allow water and solutes to pass through
• Middle Lamella-outermost layer, bonds with other cells
• Primary Wall-made of gluey polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and cellulose (in plants) and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) which form into "rope-like strands" that are sticky, and cement cells together, it's thin and pliable and enlarges when water enters
• Cuticle (a translucent, protective surface) forms when cells are exposed to air, keeps water from escaping
• Secondary Wall- rigid to reinforce cell shape
- in woody plants, made of lignin ( 3 carbon ring chain and an oxygen atom attach to 6 carbon ring structure)
Location of Cell Wall
• Found in prokaryotes and some eukaryotes
• Wrapped around the plasma membrane
• Found in plant and bacterial cells, NOT animal cells
ReferencesStarr, Cecie, and Ralph Taggart. Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life. 9th ed.
USA: Thomson Learning, 2001. Print.
http://images.tutorvista.com/content/cell-organization/cell-wall-layers.jpeg
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