objectives to differentiate between occupation and profession. the hallmarks characteristic of...
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Objectives
To differentiate between occupation and profession.
The hallmarks characteristic of profession.
Factors that threatened pharmacy as a profession.
Factors that provided the pharmacy profession with
valuable opportunity(reprofessionalization).
Occupation does not need any extensive training and specialized knowledge.
Drivers, clerks.
Needs extensive training and specialized knowledge and has to undergo higher education.
Doctors, engineers.
ProfessionOccupation
Occupations vs. Professions
Profession
A profession is An occupation whose core element is
work based upon the mastery of a complex body of
knowledge and skills.Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 16(1), 74–76
Pharmacy as a profession
Charles D. Hepler, a pharmacist and pharmacy
professor at the University of Florida, wrote
extensively about pharmacy and its professional status
in the 1980s and 1990s.
Three basic Characteristics have become the hallmarks
of profession:
1. The services offered are closely linked to major
human values, such as health, property, or religion.
2. The services are inherently personal or
individualized in nature, meaning that they cannot
be readily standardized or mass-produced.
Pharmacy as a profession
Three basic Characteristics have become the hallmarks
of profession:
3. The services require a degree of Knowledge, skills,
and understanding beyond those possessed by
ordinary people of the day.
Pharmacy as a profession
Pharmacy as a profession(20th century)
Amendment of the Food, Drug and cosmetic ACT
required pharmaceutical manufacturers to spend
millions of dollars in premarket testing of drugs, and
advances in technology allowed mass production of
ready-to-dispense tablets, capsules, suppositories,
liquids, and injectables.
Prescriptions became so standardized that some
pharmaceutical companies gave physicians preprinted
prescriptions complete with drug name, quantity to
dispense, and directions.
As Hepler noted, the only individualization was the
patient's name and the prescription number.
Pharmacy as a profession(20th century)
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
The same development that threatened pharmacy- the
industrialization of the pharmaceutical industry in the
1st half of the 20th century-also provided the profession
with valuable opportunity.
The pathophysiology of many disease states were not
well understood.
The efficacious drugs were few.
Antibiotics were not yet available.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
Exploration in knowledge of chemicals provided some
powerful agents.
In the 1950, scientists began to make major strides in
understanding biological systems.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
Medical scientists understood specifically what
underlying metabolic or genetic defect caused certain
diseases, and with this knowledge powerful new drugs
were identified.
Thousands of compounds were tested for antibacterial,
antifungal, and antiviral activity.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
In the late 1950s and 1960s, astute pharmacists such as
Donalds C Brodie of the university of California-San
Francisco, Donald E. Francke of the university of Michigan,
and Paul F. Parker of the University of Kentucky began to
conceptualize a new role for pharmacists that would involve
the specialized provision of information about these
powerful new agents that were beginning to reach the
market.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
The clinical pharmacy movement sought to create a
role for pharmacists in the provision of patient-
specific drug information or advice to physicians and
other members of health care team.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
Hepler has identified three simultaneous trends that
served as the basis for the clinical pharmacy movement:
1. Drug information.
2. Drug distribution especially decentralized program in
hospitals.
3. Teaching and research programs in pharmacology and
biopharmaceutics.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
These three currents combined for the first time in the
famous 1966 “Ninth floor project” at the University of
California-San Francisco, in which faculty sought to
find a way to train students a role that did not
previously exist.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
Gradually, the worth of such services took hold, and
schools of pharmacy began to create a demand for
clinical pharmacy.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
Publication of Drug Intelligence and Clinical
Pharmacy (now Annals of Pharmacotherapy) began in
1967, and two pharmacy therapeutics textbooks came
out of San Francisco in 1972.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
By 1974 , the federal government recognized a clinical
role for pharmacists when it began requiring the
pharmacists to conduct monthly drug-regimen reviews
of residents in skilled-care nursing homes.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
The clinical pharmacy movement created the
opportunity for pharmacy to continue as a profession
worthy of the respect and trust of its patients: clinical
pharmacy was involved in the health care of patients,
it required specialized knowledge and skills, and it
was individualized.
Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization
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