Salha Jokhab, Msc222 PHCL

Pharmaceutical Care Concept

Objectives

To differentiate between occupation and profession.

The hallmarks characteristic of profession.

Factors that threatened pharmacy as a profession.

Factors that provided the pharmacy profession with

valuable opportunity(reprofessionalization).

Occupations vs. Professions

Occupation does not need any extensive training and specialized knowledge.

Drivers, clerks.

Needs extensive training and specialized knowledge and has to undergo higher education.

Doctors, engineers.

ProfessionOccupation

Occupations vs. Professions

Profession

A profession is An occupation whose core element is

work based upon the mastery of a complex body of

knowledge and skills.Teaching and Learning in Medicine, 16(1), 74–76

Pharmacy as a profession

Charles D. Hepler, a pharmacist and pharmacy

professor at the University of Florida, wrote

extensively about pharmacy and its professional status

in the 1980s and 1990s.

Three basic Characteristics have become the hallmarks

of profession:

1. The services offered are closely linked to major

human values, such as health, property, or religion.

2. The services are inherently personal or

individualized in nature, meaning that they cannot

be readily standardized or mass-produced.

Pharmacy as a profession

Three basic Characteristics have become the hallmarks

of profession:

3. The services require a degree of Knowledge, skills,

and understanding beyond those possessed by

ordinary people of the day.

Pharmacy as a profession

Pharmacy as a profession(20th century)

Amendment of the Food, Drug and cosmetic ACT

required pharmaceutical manufacturers to spend

millions of dollars in premarket testing of drugs, and

advances in technology allowed mass production of

ready-to-dispense tablets, capsules, suppositories,

liquids, and injectables.

Prescriptions became so standardized that some

pharmaceutical companies gave physicians preprinted

prescriptions complete with drug name, quantity to

dispense, and directions.

As Hepler noted, the only individualization was the

patient's name and the prescription number.

Pharmacy as a profession(20th century)

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

The same development that threatened pharmacy- the

industrialization of the pharmaceutical industry in the

1st half of the 20th century-also provided the profession

with valuable opportunity.

The pathophysiology of many disease states were not

well understood.

The efficacious drugs were few.

Antibiotics were not yet available.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

Exploration in knowledge of chemicals provided some

powerful agents.

In the 1950, scientists began to make major strides in

understanding biological systems.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

Medical scientists understood specifically what

underlying metabolic or genetic defect caused certain

diseases, and with this knowledge powerful new drugs

were identified.

Thousands of compounds were tested for antibacterial,

antifungal, and antiviral activity.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

In the late 1950s and 1960s, astute pharmacists such as

Donalds C Brodie of the university of California-San

Francisco, Donald E. Francke of the university of Michigan,

and Paul F. Parker of the University of Kentucky began to

conceptualize a new role for pharmacists that would involve

the specialized provision of information about these

powerful new agents that were beginning to reach the

market.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

The clinical pharmacy movement sought to create a

role for pharmacists in the provision of patient-

specific drug information or advice to physicians and

other members of health care team.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

Hepler has identified three simultaneous trends that

served as the basis for the clinical pharmacy movement:

1. Drug information.

2. Drug distribution especially decentralized program in

hospitals.

3. Teaching and research programs in pharmacology and

biopharmaceutics.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

These three currents combined for the first time in the

famous 1966 “Ninth floor project” at the University of

California-San Francisco, in which faculty sought to

find a way to train students a role that did not

previously exist.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

Gradually, the worth of such services took hold, and

schools of pharmacy began to create a demand for

clinical pharmacy.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

Publication of Drug Intelligence and Clinical

Pharmacy (now Annals of Pharmacotherapy) began in

1967, and two pharmacy therapeutics textbooks came

out of San Francisco in 1972.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

By 1974 , the federal government recognized a clinical

role for pharmacists when it began requiring the

pharmacists to conduct monthly drug-regimen reviews

of residents in skilled-care nursing homes.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization

The clinical pharmacy movement created the

opportunity for pharmacy to continue as a profession

worthy of the respect and trust of its patients: clinical

pharmacy was involved in the health care of patients,

it required specialized knowledge and skills, and it

was individualized.

Pharmaceutical care as reprofessionalization