nutrients in foods

Ordinary foods with functional ingredients

Ordinary foods with functional ingredients

Heli J. Roy, PhD, MBA, RDLSU AgCenter

Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State University System

The 5th Medicinal Biotech Forum, Beijing, China, November 5, 2011

All About BlueberriesAll About Blueberries

Functional foodsFunctional foods

• Has a function beyond basic nutrition• Functional foods are "foods and beverages with

claimed health benefits based on scientific evidence" 

• Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990• Health Claims on food products

– Currently there are 18 approved structure/function claims in the US• Green Tea & Cancer• Antioxidant Vitamins & Cancer• Walnuts & Heart Disease

• In the U.S., functional foods are not defined by law

Chronic diseasesChronic diseases

• Mortality from chronic diseases has surpassed mortality from infectious diseases.

• Heart disease, cancer, aging - free radicals, such as superoxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals.

• Obesity - chronic inflammation.

Chronic diseasesChronic diseases

• Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death

• Cancer is second, 35% of all cancers are diet related– Multifactorial– Long induction phase– Diet is very important

• Diabetes• Obesity

PhytochemicalsPhytochemicals

• Biologically active chemical compounds.• Cell wall support materials, induced under

stress• Bright and vivid colors • Found in fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, and

other plants • Antioxidant or hormone-like action• 1000’s• Some of the more commonly known

phytochemicals include beta carotene, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), folic acid, and vitamin E

Functional Ingredients With Influence Functional Ingredients With Influence Phytochemical In…Organosulfur,glucosinolates

Cruciferous vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, dark leafy greens

Anthocyanins:Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin, Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Petunidin,

Grapes, strawberries, blueberries, cranberries, blackberries, raspberries, nuts

Flavonols: Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Isorhamnetin , Naringin, Nobiletin, Rutin

Tea, apples, grapes, citrus fruits,

Isoflavones: Daidzein, Genistein, Glycitein, saponins

Soy foods

Functional Ingredients With Influence Functional Ingredients With Influence Phytochemical In…

Carotenes: Lycopene Tomatoes and watermelons

Allium compounds Onions, garlic, scallions, chives

Monoterpenes: Limonene, Hesperetin, Naringenin, Eriodictyol

Citrus fruits

Phenolic acids: Ellagic acid Honey

Other Phenols: curcumin, capsaicin, xylenol

Turmeric, chili peppers,

Catechins: Catechin, Epicatechin, Epigallocatechin Epicatechin gallate, Epigallocatechin gallate

Camellia Sinensis, Green tea

Organosulfur, glucosinolates Organosulfur, glucosinolates

• Cruciferous vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, dark leafy greens

• Modulates enzyme activities • Decreased cancer risk• Decreased heart disease risk• Decreased cerebrovascular disease

Anthocyanins: Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin, Pelargonidin, Peonidin, PetunidinAnthocyanins: Cyanidin, Delphinidin, Malvidin, Pelargonidin, Peonidin, Petunidin

• Grapes, strawberries, blueberries, cranberries, blackberries, raspberries, blue corn, nuts and beans

• Cancer (antioxidant, anti-angiogenic) • Diabetes• Infections (antibacterial) • Reduces light induced photo damage to eyes and

vision loss, stimulate regeneration of rhodopsin • Dermal health • Decrease inflammatory response• Cognitive function

Lila 2004

Flavonols: Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Isorhamnetin , Rutin, LuteolinFlavonols: Quercetin, Kaempferol, Myricetin, Isorhamnetin , Rutin, Luteolin

• Found in onions, tea, apples, grapes, citrus fruits• Metal chelators and free radical scavengers• Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective,

antiallergic, hepatoprotective, antithrombotic, antiviral, and anticarcinogenic activities

• Significantly affect the function of various mammalian cellular systems

• Inhibit platelet aggregation by blocking eicosanoid production

• Kaempferol suppress the growth of cancer cells

Hakkinen 2000

Isoflavones: Daidzein, Genistein, Glycitein, Saponins Isoflavones: Daidzein, Genistein, Glycitein, Saponins

• Soy foods• Mimic the female hormone estrogen preventing

bone absorption and protecting bone health.• Reduce visceral fat, reducing risk for metabolic

syndrome etc.• Reduced cholesterol levels, reduced risk for

ischemic heart disease• Exhibit angiogenesis inhibiting action thereby

restricting the growth of cancer cells and preventing metastasis.

Carotenes: Lycopene Carotenes: Lycopene

• Tomato products, watermelon• Complex cocktail of chemicals, as well as the potentiating interactions with

other foods (such as oils) in the diet that are actually responsible for the health-protective benefits

• Suppresses expression of proteins in tumor progression• Strong antioxidant• Eliminates singlet oxygen

Lila, MA

Allium compounds Allium compounds

• Garlic, onions, leeks, and chives • CANCER

– Stomach– Colorectal– Breast

• Modulate the activity of several metabolizing enzymes

• Protects DNA• Antiproliferative• Apoptosis

Monoterpenes: Limonene, Hesperetin, Naringenin, EriodictyolMonoterpenes: Limonene, Hesperetin, Naringenin, Eriodictyol

• Eucalyptus, citrus fruits, lavender, cherries, peppermint, dill

• Prevent carcinogenesis of initiation and promotion/ progression stage

• Cancers of breast, skin, liver, stomach • Inhibit cholesterol synthesis• Consumption of fruits has also been associated

with inhibition of the growth of Helicobacter pylorii

• Antibacterial

Phenolic acids: Ellagic acid, Caffeic acid, Chicoric acid, etc Phenolic acids: Ellagic acid, Caffeic acid, Chicoric acid, etc

• Phenolic acids, namely caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic and ellagic acid, are found in blackberry, raspberry, strawberry

• Potential antioxidant, antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiviral with immunostimulating properties

• Inhibits HIV integrase• Diabetes prevention• Vision enhancement• Neuroprotection

Other phenols: curcumin, capsaicinOther phenols: curcumin, capsaicin

• Turmeric - curcumin– Prevents AD by inhibiting oxidative stress of lipids

in the brain – Anti bacterial - Inhibits bacterial growth– Anti-inflammatory– Cancer preventive

• Chili peppers - capsaicin– Pain

CatechinsCatechins

• Green tea, 20 times more potent antioxidant than vitamin C

• Cardiovascular diseases • Obesity and weight loss

– beneficial for the suppression of diet-induced obesity

• Diabetes • Cancer

– effective in inhibiting cancer growth

• Microbial diseases • Neurodegenerative diseases

EGCG – Weight Loss EffectsEGCG – Weight Loss Effects

• Reduces body weight– Reduced fat

absorption• Inhibit lipases

– Decreasing lipogenesis• Decreasing FAS• ACC1

– Increasing hepatic lipid oxidation

– Inhibiting adipocyte growth

– Increased fecal fat excretion

– Increasing UCP2– Decreasing SCD1

enzyme– Decreasing MA

enzyme– Decreasing GK

Klaus, et al. IJO, 2005; Wolfram, et al. Ann Nutr Metab 49:54, 2005

Regulating body weightRegulating body weight

• Caffeine• Salicin• Yohimbine• Forskolin• Yerba Mate• Capsicum

• Hydroxycitric acid• Resistant starch• Calcium• Gum guggul• Corosolic acid• Glucomannan• Chromium picolinate

Thermogenic vs non-thermogenic mechanism

Prevention of chronic diseasesPrevention of chronic diseases• Unsaturated vegetable fats, whole grains,

vegetable proteins • Colorful fruits and vegetables, berries • Spices, herbs• Calorie restriction with adequate nutrients

• Lila, M.A. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1114: 372–380 (2007).

And back to BlueberriesAnd back to Blueberries

• 5 and 10% blueberry powder• Mice were fed control or blueberry diet for 8

weeks• Tumor volume was significantly smaller in the

5% and 10% BB supplemented groups than those on the control diet

• BB ingestion (anthocyanins) mediated key processes of inflammation, signaling, cell migration

• BB modulated 100’s of genes involved in inflammation, cell-to-cell interaction and cancer

Adams et al. J. Nutr 141:1805, 2011

Warning – supplementation might not workWarning – supplementation might not work• NIH-FUNDED STUDY SHOWS INCREASED PROSTATE

CANCER RISK FROM VITAMIN E SUPPLEMENTS• Men who took 400 international units (I.U.) of vitamin E daily

had more prostate cancers compared to men who took a placebo, according to an updated review of data from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). The findings showed that, per 1,000 men, there were 76 prostate cancers in men who took only vitamin E supplements, vs. 65 in men on placebo over a seven-year period, or 11 more cases of prostate cancer per 1,000 men. This represents a 17 percent increase in prostate cancers relative to those who took a placebo.

Warning – supplementation might not workWarning – supplementation might not work• Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center• The results of the Beta-Carotene And Retinol Efficacy Trial

(CARET) suggest that high-dose supplementation of vitamin A and beta-carotene should be avoided in people at high risk of lung cancer. About 9,000 people (smokers and people with asbestos exposure) were assigned a daily regimen of 25,000 IU of retinol and 30 milligrams of beta-carotene, while a similar number of people were assigned a placebo. After four years of follow-up, the incidence of lung cancer was 28% higher in the supplemented group compared to the placebo group.

ConclusionsConclusions

• It is not a single component in plant-derived foods, but rather complex mixtures of interacting natural chemicals, that produce such powerful health-protective effects. These natural components accumulate simultaneously together in a plant, and provide a multifaceted defensive strategy for both the plant, and the human consumer.

• Bioactive food constituents used to combat disease progression can be more comprehensive and broad-spectrum than the effects of any single-component synthetic drugs.

Lila, M.A. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1114: 372–380 (2007).

Thank YouThank You