nutrients carbohydrates lipids proteins vitamins minerals water food pyramid

Nutrients

• Carbohydrates• Lipids• Proteins• Vitamins• Minerals• Water

Food Pyramid

Digestion of Carbohydrates• Three enzymes required

-amylase

-amylase

Debranching Enzyme

-amylase

-amylase

Debranching Enzyme

Digestion of Carbohydrates

debranching enzyme

Digestion of Fats

• Require Bile Salts for Solubilization

• Require Lipases to Break Down

• Transported via Chylomicrons

Transport of Fats

Digestion of Proteins• Proteases hydrolyze the

peptide bond• Different proteases cleave

proteins at specific positions

Chymotrypsin Cleavage Sites

R1 N

O

H

R2 OH2 R1

O

ON

H

R2HH+ +

+

Specificity of Proteases• Chymotrpsin

– Cleaves after large nonpolar residues

• Tyrpsin– Cleaves after

Arg and Lys residues

• Elastase– Cleaves after

small nonpolar residues

Regulation of Proteases and Lipases: Proenzymes

Enzyme Cascades – 1 10 1000 10000

Essential Fatty Acids and Amino Acids

• Essential Fatty Acids

• Linoleic (18C, 2 Double Bonds)

• Linolenic (18C, 3 Double Bonds)

Vitamins• Required for Normal Growth and Function

• Organic Molecules

• Synthetically Complex

• Precursors to Enzyme Cofactors

• Grouped as Water-soluble or Fat-soluble

Water vs. Fat-soluble Vitamins

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin C

Vitamin C Deficiency Leads to Scurvy

Collagen

Collagen

Vitamin C

Vitamin K is Required for Clot Formation

Background on Folate and B12 Metabolism. http://www.hscbklyn.edu/SUNY/Biochem/ALCOHOL/alcohol_folate_bkgd.html

http://www.hscbklyn.edu/SUNY/Biochem/ALCOHOL/alcohol_case1.html

Case Study of Folate Deficiency and Biochemical Considerations

Folic Acid is reduced to THF

N

N

NH

N

CH2 N

H

NH2

O

H

C

O

N CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

H

N

N

NH

N

CH2 N

H

NH2

O

H

C

O

N CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

H

H

H

HH

folic acid

pterin

p-aminobenzoate

gultamic acid

THF

pterin

p-aminobenzoate

gultamic acid

Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase

Folic Acid is reduced to THF

N

N

NH

N

CH2 N

H

NH2

O

H

C

O

N CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

H

N

N

NH

N

CH2 N

H

NH2

O

H

C

O

N CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

H

H

H

HH

folic acid

pterin

p-aminobenzoate

gultamic acid

THF

pterin

p-aminobenzoate

gultamic acid

Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase

Folic Acid is reduced to THF

N

N

NH

N

CH2 N

H

NH2

O

H

C

O

N CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

H

N

N

NH

N

CH2 N

H

NH2

O

H

C

O

N CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

H

H

H

HH

folic acid

pterin

p-aminobenzoate

gultamic acid

THF

pterin

p-aminobenzoate

gultamic acid

Enzyme cofactor: thymidylate synthase

Folic Acid is Converted to THF

N

N

NH

N

CH2 N

H

NH2

O

H

C

O

N CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

H

N

N

NH

N

CH2 N

H

NH2

O

H

C

O

N CH

COOH

CH2

CH2

COOH

H

H

H

HH

folic acid

pterin

p-aminobenzoate

gultamic acid

THF

pterin

p-aminobenzoate

gultamic acid

thymidylate synthase: dUMP + methylene-THF --- > dTMP + dihydrofolate (DHF)

Thymine (T)Uracil (U)

Folic Acid is Converted to THF

thymidylate synthase: dUMP + methylene-THF --- > dTMP + dihydrofolate (DHF)

Thymine (T)Uracil (U)

http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?job=graphics&pdbId=2KCE&page=99&pid=286001115140247

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity

Binding Of The Anticancer Drug Zd1694 To E. Coli Thymidylate Synthase: Assessing Specificity and Affinity