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NUCLEAR ENERGY
DEBATE BY
CATHERINE K. KIANJI, LL.B (UoN), DIP. LAW (KSL), LIMIS (UK), DPM (KIM)
SENIOR LEGAL OFFICER
KENYA NUCLEAR ELECTRICITY BOARD (KNEB)
MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND PETROLEUM
11th September 2013
Overview
•Introduction
•Global perspective of nuclear energy
•Drivers of nuclear power in the world
•Status of Kenya nuclear energy programme
•Key issues in nuclear energy
•Future of nuclear energy
Introduction
Nuclear energy is produced through a chain reaction of uranium or other suitable nucleus fission
• Nuclear Fission
• Most fundamental consideration in nuclear
energy is ‘nuclear safety’.
Diagram of Pressurized Water Reactor
Source: McGraw –Hill Companies
Nuclear Energy: Global Perspective.
Source: IAEA
Nuclear Energy: Country share of
electricity generation (as of 31 Dec. 2012)
Source: Nuclear Power Reactor in the World - IAEA , Vienna, 2013 ( modified by author )
Drivers of nuclear energy in the World
•Continued growth in global energy demand
•Energy security
•Price volatility
•Environment protection and climate change
•Nuclear power:
Improved operations
Good economics
Good safety record starting in the early 1990s
Energy Source equivalents
Energy source : New power generation
and investment
• Growth in energy demand
• Energy security
• Price volatility
• Environment protection and climate
• Proven and safe technology
Why nuclear energy in Kenya?
Provision of adequate capacity for an ambitious economic development
programme (Kenya Vision 2030) - (ICT Park , Second container terminal and a
free port at the Mombasa port , Standard gauge railway(Juba-Lamu), Lamu port,
Special Economic Zones , Iron and Steel smelting industry in Meru area ,
Standard Gauge railway(Mombasa- Nairobi-Malaba, Kisumu), Light rail for
Nairobi and suburbs , Resort cities (Isiolo, Kilifi and Ukunda)
To provide stability in power supply ( Base load power)
Provision of efficient and reliable power
Lower cost of power - an economic alternative to fossil fuels
Provide adequate power that is environmentally friendly and clean
Availability of nuclear global peer review and support
Technology is mature and proven
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Source: Least Cost Power Development Plan 2011/2031
1st Nuclear Power plant ~
1000MW
Peak: 16,905MW Installed Capacity: 21,620MW
Peak power demand projection for
Kenya (MW)
4 Nuclear plants by 2031, Capacity 4000MW
Projected Power Generation Mix - 2031
Source: Least Cost Power Development Plan 2011/2031
Status of Kenya nuclear energy programme
•Kenya is a member of IAEA since 1965
•Kenya established the Kenya Nuclear Energy Board (KNEB) within the
Ministry of Energy and Petroleum as a Nuclear Energy Programme
Implementation Organization ( NEPIO).
•Prefeasibility Study - on going
•Capacity building through-
Local Corporation - Ministry of Energy and Petroleum and University
of Nairobi - Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
Masters in Nuclear Science Scholarships
Regional and International corporation - IAEA, Texas A & M University
(USA), KINGS ( Kepco International Graduate School ) South
Korea, AFRA, INIS
• Stakeholder engagement - in progress
• Strategic Plan – in progress
Status of Kenya nuclear energy policy
and Law
National legislative and regulatory framework
1. Draft Energy Policy and Bill
2. Drafting of nuclear energy Policy & Bill - in progress (Inter-ministerial
Committee)
Ratification and domestication of international treaties in the area of
nuclear safety , security , safeguards and liability for nuclear damage
Kenya has ratified all relevant regional and international instruments and is
pursuing ratification of the following:
1. The Convention on Nuclear Safety ( CNS)
2. The Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
3. The Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or
Radiological Emergency
4. The Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel and on the Safety of
Radioactive Waste Management and
5. Relevant Instruments on Liability for nuclear damage ( i.e. Vienna Nuclear
Liability Regime and the Joint Protocol)
Kenya nuclear energy programme
infrastructure milestone
Source: IAEA, 2007
Key issues in nuclear energy
Kianji.K.G 2012
•Kenya Geotectonic
• Waste management
• Accidents and Leakages
Most fundamental
issue / consideration
in Nuclear power is
“nuclear safety”.
Germany and nuclear energy
n all countries using nuclear energy there are well established procedures for storing,
managing and transporting such wastes, funded from electricity users. Wastes are
contained and managed, not released. Storage is safe and secure, plans are well in
hand for eventual disposal.
WNA info papers:Waste management & nuclear fuel cycle,
Radioactive waste management
Nuclear waste management
debate
Response In all countries using nuclear energy there are well established procedures for storing,
managing and transporting such wastes, funded from electricity users. Wastes are
contained and managed, not released. Storage is safe and secure, plans are well in
hand for eventual disposal. World Nuclear Association
The critics The advocates
• Risks are very high
• Absence of demonstrated
disposal technology after 40+
years proves nuclear is
fundamentally flowed
• Irresponsible to generate more
waste while the problem remains
unresolved
High – level waste is a non-risk …
It is easy to solve technical
problems - only challenge is
solving political problems on waste
disposal
Myth Truth
Many people died as a result
of the Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear accident
There were no direct deaths linked to the power
plant accident. All the deaths were due to the
Tsunami
A nuclear reactor can
explode like a bomb
Its impossible for a reactor to explode like a
nuclear weapon. These weapons contains
Uranium enriched at very high levels compared to
the enrichment of fuel for a Nuclear power plant
People get most of their
radiation dose from Nuclear
power plants
We are surrounded by naturally occurring
radiation. In America only 0.005% of radiation
dose comes from nuclear power.
The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear power
accident debate
66 new nuclear projects under construction today, 435 currently in
operation;
26 China
5* U.S.
1 Finland
Source: World Nuclear Association - April 2012
*Watts Bar 2, Summer 2,3 & Vogtle 3,4
10
Russia
2
Japan
1
Brazil
7 3
India South Korea
2
Taiwan 2
Slovakia
1
Argentina 1
France
© 2012 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Future of nuclear power
References IAEA ( 2007) Milestones in the Development of Nuclear national Infrastructure for
Nuclear power, IAEA Nuclear Energy Series No. NG –G- 3.1.
Kenya country report dated 16 April 2012 presented at the Technical aspects on
feasibility, contracting and construction of a nuclear plant conference from 16th to
27th April 2012, Danjeon, Republic of Korea.
Least Cost Power Development Plan 2011/2031
Chesire Edwin, The role of nuclear power programme in kenya a paper presented
at the sustainable research and innovation conference from 24th-26th April 2013,
JKUAT, Kenya
Kenya Vision 2030 22
Thank You
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