non projected aids
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NON PROJECTED AIDS
SHIJI K.SFIRST YEAR M.Sc NURSING
GOVT.COLLEGE OF NURSING KOTTAYAM
CLASSIFICATION
BLACK BOARD The teacher can illustrate his/her lesson The lesson can be phased and summarized in the
right manner Questions and problems can be listed. Pupil’s interest in class work can be stimulated It provides a lot of space for decorative and creative
work. A teacher can review the whole lesson
FIXED BLACKBOARD
BLACKBOARD ON EASEL
ROLLER BLACKBOARD
POINTS TO REMEMBER WHILE USING BLACKBOARD
• Blackboard should be kept clean• Writing on the blackboard should be legible• Letters and drawings should be large enough to be
seen from all parts of the room• Writing should be started from top left corner• Writing should be in straight rows• Material on the blackboard should not be covered by
standing in front of it• Only salient points of subject matter should be
written on the blackboard
CONT……
• Extreme lower corner of blackboard should not be made use of as writing on it
• It should be ensured that blackboard is well-lit by natural or artificial means
• Teacher should ensure that the class is attentive while writing on the blackboard
• Occasionally students may be asked to write or draw diagram on the blackboard
CONT…• Everything required for the blackboard should be
got together before the class begins• Duster and not hand or handkerchief should be used
for cleaning the blackboard • Teachers should develop the ability to draw freely
on the blackboard. • It should be ensured that the blackboard is
periodically serviced.
BULLETIN BOARD
PRINCIPLES IN THE USE OF BULLETIN BOARD
• The contents of the board should be organized around a central theme of content
• Materials should be dated to ensure that it does not remain no longer than desired
• The appearance should be neat, orderly and attractive.• Material should be changed frequently and
systematically.• The contributions should be well labeled• Student contributions should be encouraged and used.
CONT…
• Responsibility for editing the board should be placed on one person. Appoint a bulletin board committee to provide material.
• Everyone should be held responsible for reading and knowing what is on the board
• All material should be appropriately classified and labeled for future reference
• An interval of a day or two should be allowed to elapse during which the board is left bare in order to stimulate interest.
PURPOSES OF BULLETIN BOARD
To motivate the learnerTo give correct initial impressionsTo broaden the sensory experience of the learner To intensify impressions and vitalize instructionTo add variety to the classroom activityTo provide informationTo supplement and correlate instructionTo save time
FLANNEL BOARD
PURPOSES OF FLANNEL BOARD
• It captures and holds attention of students
• Materials displayed can be removed easily
• Students can construct and reconstruct the concepts visually
GUIDELINES FOR PRESENTATION WITH FLANNEL BOARD
• An introduction has to be given to the group before displaying flannel board.
• Plan the layout keeping in view the principles of teaching.• Arrange the materials in such a way that they lend
themselves best to illustrate the content to be delivered.• Try the layout to see that it fits the space on the flannel
board.• Place the flannel board at eye level and at a slightly
inclined angle. Lighting should also be checked.
CONT…
• Use a minimum number of objects to let the students focus their eyes on a few items at a time.
• Talk to the class as much as possible but not to the board.
• Remove the cut-outs from the board as soon as the explanation of that concept is completed and place the next cut-outs in position.
POSTERS
FLASH CARDS
GUIDELINES FOR EFFECTIVE USE OF FLASH CARDS
• Selection of topic and the content to be displayed should be carefully planned
• Illustrations in the flash cards should be simple• The number of cards should not exceed 10-12 • The size of the group should not be more than 40 • Arrange the cards in the proper sequence• A brief introduction of the topic should be given
to the group before displaying flash cards
Cont…..
• Display the cards in congruent with the content• Hold the cards and turn towards different parts of
the group and ensure it viewed by all members in the group
• Significant points should be pointed out• Look at the cards while the concept is explained
from the card• Involve the audience in discussion.
CARTOONS
CARTOONS
PREPARATION OF CARTOON• Suitable to the level of students.• Cartoons should be prepared according to the educational
objectives and background of students.• The writing and graphics should be meaningful• Cartoons should be of adequate size.• Symbols used in the cartoon should be clear and
understandable.• Cartoons need to be both amusing and instructive.• Students involvement
CHARTS -PURPOSES
• Showing relationship by means of facts, figures and statistics
• Presenting material symbolically• Summarizing information• Showing continuity in process• Presenting abstract ideas in visual form• Showing development of structure• Creating problems and stimulating thinking• Encouraging utilization of other media of communication• Motivating the students.
SIZE OF THE CHART
The optimum size of chart is 20" x 30". The size of the letters should beTitle—Two and half inchesSubtitle and headings—One and one-
third inchesSpace between lines—One to two inches
TYPES OF CHARTS
Narrative Chart Tabulation Chart Cause And Effect Chart Chain Chart Time Chart Pictorial Chart Flow Chart
NARRATIVE CHART
Left-to-right arrangement of facts and idea for expressing the events in a process
CAUSE AND EFFECT CHART
CHAIN CHART
TIME CHART
The time chart is used for showing the sequence of time of various events or for depicting chronologically all the happenings relevant to the development of a process, certain organization or any problem
FLOW CHART
FLANNEL GRAPH
Flannel graph is a thick piece of cardboard or plywood or wooden board of 3’ x 4' size on which a rough piece of flannel is stretched or fastened tightly with drawing pins.
GRAPHS
Graphs are flat pictures which employ dots, lines or pictures to visualize numerical and statistical data to show relationships or statistics.
TYPES OF GRAPHS
Line graphBar graphPie graphColumn graphSurface graph
COLUMN GRAPH
SURFACE GRAPH
TYPES OF MAPS
Relief maps Historical maps Distribution maps Geographical maps
PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS
• Students should have actual first hand experience
• Teacher and student should have a definite objective:
• Students should be stimulated for further inquiry
MODELS
A model is three-dimensional representation of a real thing.
FUNCTIONS OF MODELS
• Models simplify reality• Models concretize abstract concepts• A model enables to reduce or enlarge objects
to an observable size• A working model will secure immediate
attention and serve as motivation to learn
MOCK UPS
Mock-up refers to a specialized model or working replica of the object being depicted
DIORAMAS
OBJECT
SPECIMEN
MOULAGE
TYPES OF PUPPET
• Black light puppet• Bunraku puppet• Carnival or body puppet• Chin face puppet• Finger puppet• Hand or glove puppet• Marionette or string puppet
CONT…..
• Human-arm puppet• Instant puppet• Shadow puppet• Animation or digital puppet
BLACK LIGHT PUPPET
BUNRAKU PUPPET
CARNIVAL OR BODY PUPPET
CHIN FACE PUPPET
FINGER PUPPET
HAND OR GLOVE PUPPET
MARIONETTE OR STRING PUPPET
SHADOW PUPPET
ANIMATION OR DIGITAL PUPPET
PURPOSES OF PUPPETS
Developing communication skillsTeaching emotionsHelps for the development of fine motor skillsPromotion of imaginative skills Motivate and support children with difficulties
in communication and interaction.Development of social skills,
PUPPET SHOW
HANDOUTS
Uses• Directly related to the lesson content• As an information sheet—presenting complex,
rare or hard to find information• As a reading list• As a worksheet/quiz sheet/proforma/workbook• As a permanent source of reference
GUIDELINES FOR PREPARING HANDOUT
Be typed; use at least 12 point fontUse headings and page numbering consistentlyUse bullet points rather than continuous sentenceMake good use of spaceKeep lines left justified with a ragged right edgeAvoid excessive use of capital letters and underliningLeave plenty of space between columns of textAvoid starting a sentence at the end of a line
PAMPHLET
STYLES FOR ORGANIZING A PAMPHLET
• The tutorial style
• Frequently asked question style
• Testimonial style
LEAFLET
Leaflet is a small book usually having a paper cover.
ADVANTAGES OF LEAFLET
• The printed material has a high degree of acceptance,credibility and prestige
• Printed matter is unique in that it can be passed from person to person without distortion
• It is permanent and the message will not change unless it is physically altered.
• It can be reread for reinforcement• Complex and lengthy material can be explained in
detail
ACTIVITY AIDS
• Demonstration• Field trip or excursion• programmed instruction• Exhibition• Aquarium• Vivarium• Terrarium • Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
DEMONSTRATION
FIELD TRIP OR EXCURSION
AQUARIUM
VIVARIUM
TERRARIUM
GROUP DISCUSSION
‘Relevance of of Non Projected Audio Visual Aids in present nursing
education’
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