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E-ISSN: 2581-7140
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gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TAMIL LANGUAGE
AND LITERARY STUDIES (Ijtlls)
A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TAMIL STUDIES
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Archaeological Evidence and Tamil Culture
rpwg;gpjo; : njhFjp - 2> 27> Vg;uy; 2019
SPECIAL ISSUE : VOL – 2, 27, APRIL 2019
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CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
fUj;juq;fj; jiyth;
Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;> ,af;Feh; (K.$.ngh)> cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id - 600113. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,
The Director,
International Institute of Tamil Studies,
Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;nkhop (k) nkhopapay; Gyk;> cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id – 600113> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
j.kNf];thp ,af;Feh; IJTLLS, jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;> tpUJefh; - 626001> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. N. Sulochana, Assistant Professor,
Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics,
International Institute of Tamil Studies,
Taramani, Chennai-600113,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Ms. D. Maheswari, Director cum Editor-in Chief
International journal of Tamil Language and
literary Studies,
IJTLLS, Online Journal
Virudhunagar- 626001,
Tamil Nadu, India.
fUj;juq;ff;FO cWg;gpdh;fs; Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> rjf;fj;Jy;yh ;̀ mg;gh fy;Y}hp> u`;kj; efh;> jpUney;Ntyp-11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Mr. G. Antony Suresh,
Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
Sadakathullah Appa College,
Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
Tamil Nadu,
India
tp.tpky;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> kJiu- 11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Ms. V.Vimal, Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,
Tamil Nadu, India.
R. ma;adhh;> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> jpUr;rp – 17> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Mr. S. Ayyanar,
Assistant Professor of Tamil,
Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.
Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; jp.ghpksh> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> kJiu- 18> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. T. Parimala,
Assistant Professor of Tamil,
Mannar Thirumalai Nayakkar College,
Madurai-18,
Tamil Nadu, India.
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EDITORIAL BOARD
Special Issue Editors’
Kidth; Nfh. tprauhftd;> ,af;Feh; (K.$.ngh)> cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id - 600113. jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. G. Vijayaragavan,
The Director,
International Institute of Tamil Studies,
Chennai- 6000113, Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;nkhop (k) nkhopapay; Gyk;> cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdk;> jukzp> nrd;id – 600113> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
j.kNf];thp ,af;Feh; IJTLLS, jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;> tpUJefh; - 626001> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. N. Sulochana, Assistant Professor,
Department of Tamil Language and Linguistics,
International Institute of Tamil Studies,
Taramani, Chennai-600113,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Ms. D. Maheswari,
Director cum Editor-in Chief
International journal of Tamil Language and literary Studies,
IJTLLS, Online Journal
Virudhunagar- 626001,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Associate Editors
Qh. me;Njhzp RNu\; cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> rjf;fj;Jy;yh`; mg;gh fy;Y}hp> u`;kj; efh;> jpUney;Ntyp-11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Mr. G. Antony Suresh,
Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
Sadakathullah Appa College,
Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli.
Tamil Nadu,
India
tp.tpky;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> kJiuf; fy;Y}hp> kJiu- 11> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Ms. V.Vimal, Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil,
The Madura College, Madurai- 625011,
Tamil Nadu, India.
R. ma;adhh;> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> gp\g; `Pgh; fy;Y}hp> jpUr;rp – 17> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Mr. S. Ayyanar,
Assistant Professor of Tamil,
Bishop Huber College, Trichy-17.
Tamil Nadu, India.
Kidth; jp.ghpksh> cjtpg; Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> kd;dh; jpUkiy ehaf;fh; fy;Y}hp> kJiu- 18> jkpo;ehL> ,e;jpah.
Dr. T. Parimala,
Assistant Professor of Tamil,
Mannar Thirumalai Nayakkar College,
Madurai-18,
Tamil Nadu, India.
Mr. M.Vinoth Kumar,
Head & Assistant Professor, Department of English,
MSUC College,
Nagalapuram, Thoothukudi Dist, Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: vinothkumar@ijtlls.com, vinoth5082@gmail.com
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Advisory Editorial Board
Dr.Mohana Dass A/l Ramasamy,
Head of the Department, Indian
Studies,
Faculty of Arts and Social
Sciences,
University of Malaya, Malaysia.
Tel: +603-79675629, Fax: +603-
79675460.
Email:rmohana-dass@um.edu.my,
rmdassa@gmail.com
Dr. Sascha Ebeling,
Associate Professor,
College Senior Adviser in the
Humanities,
Chair, Readings in World
Literature Collegiate Core
Sequence,
Department of South Asian
Languages and Civilizations,
Department of Comparative
Literature,
The University of Chicago,
1130 East 59th Street, Foster 203,
Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
E-mail: ebeling@uchicago.edu
R. Venkatesh,
(PLM Leader in FORD,
Michigan)
President and Secretary,
Tamil Academy, Canton,
Michigan – 48187,
America.
E-mail: vradhak1@ford.com
Dr. Sasi Kumar,
Teaching Fellow,
Asian Languages & Cultures
Academic Group,
National Institute of Education,
Nanyang Technological
University, Nanyang Walk,
Singapore- 637616.
E-mail: sasikumar.p@nie.edu.sg
Dr. J.B.Prashant More,
Professor of Social Sciences,
Institute of Research in Social
Sciences and Humanities,
Inseec, Paris,
France.
E-mail: morejbplee@aol.com
Ms. Punitha Subramaniam,
P.G. Assistant in Tamil,
SJKT Ladang Temerloh,
34800 Trong, Perak, Malaysia.
E-mail: kashnitha@gmail.com,
punitha.su@moe.edu.my
Mr. K. Raguparan,
Senior Lecturer Gr.II in Tamil,
Department of Languages,
Faculty of Arts and Culture,
South Eastern University, Sri
Lanka,
E-mail:
kanagasabai.raguparan1@gmail.co
m
Dr. A. Boologarambai,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Tamil Language
and Translation Studies,
(Sangam Literature & Traditional
Grammar, Telugu, Hindi &
Japanese, Tamil, English)
Dravidian University, Kuppam-
517425,
Andra Pradesh, India.
E-mail:
arpudharambai@gmail.com
Dr. V. Raman,
Dean- Department of Visual
Communication,
Rathinam Arts and Science
College,
Eachanari, Coimbatore,
Tamilnadu- 641021, India.
E-mail:
dean.viscom@rathinamcollege.co
m
Dr. S. Manimaran,
Associate Professor, Department
of Tamil,
N.M.S.S.Vellaichamy Nadar
College, Madurai-19.
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail:
manimaransvn@gmail.com
Dr. T. K. Vedaraja,
Assistant Professor of English,
Alagappa Govt. Arts College,
Karaikudi, Sivaganga-630003,
Tamil Nadu, India.
E-mail: tkvraja@gmail.com
PUBLISHER: D. Maheswari,
3/350, Veterinary Hospital Back side,
Virudhunagar – 626001.
Mobile: 8526769556
Mail: maheswari@ijtlls.com
dmakesh88@gmail.com, ijtllsetamiljournal@gmail.com
Copyright © 2019 – D.MAHESWARI
All rights reserved. The Journal holds open access policy and the Pdf copy can be printed for
research and educational purposes. Think before you print so that you can save trees and environment.
IJTLLS is an Open Access journal and the Pdf copy can be reused within the terms of the CC BY license https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Think before you print so that you can save trees and the environment.
Authors'
mailto:kanagasabai.raguparan1@gmail.commailto:kanagasabai.raguparan1@gmail.commailto:maheswari@ijtlls.commailto:dmakesh88@gmail.commailto:ijtllsetamiljournal@gmail.com
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PUBLISHER’S MESSAGE
Aim & Objectives
International Journal for Tamil Language and Tamil Studies is an online Peer-Reviewed
International Journal published twice in a year on July and January, which is published by
Maheswari Publishers, patronized by Pandian Educational Trust, Virudhunagar, Tamil Nadu,
India. It also publishes Literary Druid, for English Language and Literature (Online) to foster
research in the domain areas.
International Journal for Tamil Language and Tamil Studies aims to bring down
Academic Research to promote research support for the academicians and scholars in the field of
Tamil Language and Literature. Research through this medium is motivating in all aspects of main
and inter-disciplines by consequent projects and e-publication. Making Internationalization of the
research works in the globalized world aid the scholarly community to develop scholarly profile in
research through the quality of publications. The audacity and vision of academic research on internet
could foster green printing and open access nature in research. All of these motivate best distribution
of research that produces positive outcomes for the betterment of the world.
Disclaimer
International Journal for Tamil Language and Tamil Studies is committed to research
Ethics and consider plagiarism as a crime. The authors are advised to adhere academic ethics with
respect to acknowledgment of quotations from other works. The Publisher & Editors will not be held
responsible for any lapse of the provider regarding plagiarism in their manuscripts. The submissions
ought to be original, must accompany the declaration form stating your research paper as an original
work, and has not been published elsewhere for any research purpose. The contributor will be the sole
responsibility for such lapses on any legal issues and publication ethics.
Contact ijtllsetamiljournal@gmail.com for submission and other information. See www.ijtlls.com for
guidelines.
D. Maheswari
Publisher and Director
Message from the Editor-in-Chief
International Journal for Tamil Language and Tamil Studies is an online Peer-reviewed
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literature which is committed to academic research,
welcomes scholars and students all over the world who to advance their status of academic career and
society by their scholarly ideas. The journal welcomes publications of quality papers on the domain
area.
Research ought to be active to create a major frontier in the academic world. It must augment
the neo-theoretical frame that facilitates re-evaluation and augmentation of existing practices and
thoughts. In due course, this will effect in a prime discovery and lean to the knowledge acquired.
Research is to establish, substantiate facts, restate previous works ant to resolve issues. An active
venture to endow cogent approach to these types for educational reformations through academic
research has become the central intent of the journal.
D. Maheswari
mailto:ijtllsetamiljournal@gmail.comhttp://www.ijtlls.com/
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mzpe;Jiu
முனைவர் க ோ.விசயரோ வன், எம்.ஏ., எம்ஃபில்., பி.எட்., பிஎச்.டி.,
இயக்குநர் (மு.கூ.பபோ.)
உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்
தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.
தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமயோை வரலோற்னையும் பண்போட்னையும்
அைிந்துப ோள்ள பபோிதும் துனணநிற்பது பதோல்லியல் சோன்று களயோகும். சங் ப்
போைல் ளின் உறுதிப்போட்னை வரலோற்று அடிப்பனையில் அ ழோய்வு ளின் மூலம்
பவளிக்ப ோணர்வகத பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வின் கநோக் மோகும். இந்த அடிப்பனையில்
வரலோற்று அைிஞர், பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர், மோனுைவியலோளர், பமோழியியலோளர்,
பண்போட்டு ஆய்வோளர், இலக் ிய ஆய்வைிஞர், ல்பவட்டியல் அைிஞர் எைப்
பல்கவறு புலனம பபற்கைோர் ளின் ஒத்துனழப்பிைோலும் துனணயிைோலும்
பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ள் தமிழ த்தில் நனைபபற்று வரு ின்ைை.
பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் னளக் ப ோண்டு தமிழர் ளின்
பதோன்னம உறுதி பசய்யப்படு ிைது. பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வோளர் ளின் ஈடுபோட்டின்
ோரணமோ பவளிவரும் பல்கவறு தைிக் ட்டுனர ளும், ட்டுனரத் பதோகுப்பு ளும்,
ள ஆய்வு ள் பற்ைிய சிைப்பு நூல் ளும், இதழ் ளும் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து புதிய
ண்டுபிடிப்பு னள உைனுக்குைன் பவளியிட்டு பண்னைய மக் ளின்
பண்போடு னளயும் வோழ்க்ன முனை னளயும், வோணி முனை னளயும் நமக்குத்
பதோிவிக்கும் தையங் ளோ த் தி ழ் ின்ைை. முப்பதுக்கும் கமற்பட்ை பதோல்லியல்
ளங் ள் உள்ள தமிழ த்தில் ஒரு சில இைங் ளில் மி க்குனைந்த அளகவ
அ ழோய்வு ள் நைந்கதைியுள்ளை. ளங் ள் முழுவதும் அ ழோய்வு ளுக்கு உட்படுத்தி
அங்கு ினைக்கும் பபோருள் னளக் ோல முனைப்படுத்திைோல் தமிழோின் பதோன்னம
இன்னும் பழனமயோைது என்பது புலப்படும். தமிழ் பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலத்தின்
இன்னைய ோல ட்ைத்திற்கு கதனவப்படும் வன யிலும் தமிழர் ளின்
பதோன்னமனயயும் பண்போட்னையும் உல ைியச் பசய்யும் வன யில் உல த்
தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைத் தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலத்துைன் தமிழ் பமோழி (ம)
இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS) இனணந்து ‘பதோல்லியல் சோன்றும் தமிழர்
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பண்போடும்’ எனும் பபோருண்னமயில் பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம் நைத்துவது ோலத்தின்
கதனவயோகும்.
பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ள், பதோல்லியல் னல ள், ல்பவட்டியல், ைல் சோர்
ஆய்வு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், பசப்கபடு ள், நோணயங் ள், அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த
பபோருள் ள் எைத் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோகும் வன யில் பல்கவறு
தனலப்பு ளில் பதோல்லியல் சோர்ந்து ஆரோய்ந்து ட்டுனர ள் வழங் ிய தமிழ்நோடு
மற்றும் இலங்ன யிலுள்ள பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப்
கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள், தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் எைக் ட்டுனர ள்
வழங் ிய அனைவனரயும் போரோட்டு ிகைன்.
ட்டுனர னளபயல்லோம் பசப்பம் பசய்து ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பன்ைோட்டுத்
தரக்குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ருத்தரங் நோளன்கை பவளியிடுவது உள்ளபடிகய
சிைப்பு. இவ் அத்தனை முயற்சி னளயும் கமற்ப ோண்டு பன்ைோட்டுக் ருத்தரங் ம்
பசவ்வகை நனைபபைவும் பல்லோற்ைோனும் உனழத்த ருத்தரங்
ஒருங் ினணப்போளர் ள் தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புல உதவிப் கபரோசிோியர்
முனைவர் நோ.சுகலோசைோ அவர் ளுக்கும் பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்விதழின் ஆசிோியர் முனைவர்
திருமதி மக சுவோி அவர் ளுக்கும் தமிழ்ப்பணினயச் சிைப்போ ச் பசய்திை
வோழ்த்து ளும் போரோட்டு ளும் ோலத்திற்க ற்ைோர்கபோன்ை பபோருண்னம ளில்
பல்கவறு நூல் ள் பவளிவரகவண்டும் என்றும் இவர் ளின் பணி கமன்கமலும்
பதோைரகவண்டும் எைவும் வோழ்த்து ிகைன்.
இைம்: பசன்னை இயக்குநர்
நோள்: 27.04.2019 (முனைவர் க ோ. விசயரோ வன்)
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tho;j;Jiu
முனைவர் நோ. சுகலோசைோ
உதவிப் கபரோசிோியர்
தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல் புலம்
உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவைம்
தரமணி, பசன்னை – 113.
தமிழர் ளின் பதோன்னமக்குச் சோன்ைோ ச் சங் ப் போைல் னளகயக் குைிப்பிட்டு
வரு ிகைோம். அதற்ப ல்லோம் வரலோற்றுத் தரவு ளின் அடிப்பனையில் பதோல்லியல்
அ ழோய்வு ளில் ினைத்த பபோருள் ள் சங் ோலத்னதயும் முந்னதய
பதோன்னமனயயும் பண்போட்னையும் உனையது என்பனத நிரூபித்து வரு ின்ைை.
தமிழ த்திலுள்ள பதோல்லியல் ளங் ளில் அ ழோய்வு ள் மி க் குனைந்த அளகவ
நைந்திருக் ின்ைை. முழுவதுமோை ஆய்வு ள் நைத்தப்பபற்ைோல் தமிழோின் பதோன்னம
இன்னும் பல நூற்ைோண்டு ளுக்கு முற்பட்ை பழனமயோை நோ ோி ம் தமிழர் ளுனையது
என்பது உறுதியோகும்.
ல்பவட்டியல், பசப்கபடு ள், ஓனலச்சுவடி ள், நோணயங் ள், பதோல்லியல்
சோர்ந்த ஆய்வு நூல் ள் எை இதுகபோன்ை ளங் ளில் ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வரப்பபற்று
‘பதோல்லியல் சோன்றும் தமிழர் பண்போடும்’ எனும் பபோருண்னமயில் பன்ைோட்டுத்தரக்
குைியீட்டு எண்ணுைன் (ISSN) ஆய்வுக்க ோனவ பவளிவருவது ோலத்தின்
கதனவயோகும்.
பதோைர்ந்து நோங் ள் நைத்தும் ருத்தரங்கு ளுக்கு ஆய்வுக் ட்டுனர வழங் ி
வரும் பல் னலக் ழ ப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், ல்லூோிப் கபரோசிோியர் ள், தமிழோசிோியர் ள்,
தமிழைிஞர் ள், தமிழோர்வலர் ள் மற்றும் ஆய்வு மோணவர் ள் எை அனைவோின்
ஒத்துனழப்போலும் ஒவ்பவோரு ருத்தரங் மும் சிைப்போ நனைபபற்ைது, நனைபபற்று
வரு ிைது என்பனத ம ிழ்கவோடும் நன்ைியுணர்கவோடும் நினைத்துப் போர்க் ிகைன்.
அந்த வன யில் உல த் தமிழோரோய்ச்சி நிறுவை தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) பமோழியியல்
புலத்துைன் இனணந்து தமிழ்பமோழி (ம) இலக் ிய பன்ைோட்டு ஆய்வு இதழ் (IJTLLS)
இக் ருத்தரங்ன நைத்துவது உள்ளபடிகய ம ிழ்ச்சி.
தமிழர் ளின் பண்போட்னை உல ிற்கு எடுத்துனரக்கும் உன்ைத பணினயச்
பசய்துவரும் பதோல்லியல் அைிஞர் ளின் பணினயயும் தமிழோின் பதோன்னமக்கு
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ஆவணமோ த் தி ழும் பதோல்லியல் ஆய்வு னளயும் எல்கலோருக்கும் ப ோண்டுகபோய்ச்
கசர்க்கும் வன யிலும் அனைவரும் பதோல்லியல் ளங் னளயும், ஆய்வு னளயும்
அைிய கவண்டும் எனும் கநோக் த்தில் இத்தன ய ருத்தரங் ம் நைத்தப்பபற்று அதற்கு
ஆவணமோ ஆய்வுக்க ோனவயும் பவளியிட்டு உன்ைதமோைத் தமிழ்ப்பணினயச்
பசய்துவரும் ஆய்வு இதழுக்கு வோழ்த்து ள். இன்னும் இது கபோன்ை நல்ல
தமிழ்ப்பணி னளச் பசவ்வகை பசய்ய போரோட்டு ளும் வோழ்த்து ளும்.
இைம்: பசன்னை இப்படிக்கு
நோள்: 27.04.2019 (முனைவர் நோ. சுகலோசைோ)
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gjpg;Giu kw;Wk; ed;wpAiu
jpUkjp. j.kNf];thp>
,af;Feh; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrphpah; - IJTLLS,
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo;>
tpUJefh; - 626 001.
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;fhf vkJ jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo; (Ijtlls); jk; ,yf;fpa kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp mUk;gzpia nra;J tUfpd;wJ.
njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk; vd;w nghUz;ikapy;
fUj;juq;fk; elj;j mDkjp je;j cyfj; jkpohuha;r;rp epWtdj;jpd; ,af;Fdh; Kidth;. Nfh. tprauhftd; kw;Wk; Kidth; eh. RNyhrdh MfpNahh;f;F vdJ ed;wpia chpj;jhf;FfpNwd;.
,t;nthU ehs; gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fj;jpd; Xh; mq;fkhf
jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo; nrk;ikaha; nray;gl;L Ma;Tf; fl;Liufis ,izaj;jpy; gjpg;G nra;J cs;sJ. vjph;fhyj;jpy; jkpo; Muha;r;rpfis cyf muq;fj;jpw;F vLj;Jr; nry;y Xh; Ma;Tf;fskhf vkJ ,jo; nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. mjw;F jkJ cWJiz mspj;j midtUf;Fk; ed;wp.
gd;dhl;L fUj;juq;fpy; jkJ Ma;it nrk;ik epWj;jp
jkpo;nkhop> jkpoh; ehfhpfk;> jkpoh; gz;ghL kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuk; Nghd;w nghUz;ikapy; ele;j mfo;thuha;r;rpfs; %ykhf fpilj;j juTfs; fl;Liufis toq;fp rpwg;gpj;j jkpo; Nguhrphpah;fs;> Vida midj;J Jiwg; Nguhrphpah;fs;> vOj;jhsh;fs;> jkpo; Mh;tyh;fs; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rp khzth;fis kdjhu ghuhl;LfpNwhk;.
ed;wp
jpUkjp. j.kNf];thp
,af;Feh; kw;Wk; gjpg;ghrphpah; - IJTLLS
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nghUslf;fk;
t.vz;
S.No
jiyg;G / ngah;
Title / Author Name
gf;f vz;
Page No
54. jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW $Wk; rjpf;fy;
Stonehenge of Sati in Tamil People’s Culture
Kidth; gh. espdpg;hpah
308
55. mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsk;
Unresolved Archaeological Sites
Kidth;.fp.ehNfe;jpud;
311
56. jkpou; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs;
Tamilar Archaeological Excavations
M.ep\he;jp
315
57. njhy;ypay; Nghw;Wk; jpUkapiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; jkpofgz;ghL
Tamil Culture from the Culverts of Archaeology Famed
Thirumayilai Culverts
KidtH.jp.ney;iyag;gd;
322
58. fy;ntl;L mikg;Gk; jkpof fy;ntl;LfSk;
Tamil Culverts and its Structure
m.guj;Fkhh;
326
59. eLfy; czh;j;Jk; jkpohpd; tho;tpay;
Tamilar Social life Instructed by Erecting Stonehenges
Kidth;.Nf.ghpksk;
333
60. mofh;Nfhtpy; fy;ntl;Lf;fshy; mwpag;gLk; murh;fSk; nfhilfSk;
The Kings and the Donations through the Culverts of Alagar Kovil
Kidth;.jp.ghpksh
338
61. vl;Lj;njhif E}y;fspy; eLfw;fs;
Stonehenges in Ettutthokai
Kidth; f.r.gthdp
343
62. jpUr;nrq;NfhL fy;ntl;Lfshy; mwpayhFk; jkpou; gz;ghL
Tamil Culture comprehended through the Culverts of
Thiruchencode
Kidtu;. muq;f. ghup
347
63. fy;ntl;LfSk; nrg;NgLfSk;
Culverts and Copper Plates
mk;ig Rtn.M.ghyruRtjp
351
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t.vz;
S.No
jiyg;G / ngah;
Title / Author Name
gf;f vz;
Page No
64. jhsp(op)A+u;-ngUq;fw;fhyj; njhy;nyr;rq;fs; fsMa;Tk; Nkw;gug;gha;Tk;
Site Study of Archaeological Remnants of the Stone Age of
Thaliyur
Kidtu; f. ghyh[p
359
65. Mw;wq;fiu ehfuPf tuyhw;wpy; nghd;Ndup tl;lk;
Ponneri Taluk in the History of River Civilization
K.gpuG
364
66. fy;ntl;Lfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk;
The Origins and Developments of Culverts
J.gpupaq;fh
370
67. cj;jpuNfhrkq;if - njhd;kf; fl;likg;Gk; tuyhWk;
Archaic History and Infrastructure of Uttrakosamangai
KidtH =. gpNuk;FkhH
374
68. jkpoupd; njhy;ypay; $Wfs;
Tamilar Archaeological Evidences
r.gpNukFkhup
381
69. njhy;ypaYk; fy;ntl;baYk;
Archaeology and the Study of Culverts
Kidth; Nkh.[.kNf];thp
390
70. njhy;ypay; Xh; njhlhpay;
Archaeology, a Continious Logy
,uh. kQ;Rsh Njtp
395
71. njhy;ypay; – khDltpaYld;> kugpay; rhh;e;j mwptpay; ghh;itapy;
Archaeology- On Anthropological and Genetical Perspectives
g. kjpthzd;
400
72. fy;ntl;Lfs;> nrg;NgLfs;- Xh; ghh;it
A Glance on the Culverts and Copper Plates
g.nr.Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
409
73. fPob njhy;efu mfoha;Tf; fsk;
Keeladi Ancient Remnant City Archaeological Site
Kidth;. nt.Kj;Jyl;Rkp
415
74. Nfusf; fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; - NtzhL
Venad in the Culverts of Kerala
Kidth;.uh.Ky;iy
420
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t.vz;
S.No
jiyg;G / ngah;
Title / Author Name
gf;f vz;
Page No
75. jkpoHrhh; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; Tamil Oriented Archaeological Excavations
j.Kdpak;khs; 424
76. =tpy;ypg;Gj;J}u; tl;lhuj;jpy; neLq;fy; topghLk;
topghl;L khw;wKk;
Stonehenge Worship and its Change in the Srivilliputtur District
KidthH; ,uh. %u;j;jp
428
77. njhy;jkpou;fspd; czTj;NjlYk; gz;ghl;L cUthf;fKk;
Search of Food and Cultural Origins of the Ancient Tamil People
KidtH g.R. %Nte;jd;
434
78. jpUNthj;J}u; (NrahW) jpUj;jyf; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
The Facts of the Thiruvothoor (Seyar) Culverts
ikj;jpupmd;G
440
79. tpUJefh; khtl;lj; njhy;ypay; fsq;fs;
Archaeological Sites in Virudhunagar District
Kidth; F.Nkdfh
445
80. njhy;nghUs; khdpltpaypy; rq;F
Sangu in Archeo-Anthropology
,uh.Nkhfd tre;jd;
449
81. ‘fz;zfp kz;zpy;’ nghUz;ikapy; njhy;ypay; Xh; ghh;it
Archaeology in the Land of Kannagi
,uh. aNrhjh
453
82. fy;ntl;Lf;fspy; epyk; gw;wpa njhd;kf;$Wfspd; Gyg;ghLfs;
The Traces of Land Donations and Revenue in Culverts
Kidth; V.Nahfrpj;uh
457
83. gz;ila fe;jNuhilapd; ,d;iwa RtLfs;
Remnants of the Ancient Kandharodai
Nfh. uFtud;
463
84. rpe;Jrkntsp vOj;Jf;fs;
The Scripts of Indus Valley Civilization
uh.u[{yh
467
85. GwehD}w;wpy; eLfw;fs;
The Erection of Stonehenges in Purananooru
Kidtu; ngh.uhzp
472
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t.vz;
S.No
jiyg;G / ngah;
Title / Author Name
gf;f vz;
Page No
86. nfhy;yq;nfhz;lhd; njhy;ypay; fsk;
Kollankondan Archaeological Site
Nfh.uh[d;jh];
475
87. fl;llf;fiy thapyhf mwpag;gLk; jkpopd; njhd;ikAk;
jkpoH ngUikAk; - xU kPs;ghHit
A Bird Eye Study on the Eminence of Tamil Culture and Antiquity
through Architecture
ng.uh[h
479
88. [t;thJ kiy- kiyahspg; goq;Fbapdupd; nja;t ek;gpf;iffs;
Deity Beliefs of Javathu Hills Malayali Tribes
m. uhN[\;
484
89. ts;StH etpYk; jkpoh; gz;ghl;L tho;f;if eyg;gz;Gfs;
Life Ethics of Tamil Culture by Valluvar
=. nu[pyh Fkhhp
488
90. Nrhoh; fhyj; nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfs;
Bronze Idols of the Chola Period
Kidth; [h.tsh;kjp
491
91. NrhoNfusd; fy;ntl;Lfs; ciuf;Fk; jkpoH gz;ghl;Lr; nra;jpfs;
Tamil Cultural Facts as Revealed in the Culverts of Cholakeralan
KidtH.r.tdpjh
495
92. fue;ijr; nrg;Ngl;Lj; njhFjpapd; khz;G
The Nobility of Karantai Copper Plates
lhf;lh; Nt. tpf;NdR
499
93. ,yf;fpaq;fs; fhl;Lk; eLfy; nra;jpfs;
Stonehenge shown in Literatures
rP.tpky;
504
94. kUj epyj;jpd; tho;Tk; tPo;Tk;
The Life and Fall of the Marutham Land
lhf;lh;.R.tpNtfyjh
508
95. njhy;ypay; rhd;WfSk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk;
Archaeological Evidences and Tamilar Culture
J. tp[afyh
513
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t.vz;
S.No
jiyg;G / ngah;
Title / Author Name
gf;f vz;
Page No
96. jkpof njhy;ypaypy; ,uhgu;l; G&];G+l;bd; gq;F
The Contribution of Robert Bruce Foote in Tamil Archaeologial
Study
Kidtu; jpUkjp K. tp[arhe;jp
516
97. fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngz;fs;
Women in Culverts
KidtH V. tPug;gd;
521
98. njhy;ypay; gjpTfspy; fy;ntl;L tuyhW
Culvert Cronology in Archaeological Registration
Kidth; M.NtzP=
526
99. iff; $yp rPjd xg;ge;jf; fy;ntl;L - XH Ma;T
A Study on Dowry and Wages Agreement Culverts
nry;tp n[ [_ypal; Nkup> KidtH ngh guNk];tup
531
100. khad; gz;ghL
Mayan Culture
KidtH ,uh. [Pthuhzp
535
101. njhy; goq;fhy rkaKk; gz;ghl;L; epiyf;fsDk;
Primordial Religion and Cultural State
n[. n[akjp
539
102. fPob mfoha;T
Keeladi Archaeological Excavation
Kidth;. ng.n[akhhp
544
103. njhy;ypay; rhd;Wk; jkpoH tho;Tk; nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
Tamil Life in Kodumanal and Archaeological Substantiation
vk;.n[anyl;Rkp
551
104. nfhLkzy; mfoha;T
Kodumanal Archaeological Excavation
g.n[anyl;Rkp
555
105. njhy;goq;fhy ghid XLfSk; gz;ghLk; Xh; ghh;it
A Glance on Ancient Pots and Culture
Kidth; gh.n[ah
560
106. nfhq;F kz;lyk; nghpahh; khtl;lf; fy;ntl;Lk;> nrg;NgLk; gjpTk;
Culvert and Bronze Plate Inscriptions in Kongu Area of Periyar
District
rh. n[dpgh;
564
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t.vz;
S.No
jiyg;G / ngah;
Title / Author Name
gf;f vz;
Page No
107. jkpoHfspd; gof;ftof;fq;fSk; ek;gpf;iffSk;
Tamil People’s Traditional Habits and Beliefs
v. \ P̀yh
568
108. The Origins of Tamil Civilization
M.Arul Darwin & Dr. S. Suresh Pandi 572
109. Archaeological Vestiges of Palur
Mrs.R.Brinda Kumari 577
110. Political Condition during the Chola’s as Gleaned from Inscriptions of Thirunavalur
E. Jeeva
581
111. Marine Archaeological Museum at Poompuhar
Dr.B. Murugeswari & Dr.A. Muniyandi 586
112. Archaeological Vestiges of Kannur
Dr. (Mrs) J.D.Patrishiya Fernando 589
113. Lord Siva as Candrasekharamurti - A Study
M.Srilatha 592
114. Adichanallur Artifacts: An Ancient Tamil Civilization of Great Elegance
Mr. B. Thangamarimuthu
595
115. Inscriptions of Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple, Madurai-A Historical Study
Dr.D.Uma
603
116. Tamil Civilization- A Glance
Mr. R. Vinayagamoorthy & R.Ganeshkumar 608
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 308 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
jkpoh;fspd; tuyhW $Wk; rjpf;fy; Stonehenge of Sati in Tamil People’s Culture
Kidth; gh. espdpg;hpah> cjtpg; Nguhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw>
mtpdhrpypq;fk; kidapay; kw;Wk; kfspu; cau;fy;tp epWtdk;> Nfhak;Gj;J}u;-43.
Abstract
The paper purports the facts of the archaeological sites of the Sati Stonehenges in the
areas of Tamil Nadu. It is customary to erect stones for the women who did Sati with her
dead husband and the people believe that the women who commits Sati is of good cadre and
a woman of morals. She is considered as a woman os chastity. Therefore, the study brings out
the stonehenges erected for the women who had committed Sati.
Keywords: Stonehenge of Sati, Tamil People, Tamil Culture
Nghhpy; tPukuzk; mile;j tPudpd; kidtp cld;fl;il Vwp ,we;jhy; mg;ngz;zpd; epidthf elg;gLk; fy; rjpfy; MFk;. fztd; ,we;jTld; jhDk; caph;tpl;l tPukfsph;f;F mf;fhy kf;fs; rjpf;fy; vLj;J topghL nra;J te;jdh;. ,jid k`h]jp fy; vd;wioj;jdh;. ,f;fy; elg;gLtjw;F mbg;gil tPuh;fspd; kuzkhf ,Ue;jJ. mth;fspd; epidthf eLfw;fs; kw;Wk; tPuf;fw;fs; elg;gl;ld. kd;dDf;fhfTk; Mepiufis ghJfhf;fTk;> Ciug; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; caph;ePj;j tPuh;fspd; epidthf elg;gLk; fy;yhFk;. ,we;J Nghd tPuidAk; mtdJ ,wg;ghy; JaUw;W ,we;j kidtpiaAk; topgl;lhy; mth;fspd; rf;jp topgl;ltUf;F fpilg;gjhf Kd;Ndhh;fs;; ek;gpdh;. ,g;gbg;gl;l tof;fj;jpd; thapyhfNt eLfw;fSf;Fk; rjpf;fw;fSf;Fk; cs;s njhlh;ig ek;khy; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
rpy rjpf;fw;fspy; cUtKk;> vOj;JfSk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. rpy fw;fspy; cUtk; kl;LNk ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy; gjpdhwhk; E}w;whz;L tiu rjpf;fw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rjpf;fw;fs; ,we;jth;fspd; fy;yiw kl;Lky;yhky; ,we;J tpOe;j ,lq;fspYk;> ,we;jth;fspd; Ch;fspYk; mth;fspd; cwtpdh;fs; tho;e;j gFjpfspYk; fhzKbfpd;wJ. ,we;j ngz;zpd; cwtpdh;fNsh> Ch; kf;fNsh my;yJ ,df;FO kf;fNs rjpf;fy;iy eLfpwhh;fs;.
jPg;gha;e;J ,wg;gth;fSf;F rpy tpjpKiwfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jPg;ghaf;$bag; ngz; mtshf tpUg;gg;gl;L caphpof;f Ntz;Lk;. tPud; ,we;J NghdTld; mtdJ kidtp jPg;gha;e;jhy; mth;fsJ ,Uthpd; cUtKk; fy;ypy; nghwpf;fg;gLk;. mt;tPud; tzq;Fk; nja;tj;jpd; cUtKk;> tPud; vjw;fhf ,we;Jgl;lhd; vd;w nra;jpAk; mf;fy;ypy; nrJf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. rjpGhpAk; ngz;zhdts; Neha;tha;g;gl;ltshf ,Uf;ff; $lhJ. fztd; ,we;jgpwF ,g;gb ,we;JNgha; tpl;lhNd vd;w tUj;jk; jPg;ghAk; ngz;zpw;F ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
midj;J r%fj;jpYk; jPg;ghAk; tof;fk; ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. NkYk; mg;ngz;iz kw;wth;fs; ahUk; fl;lhag;Lj;jpNah> Jd;GWj;jpNah jPg;gha;e;J ,wf;f
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 309 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
typAWj;jkhl;lhh;fs;. gjpdhW tajpw;F cl;gl;ltshf rpW ngz;zhfj; jPg;ghAk; ngz; ,Uj;jy; $lhJ. mtshf tpUk;gpj; jPg;gha Ntz;Lk;. fl;lhag;gLj;jpdhy; mJ nfhiyf;F rkkhfTk;> mjh;kkhfTk; fUjg;gl;lJ. fztd; ,we;J gj;J ehl;fs; Kjy; gjp%d;W ehl;fs; tiu kidtp jPg;ghAk; fhykhFk;. mg;gb me;ehl;fSf;Fs; mg;ngz; jPg;gha;e;J ,we;Jtpl;lhy; mj;jifag; ngz;fis kq;fyg; ngz;fshfNtf; fUJth;. fztd; ,we;J ,UgJehl;fs; gpd;Dk; thof;$ba ngz;fis mkq;fyg; ngz; (tpjit) vd;Wk; mioj;J te;jdh;. ,yf;fpaq;fspy; cld;fl;il VWk; epfo;T
rjp vd;Dk; nrhy;Yf;F fw;Gila kidtp vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. rjpf;fy;iy k`h]jp vd;W mgpjhd rpe;jhkzp (gf;.560) $Wfpd;wJ. fztd; ,we;jTld; kidtp jPg;gha;e;J ,wj;jiyf; Fwpj;j nra;jpfs; ,yf;fz E}yhd njhy;fhg;gaj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. “ey;Nyhs; fztndhL edpmoy; GfP,r; nrhy;ypil apl;l ghiy epiyAk;” (njhy;.Gwj;.1025:30-31) vd;w E}w;ghtbfs; ,jid nka;g;gpf;fpd;wd. ,t;tifahd nra;jpfs; GwehD}w;wpYk; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;fpd;wd.
“caty; ngz;bNuk; my;Nyk; khNjh> ngUq;fhl;Lg; gz;zpa fUq;Nfhl;L vkf;Fvk; ngUe;Njhl; fztd; kha;e;njd> mUk;Gmw ts;,jo; mtpo;e;j jhkiu es;,Uk; ngha;ifAk; jPAk;X uw;Nw!” (Gwk;. 246:10-15) vd;Dk; mbfs; ‘ifk;ik Nehd;G ,Uf;Fk; ngz;fisg; Nghd;W my;y ehd;.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 310 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
vd;W Mjpiu tUe;jpa nra;jpia kzpNkfiyapy; Mjpiu gpr;irapl;lf;fhijapd; top mwpaKbfpd;wJ.
fk;guhkhazj;jpy; ,uhtzd; ,we;j gpwF kz;Nlhjhp ,we;jjhff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whh; fk;gh;. ,jid “epide;jJk; kwe;jJk; ,yhj neQ;rpdhs; nghd;j ioj;j nghUsU khh;gpid jdjiof; iff shy;fO tpj;jdp epd;w ioj;Japh;j; jhs;caph; ePq;fpdhs; (fk;g.Aj;j.111) vd;w mbfs; vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wd. fy;ntl;by; rjpf;fy;
Me;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; thdNthY vd;w Chpy; fd;dl nkhopapy; mike;j rjpf;fy; xd;W cs;sJ. mjpy; fztd; ,we;j ngDnfhz;lhtpy; kidtpahd fq;frhzp vd;gtSk; cld;fl;il Vwpdhs; vd;w nra;jp ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. kfhuh\;bu khepyk; nfhy;yhg;G+h; khtl;lk; rq;frpapy; fy;ntl;Lld; cs;s rjpf;fy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,uz;lhk; guhe;jfdhfpa Re;juNrhod; ,we;Jtpl;l gpwF mtd; kidtpahd thdtd;khNjtp jPapy; tpOe;J caph;ePj;j nra;jpia jpUf;NfhapY}h; fy;ntl;Lk;> Mz;bkiy rhrdKk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,we;j mt;tpUtUf;Fk; ,uh[uh[d; jQ;ir nghpa Nfhapypy; Ik;nghd;dhy; rpiyfs; epWtpAs;shd;.
jtp vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; Nehd;G vd;gJ rjpAld; njhlh;GilajhFk;. ‘xUq;Fld; kha;e;j ngz;bh;f;F MapDk;’ vd;W kzpNkfiy Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. rjpf;fy;iy fh;ehlf khepyj;jpy; kfhrjpf;fy; my;yJ kh];jpfy; vd;W toq;Ffpd;wdh;. jkpofj;jpYk; ,t;tifahd rjpf;fy;iy fhzyhk;.
%d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fDila Ml;rpapd;NghJ jhkiug;ghf;fj;jpy; cld;fl;il VWjy; epfo;it xUfy;ntl;L ciuf;fpd;wJ. Nrhkd; gpujpfq;fd; vd;gtdpd; je;ijahd $j;jhLk; Njth; ,we;Jgl mtDila Njtpahd ghbdpAk; cld;fl;il Vwp ,we;Jtpl;lhs;. ,jid cld;gs;sp nfhz;lhs; vd;W fy;ntl;L Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ. ,we;j mg;ngz;zpd; FLk;gj;jhh;f;F xUNtypepyk; toq;fg;gl;l nra;jpAk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. NkYk; fp;.gp.910,y; tPuNrho ,sq;Nfhtd; ,we;j gpwF mtdJ kidtpAk; cld;fl;il Vwpa epfo;it my;Y}hpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L xd;W Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.
,t;thW mf;fhy kf;fspd; tPuTzh;it ntspf;fhl;Lk; tpjj;jpy; jPg;gha;e;J caph;ePj;j rjp vd;Dk; tof;fk; ,Ue;Jte;Js;sJ. ,jw;F kwf;fw;G vd;w ngaUk; cz;L. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad; caph; tpl;lJk; mtd; kidtpahd ghz;bkhNjtp caph;ePj;jhs;. ,jid mwf;fw;G vd;W toq;fpdh;. MfNt ,t;tifahd nray;fs; ahTk; mf;fhy ngz;bhpd; fw;Gf;F Gfohuk; #l;Lk; nray;fshfNt ,Ue;Jte;jikia mwpaKbfpd;wJ. E}w;gl;bay;
1. GwehD}W %yKk; gioa ciuAk; 2. FWe;njhif %yKk; ciuAk; - c.Nt.rhkpehja;ah;.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 311 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsk; Unresolved Archaeological Sites
Kidth;.fp.ehNfe;jpud;> cjtpg;Nguhrphpah;> jkpo;j;Jiw> kJiuf;fy;Yhhp> kJiu - 11.
Abstract
The paper purports the facts of the unresolved archaeological sites of Tamil Nadu. It
is the present need to bring out the such measures to proclaim that the Tamils had a cultured
life to the world. Therefore, the study brings out the messages regarding to the topic.
Keywords: Unresolved, Archaeological Sites, Tamils, Tamil Civilization
goe;jkpoh; gz;ghl;ilAk;>fiy EZf;fj;ijAk; fw;rpw;gq;fs;> Nfhapy;fs; >fl;blq;fs; top mwpaKbfpwJ. njhy;ypay; Jiwapdh; vj;jidNah fsq;fis Ma;e;J juTfisj; jpul;bj; je;j NghjpYk;> rpy ,lq;fs; Ma;Tf;F cl;glhky; cs;sJ. mg;gb mfog;glhj kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s rpw;rpy nra;jpfis fs Ma;T thapyhfj; njhFj;Js;Nsd;. kjpg;gDhh; Nrhsj;jl;il> fk;ke;jl;ilapy; kjpg;Gfs; epiwe;j Kj;Jf;fs; ntbj;Jr; rpjwpa Ch; kjpg;gDhh; vd;W $Wfpwdh;. ,t;T+hpy; ngUkhs; Nfhapy; xd;W cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; vl;Lg;gl;bf;F nrhe;jkhd Nfhapy; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;. ,f;NfhapYf;F njw;Fg;Gwk;. rPikf;fUNty Kw;Gjh; mjd; eLtpy; xU Ntg;gkuk; Ntg;gkuj;jpd; fPo; Jhz;fw;fSk;> rpw;gq;fs; epiwe;j fw;fSk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mijg;gw;wp fs Ma;T nra;j NghJ vt;tpjkhd jftYk; mwpag;gltpy;iy. ,q;Fs;s rpw;gq;fisg; ghh;f;Fk; nghOJ eLfw;fyhf ,Uf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;J tUfpwJ. Crp tbtpy; neba JHZk; JHizr; Rw;wpYk; tl;l vOj;J fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. FWf;Fk; neLf;Fkhf fy;ntl;L fw;fs; rpw;gq;fs; nrJf;fpa fw;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
rpw;gq;fisf;fhZk; NghJ xNu fy;ypy; ,uz;L rpw;gq;fs; fhzg;gLfpwJ. mjpy; xd;W ngz; rpw;gKk; kw;nwhd;W Mz; rpw;gKk; cs;sJ. Nghh; thSld;> Nflak; itj;J> Nty; fk;Gk; itj;J> Mz; rpw;gKk;> mjd; gf;fj;jpy; ifia klf;fpa epiyapy;> xUngz; rpw;gKk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mij mLj;j rpw;gj;jpy; NghUf;F nry;tJ xU tPudpd; rpw;gk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;T+hpy; tPLfl;l epyj;ijj; Njhz;Lk;NghJk;> coT nra;fpd;w nghOJk;> jhopg;ghidfs;> kz;ghidfs;> kz;ghid> xLfs;> gg;glg;ghrp fpilg;gjhf fpuhkkf;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdhh;. ,t;T+hpy; Kd;G fTz;lh; ,d kf;fs; tho;e;J te;jjhfTk;> gpd;G ,k;kf;fs; ,t;T+iu tpl;L ntspNawpajhfTk; $Wfpd;wdh;. Mdhy; ,t;T+hpy; eilngUk; Nfhapy; nfhil tpohtpw;F fTz;lh;fSf;Nf Kjy; khpahij vd;w nra;jpAk; njhpatUfpwJ.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 312 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
Kj;JehifahGuk; ,t;T+h; kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkj;jpy; gf;fj;J Ch; rhg;^h; [kPd; vy;iyf;F cl;gl;lJ. ,q;F cs;s ngj;jz;z Rthkp Nfhapy; Fsj;ij Jhh;thUk; nghOJ VOfd;dpkhh; rpiy fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j Ch; Mjpfhyj;jpy; Mj;JHh;> GypA+h; vd;w Ch; ,Ue;jjhfTk; ,g;nghOJ Mw;wpy; nts;sj;jpy; me;j Ch; mope;Jtpl;ljhfTk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdh;.
Nkw;F rilaf;fTz;ld; gl;b> njw;F Fopg;gl;b> tlNkw;F kjpg;gD}H> tlfpof;F Nkl;Lg;gl;b> fpof;F ehifahGuk;> eLtpy; NgiuA+H tl;lk; rhg;^H [kPd; cl;gl;l vy;iyapy; ehifahGuk; kf;fshy; tzq;fg;gLfpd;w nja;tk; ngj;jz;zRthkp MFk;. Nfhapy; mUfpy; rpWFsk; cs;sJ. ,e;jf; Fsj;ijr; Rw;wp Ntg;gkuk;> ehty; kuk;> kUjkuk;> ,Yg;gkuk;> murkuk;> Mykuk; Mfpa kuq;fs; mlHe;J ,Uf;fpd;wd. Fsj;jpw;F Nkw;Ff; fiuapy; fpof;F Nehf;fp Mykuj;jpd; epoypy; rq;fk; GjH Xukhf ,uz;L kzpthrYld;> Mrhdf;fy;Y kl;Lk; fpof;F gf;fk; jpUk;gpf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. tuyhW
jpUkiy ehaf;fH Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; rhg;^H [kPd; Gfo;ngw;W ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;jr; rkak; rhg;^H [kPd; Fjpiu Nghl;L mtH vy;iyiag; ghHf;f ehifahGuk; tUk; NghJ> tUk; topapy; XH Cuzpf;fiu mlHe;j kuq;fs; epiwe;J G+Q;Nrhiyahf ,Ue;Js;sJ. Cuzp topapy; jhd; ehifahGuj;jpw;F ghij ,Ue;Js;sJ. Cuzp Nkl;bw;Fs; tUk; nghOJ Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;J tpLkhk;. ,g;gbNa ,uz;L> %d;W Kiw ele;J ,Uf;fpd;wJ. clNd CH kf;fisj; jpul;b [kPd; Nfl;bUf;fpd;whH. mJ Mj;J}H nrd;dk;k nul;b> GspA+j;J Fg;ghnul;b Mz;l G+kp. rhkp mJjhd; vq;fSf;Fj; njhpAk; vd;W CH kf;fs; $wpapUf;fpd;wdH.
ehifahGuk; rhkpahb rq;fuypq;f nul;bahUila %jhijaH kidf;fhl;by; fliyg;gaphpl;L> fhtYf;fhf ngj;jz;zrhkp NghFk; ghijapy; ,tH gLj;J ,Ue;jhuhk;. me;jr; rkak; ngj;jz;zrhkp Fjpiuapy; te;J ,Uf;fpwhH. vOg;gp ,Uf;fpd;whH. vOe;J ghHj;jhy; Fjpiuapy; uhrh te;jJ Nghy; ,Ue;jjhk;. mtUf;F mthplk; ehd;jhd; ngj;jz;zRthkp vd;W $wp jd; ifia itj;Jj; jiyapy; mbj;J ,Uf;fpd;whH. ,tUf;F mUs; te;J tpl;ljhk;. gpd;G [kPd; mNj Nghy; kWKiwAk; Fjpiu Nghl;L te;juhk;. me;j KiwAk; Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;jjhk;. ,e;j jlitAk; $l;lk; Nghl;L tprhuiz nra;Js;shH. tprhhpf;Fk; nghOJ rhkpahb rq;fuypq;fk; nul;bahhpd; %jhijaH rhkp te;J Mbdhuhk;. me;j rkaj;jpy; ehe;jhg;gh ngj;jz;zcd; Fjpiu kz;bapl;L ,we;j ,lj;jpy; Njhz;bg;ghH. mq;F vd; rpiy ,Uf;Fk; vd;W $wpdhuhk;. clNd [kPd;jhH G+kpiaj; Njhz;l cj;juT ,l;lhuhk;. G+kpiaj; Njhz;bajpy; xU rpiy ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;jr; rpiyia itj;J topghL nra;Js;sdH. ngj;jz;zrhkp ry;ypf;fl;L rhw;wp> ry;ypf;fl;L tplr; nrhd;dhuhk;. mtw;wpypUe;J ry;ypf;fl;L tpl;L topgl;bUf;fpd;wdH. ngj;jz;zrhkp rpiy itj;jjpw;Fg; gpd;G nrUg;G Nghl;L ele;jhNyh> iftPrp ele;jhNyh ngj;jz;zrhkp fhR Nff;Fkhk;. fs;tHfs; fsthlr; nrd;why; mtHfisj; jpUl tplhky; gaKWj;jp kpul;Lkhk;. ,ij CHkf;fs; [kPdplk; vLj;Jf; $wpAs;sdH.
[kPd; rhkpahbaplk; cj;juT Nfl;L ,Uf;fpd;whH. rhkpahb> ey;ytHfis vJTk; nra;a khl;Nld;. jPq;F nra;gtHfisj;jhd; gaKWj;JNtd; vd;W $wpdhuhk;.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 313 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
mjdhy;jhd; [kPd;jhUk; fz;L nfhs;tJk; ,y;iyahk;. cly;epiy rhpapy;yhjtHfs;> CdKw;wtH> Ntiyf;Fr; nry;y KbahjtHfs; MfpNahH te;J ngj;jz;zrhkpaplk; rhkp vd;dhy; ,d;iwf;F Ntiyf;Fg; Nghf Kbatpy;iy vd;W kdk; cUfp epd;why; mtHfSf;F> md;iwf;Fhpa FLk;gj;jpw;F mhprp> gUg;G thq;f vt;tsT fhR gpbf;FNkh me;jf; fhR kl;Lk; rq;fk; Gjhpy; ,Uf;Fkhk;. mij vLj;J FLk;gr; nryT nra;thHfshk;. ,g;gbAk; ,e;jr; rhkp kdpjHfSf;F cjtp nra;J cs;sjhff; $wg;gLfpwJ.
Nkl;Lg;gl;b gf;fj;jpy; ngUkhs;gl;bf;Fk;> G+ryg;Guj;jpw;Fk; eLtpy; fUrg;gl;b vd;w CH ,Ue;Js;sJ. ,e;j Chpy; fTz;lH> fs;sH ,dkf;fs; tho;e;J te;Js;sdH. ,e;jf; fs;shpy; xUtd; jpdKk; fsthl rpd;dnul;bagl;b> fy;Yg;gl;b Mfpa CHfSf;Fg; Nghthuhk;. me;j topahfg; NghFk; NghJ ngj;jz;zrhkp> fs;sidg; Nghf tplhky; fhiy thhpg; Nghl;L tpLkhk;. ,g;gbNa rpy jpdq;fs; ele;Js;sJ. ,e;jf; fs;sH NtW topapy; Nghdhy; kf;fs; ghHj;J tpLthHfshk;. ,e;j topahfg; Nghdhy; rhkp tplhJ. vd;d nra;tJ vd;W Nahrid nra;Js;sdH. kJiuapy; gl;LE}y; nrl;baplk; Ngha; Nfl;Ls;shH. gl;LE}y; nrl;b> re;jpufpufzk; md;W rhkpia FopNjhz;bg; Gijj;J tpLNthk; vd;W $wpdhuhk;. mNjNghy; re;jpufpufzj;J md;W gl;LE}y; nrl;bAk;> fs;sUk; NrHe;J rhkpiaf; Fop Njhz;bg; Gijj;J tpl;lhHfshk;. md;Nw kio nghope;J fUrg;gl;b vd;w CNu ,y;yhky; mope;J tpl;ljhfTk; fs;sH FLk;gk;> gl;LE}y; nrl;bFLk;gk; ,uz;Lk; mope;J tpl;ljhfTk; gpd;G [kPd;jhhplk; kf;fs; Kiwapl [kPd;jhH rhkpahbaplk; Nfl;f rhkpahb> Gijj;j rpiy Gijj;jJ Nghy; ,Uf;fl;Lk;. vdf;F Mrhdf;fy;Yk; kzpAk; mbj;Jg; NghLq;fs; vd;W $wpajhk;. mNjNghy; [kPd;jhH nra;Js;shH. fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kd;
kjpg;gD}H gQ;rhaj;jpw;F cl;gl;L> fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kd; kjpg;gD}Uf;F tlf;Fk; G+ryg;Guj;jpw;Fj; njw;Fk;> ngUkhs; gl;bf;F Nkw;Fk; mike;Js;sJ. mikg;G
Gspakuk; ntl;lg;gl;l epiyapYk;> ntl;lntspapy; NkilAk; Nkilapd;Nky; XH cUz;ilahd> ePskhd> ,uz;L mb cauj;jpw;F fy; cs;sJ. me;jf; fy;ypy; fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fy;ypd; cr;rpapy; Fop ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,e;jf; Fopia itj;Jj;jhd; fhl;Lf;Fopak;kd; vd;W miof;fpd;wdH. tuyhW
Mq;fpNyaH Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;> gpwkiyf;fs;sH ,dj;jtHfis nts;isaHfs; kJiuapy; Fw;wg; guk;giur; rl;lj;jpy; ifJ nra;jdH. ,uT KOtJk; XH miwapy; milj;J itj;Js;sdH. mjpypUe;J jg;gpj;Jf; fTz;lH ,dj;jtHfs; tho;e;j kjpg;gD}H vd;w CUf;F te;Js;sdH. mtHfs; gpd;dhNyNa nts;isf;fhuH Juj;jp te;Js;sdH. me;j ,dj;jtH tUk; topapy; xU Gspakuk; ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;jg; Gspakuj;jpy; jg;gpj;J te;j kf;fs; midtUk; Vwptpl;ldH. nts;isf;fhud; ghHf;Fk; nghOJ mtHfs; fz;fSf;Fj; jg;gpj;J xbdtH njhpatpy;iy. rpwpJ J}uk; Nghd gpd;G> fs;sH ,dkf;fs; ,wq;fpg; Ngha;tpl;lhdh vd;W ghHj;Js;sdH. nts;isf;fhud; Nghapl;lhd; Nghy vd;W midtUk; kuj;ij tpl;L ,wq;fp te;Js;sdH. ,tHfs; ,wq;fp tUtijg; ghHj;J nts;isad; Juj;jpAs;shd;. kWgbAk; te;J kuj;jpy;
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 314 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
VwpAs;sdH. kuj;jpy; Vwpaijg; ghHj;j nts;isf;fhud; midj;J nts;isf;fhuf; fhtyHfisAk; $g;gpl;L kuj;ijg; ghHj;J ,Uf;fpwhd;. mtHfs; fz;fSf;Fg; gpwkiyf;fs;sH ,dkf;fs; kuj;jpy; ,Ug;gJ njhpatpy;iy. nts;isf;fhud; xd;Wkpy;iy vd;W jpUk;gp te;Jtpl;lhd;. fs;sH kuj;ij tpl;L ,wq;Fk; NghJ xU fy; ,Ue;Js;sJ. me;j fy;ypy; xU Fop ,Ue;Js;sJ. mg;nghOJ ,q;F xU nja;tk; cs;sJ. me;jj; nja;tk; jhd; ek; midtiuAk; fhg;ghw;wpAs;sJ vd;W ek;gpAs;sdH. me;jf; fy;iyg; ghHj;J fhl;Lf;Fopak;kd; vd;W ngaH itj;J tzq;fp te;Js;sdH. ,e;j ,dkf;fs; kjpg;gD}H> ngUkhs;gl;b> Nkl;Lg;gl;b Mfpa CHfspy; tho;e;J tUfpd;wdH.
topghL fhl;Lf;Fop mk;kDf;F FatH ,dkf;fs; G+rhhpahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wdH.
Gul;lhrp khjk;> tsHgpiw nrt;tha;f;fpoik md;W rhl;b> kW nrt;tha; topghL eilngWk;. topghL eilngWtjw;F %d;W ehl;fSf;F Fopg;gl;b rf;fpypaH ,d kf;fs; jg;G mbf;f Ntz;Lk;. gpd;G topghL eilngWk; ehs; md;W jg;ig mbj;Jg; nghq;fy; ghidia mioj;J tu Nkl;Lg;gl;b> kjpg;gD}H kf;fs; nghq;fy; itg;ghHfs;. ngUkhs;gl;b kf;fs; nghq;fy; ghidAld; rpyk;ghl;lk; Mb> GypNtlk; mzpe;J Mbf;nfhz;L tUthHfs;. midj;J kf;fSk; nghq;fy; itj;J topgl;L fplha; ntl;bg; gyp nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. gpd;G topghL md;W nghpaNjtH> rpd;dj;NjtH> nghpaG+rhhp> rpd;dg;G+rhhp MfpNahUf;F Kjd;ik jug;gLfpd;wJ.
xg;ghhp topghL kio nghopatpy;iy. fhl;by; tpijj;j tpijg;G fUFfpd;wJ vd;why; ,e;j
CHg; ngz;fs; midtUk; fhl;Lf;Fopak;kdplk; xg;ghhp itj;J> mOJ kdjhu topgl;lhy; clNd kio nghopAk; vd;W $Wfpd;wdH. fhl;Lf;fhspak;kd;> fhl;Lf;Nfhtpy; mk;kd; vd;w NtW ngaHfSk; ,jw;F cz;L. epiwTiu kjpg;gDhh; fpuhkk; Nghd;w mfog;glhj Ma;Tf;fsq;fis Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk; mstplw;fhpa gad; ngUFk;. jftyhsp gl;bay;
1. ng.rPdpthrd;> taJ – 50> kjpg;gD}H. 2. k.khaf;fhs;> taJ – 70> kjpg;gD}H. 3. m.jq;fKj;J> taJ – 60> kjpg;gD}H. 4. K.Mus;nkhop> taJ – 48> kjpg;gD}H.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 315 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
jkpou; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfs; Tamilar Archaeological Excavations
M.ep\he;jp> Kidtu; gl;l Ma;thsu; jopo;j; Jiw> khepyf;fy;Y}up (jd;dhl;rp) nrd;id-600005.
Abstract
The paper gives the details of the orgins of archaeology and its development. It also
traces the world archaeological sites and the foundsers of the method. Then it discusses the
calculating methods of the system. Finally is focuses on the Tamil origin and the sites related
to the past civilization of the Tamil people. The collected sources related to the the kinds and
types of archaeology and exvacations are a good idea to know about the facts of the field.
Hence, the paper traces to find the Archaeological Excavations of Tamilar region.
Keywords: Venad, Culverts, Kerala, Kings of Venad
Kd;Diu
xU ehl;bd; ghuk;gupa gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia mwpe;J nfhs;tjpy; Kf;fpakhdNjhu; ,lj;ij tfpf;fpd;wJ. ,jid fw;gjhy; ek; ghujj;jpd; gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikiaAk; jkpofj;jpd; jdpr;rpwg;igAk; ehk; mwpaKbfpwJ. njhy;goq;fhy kf;fspd; tho;f;ifg; gazk;> mtu;fspd; gbg;gbahd Kd;Ndw;wk;> jkpofj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mfoha;Tfs;> mtw;why; mwpag;gLk; cz;ikfs;> ehzatpay;> fy;ntl;bay; Mfpait gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gLtd MFk;. njhy;ypay; Jiwapd; mUk;gzpfs;> ,j;Jiuapd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; ghLgl;l njhy;ypay; mwpQu;fspd; gzpfs;> gz;ila kdpjd; gad;gLj;jpa gz;ila njhy;nghUs; ghuk;gupaj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. kdpjFyk;> fle;J te;j ghijia mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk;> jw;Nghija tsu;r;rpf;F Kd;G mtu;fs; epiyia Gupe;J nfhs;sTk;> cjTgit mtu;fs; md;whlk; gad; gLj;jpa gok; nghUl;fNs MFk;. ,j;njhy;ypay; fy;tpapd; %yk;> Kiwahf xU tiuaiwf;Fs; kdpj rKjhaj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpa KbfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> vOj;Jr; rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj njhy;goq;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; tho;f;if epiyia Cfpf;f cjTgit> mtu;fs; gad; gLj;jp tpl;Lr; nrd;wg; gok;nghUl;fNs MFk;.
,g;nghUl;fs; njhy;nghUl;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. njhy;ypaiy> njhy;nghUl;fNs my;yJ njhy;nghUsha;T vdTk; miog;gu;. ,JNt Mu;f;fpahy[p (archaeology) vd Mq;fpyj;jpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j Mq;fpyr; nrhy; fpNuf;f nkhopapy; ,Ue;Jjhd; gpwe;jJ. ‘Mu;f;fa];’ (archaios) vDk; fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypw;Fg; goik vd;gJ nghUs;. ‘Mu;f;Nf’ (archae) vd;Dk; nrhy;> njhf;fk; vd;Wk;> ‘Nyhfh];’ (logos) vd;gJ mwptpay; my;yJ Nfhl;ghL vd;Wk; nghUs;gLk;. ,t;tpU nrhw;fSk; ,ize;Nj Mu;f;fpahy[p (archaeology) vDk; nrhy; kyu;e;jJ. Mu;f;fpahy[p vd;gJ
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 316 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
goikahd nghl;fisg; gw;wpa gbg;G MFk;. ,J tuyhW vDk; ghlj;Jld; kpfTk; neUf;fkhd njhlu;G nfhz;lJ. tuyhw;Wld; gpd;dpg;gpize;jJ. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l kdpjdpd; tho;ifiaf; fzpg;gjw;F njhy;ypaNy Njhd;whj; Jizahf tpsq;FfpwJ. Njhy;ypay; gbj;j njhy;ypayhu; mupjpd; Kad;W gz;ilf;fhy kf;fspd; rKjhy; tho;f;ifia XusT cUthf;fpAs;sdu;. njhy;ypay; vd;gJ
gz;ila kdpjd; tpl;Lr; nrd;w gytpjkhd nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L goq;fhyj;ijf; fzpg;gNj njhy;ypay; vd;gjid Kd;Ng fz;Nlhk;. Gz;ila kdpjdpd; tuyhw;iw> mtd; tpl;Lr;nrd;w nghUs;fspd; mbg;gilapy;> mwptpay; Kiwg;gb cUthf;FtJjhd; njhy;ypay; MFk;. gz;ilf;fhyr; rKjhj;jpdu; tpl;Lr; nrd;w vr;rq;fspypUe;J fle;j fhyj;ij cUthf;Fk; KiwNa njhy;ypay; (“archaeology is essentially a method of reconstructing the surviving traces of former societies.”) vd;W mwpQu; $Wtu;. vdNt “jhd; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l tuyhW> njhy;ypaypd; xU gFjpahfNt fUjg;gLfpwJ’’ kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l vspikahd MAjq;fspypUe;J> rpf;fy; kpFe;j ,ae;jpuq;fs; tiu> njhlf;f fhyf; Nfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; fy;yiwfspypUe;J – muz;kidfs;> khjhNfhapy;fs; kw;Wk; gpukpLfs; tiu – midj;Jg; gok; nghUl;fisAk; Ma;T nra;tNj njhy;ypay; MFk;. njhy;ypay; vd;gJ fle;j fhyj;ijg; gw;wp Ma;tJ vd;W nghUs;gl;lhYk;> ,d;W njhy;ypaypd; gug;Gk;> vy;iyAk; kpfTk; gue;J> tpupe;J nry;fpwJ. vdNtjhd;> ypNahdhu;L fhl;nuy; vd;ghu; njhy;ypay; vDk; njhlu;fij “,g;G+Tyfpy; Kjd;Kjypy; kdpjd; Njhd;wpafhyj;jpy; njhlq;fp kdpjFyj;jpd; ,Wjp mopTf;fhyj;jpy; jhd; KbTngWk;” (lt is a continuing story which begins with the first appearance of man on earth and will only end with the final
extinction of the species) vdj; njhy;ypaypd; ePz;l gug;igf;Fg;gpLthu;. vdNt> njhy;ypaYf;Nfhu; vy;iyapy;iy. ,uz;L kpy;ypad; Mz;Lfl;F Kd;G jahupf;fg;gl;l fw;fUtpfs;> Gjpa fw;fhykdpjd; fl;ba goq;Fbfs; my;yJ nrg;Gf;fhy kdpjdpd; nrk;Gf; fUtpfs;> ngUq;fw;fhy kdpju;fspd; ghidNahLfs;> Fif Xtpaq;fs;> ,ilf;fhy ehzaq;fs;> fp.gp.17> 18-Mk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; Mz;l kd;du;fspd; Nfhl;il nfhj;jsq;fs;> muz;kidfs;> jpUf;Nfhapy;fs;> fiyr;nry;tq;fs; Nghd;w ,d;Ndhud;d gyJiw Ma;TfSk; njhy;ypaypy; mlq;Fk; vd;Wk; fpspd;Nldpay; (Glyn Daniel) Kjyhd mwpQu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;. Kd;G njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; vd;gJ njhy; nghUl;fspd; gl;bayhf kl;LNk ,Ue;Js;sJ. Mdhy; jw;nghOJ njhy;ypay; Ma;thsu;fs;> mj;njhy; nghUl;fisg; gw;wp> tpupthd Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhz;L> mtw;iw xj;j nghUl;fs;> cyfpd; gy;NtW mlq;fspy; fpilg;gtw;iw xg;gha;T nra;J> mjd; %yk; mtw;iwg;gad;gLj;jpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if kiwiaf; fzpf;f Kw;gl;ldu;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk; mtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jpa kf;fspd; fhyk; ahJ? mit cyfpd; gy;NtW gFjpfspy; cs;s kf;fshy; vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld vd;gd Nghd;w gy todhf;fSf;F tpil gfu;tdthf njhy;ypay; cs;sJ.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 317 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
njhy;ypaypd; tiffs; (Kinds of Archaeology)
tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ijf; fhl;bYk; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l njhy;goq;fhyk;> gy yl;rk; Mz;Lfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. vdNt ,jd; fhy vy;iyAk;. Gug;Gk;> fsKk; ,f;fhyj;ijr; rhu;e;j gy;tifahd njhy;nghUs;fSk; (artefacts) fUtpfSk; NgustpdjhFk;. vdNt me;j Ma;Tfis xU njhy;ypayhu; kl;LNk Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhJ. vdNt Gtpapay; mbg;gilapYk;> fhy mbg;gilapYk; kw;Wk; NtW rpy mbg;gilapYk; gFf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gtpapay; kw;Wk; kz;ly mbg;gilapy; ,jid kj;jpaj;jiuf;fly; njhy;ypay; (Mediterranean archaelogy) vd;Wk;> rPu;kpF ,yf;fpa fhyj;njhy;ypay; (Classical archaeology) vd;Wk; gFf;fpd;wdu;. vdNt jhd; fpuP];> cnuhkhGup njhy;ypay;> mnkupf;fj; njhy;ypay;. ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay;> goq;fhy vfpg;Jj; njhy;ypay;> Mg;gpupf;fj; njhy;ypay; Kjyhd gpupTfs; Vw;gl;ld. Gtpapay; mbg;giliag; Nghd;w> (pe-riod or chronology) KiwapYk; ,jid tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;lj; njhy;ypay;> njhlf;f tuyhw;Wf;fhy njhy;ypay;> tuyhW rhu;r;j njhy;ypay; (pre-historic, proto historic & historical archaeology) vDk; ghFghLfs; Njhd;wpd. ,k;%d;W gpupTfSs; njhy;goq;fhy tuyhw;iw Ma;tjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; kl;LNk Njhd;whj;Jizahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. Vnddpy; tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gll fhyk; vd;gJ> vOj;jg;nghwpg;Gfs; (lnscriptions) my;yJ Mtzq;fs; (records) Njhd;Wtjw;F Ke;jpa fhyk; vd;gjid Kd;Ng fz;Nlhk;. vdNt ,e;ePz;l neba fhy Ma;Tfs;> mf;fhy kdpju;fs; tpl;Lr;nrd;w nghUs;fs; (artefacts)> fUtpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwNa Mjhukhff; nfhz;lit. vdNt njhy;ypayhu; kl;LNk ,tw;iw Ma;Tnra;aj; jFjpAilatuhfpwhu;. Tuyhw;Wj; njhy;ypaYk; (medieval archaeology)> etPdj; njhy;ypay; Nghd;W fhy mbg;gilapy; gy gpupTfshfg; gFf;fg;gLfpd;wd. nghUs;> gpur;id (subject problem of study) mbg;gilapYk; ,J> nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay;> ,d kuGj; njhy;ypay; (economic archaeology, ethno archaeology) jpUf;Nfhapy; njhy;ypay; (temple archaeology)> Gj;jrkaj; njhy;ypay;> ,e;J rkaj; njhy;ypay; vd gy tiffshfg; gFf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
1. nghUshjhuj; njhy;ypay; (Economic archaeology) 2. ,dkuGj; njhy;ypay; (Ethno archaeology) 3. ePub mfoha;T (Under- water archaeology) 4. Mfha epow;glj; njgy;ypay; (Aerial archaeology) 5. mopT kPl;Gj; njhy;ypay; (Disaster archaeology)
tuyhw;wpw;F Mjhukhd njhy;ypay; tuyhw;iw cUthf;fg; gad;gLk; gytpjkhd %yq;fSs; njhy;ypay; Kjd;ik
tfpf;fpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf mjpYk; rpwg;ghf tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpa kdpjdpd; tho;f;if Kiw gw;wpa tptuq;fis mwptjpy;> njhy;ypaNy njhd;whj;Jizahf tpsq;FfpwJ. Tuyhw;wpd; fz;fSf;F vl;lhj njhy;goq;fhyk; vDk; ,Ul;bw;F xsptpsf;fha; jpfo;tJ njhy;ypay;. vOj;Jr; rhd;WfNs ,y;yhj fw;fhy kf;fspd; tuyhw;iwf;fzpf;f> mtu;fsJ tho;tplq;fisj; Njhz;bj; Njhz;b mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jp goq;fUtpfisf; fz;Lgpbj;J> mtw;wpd; %yk; gbg;gbahf kdpjd; vt;thW ehfupfj;ij Nehf;fp Kd;Ndwpdhd; vd;gjid mwptpg;gJ njhy;ypay;.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 318 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
gz;ila kdpjdpd; 5>00>000 Mz;Lf; fhy ePz;l neba tho;f;ifg; gazj;jpy; xt;nthU fhyf;fl;ljljpYk; cyfpd; xt;nthU gFjpapYk;> kdpjd; vt;thW ,aw;ifr;rthy;fisr; re;jpj;jhd;> ntw;wp ngw;whd;-vd;gjidj; njspTgLj;JtNj njhy;ypay;. kdpjdpd; tho;f;if tuyhW> mtd; jd Gwr;#oy;fSld; elj;jpa Nghuhl;lq;fspd; fijNa vd;gJ ,jdhy; GydhfpwJ. ,aw.ifr; #oYf;Nfw;g gz;ila kdpjd; vt;thW jd;id khw;wpf; nfhz;L> njhopy; El;gq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J Kd;Ndw;wk; fz;lhd; vd;gij mwpaj; JizGuptJ njhy;ypay; Ma;T.
gioa fw;fhyk;> ,ilf;fw;fhyk;> Gjpa fw;fhyk;> nrk;Gf;fhyk;> ,Uk;Gf; fhyk;> ngUq;fy; fhyk; Kjyhd fhyk;kl;lq;fspy; kdpjdpd; gy;NtW rhjidfisg; gl;k; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ njhy;ypay;. gz;ila kdpjdpd; tuyhw;iw ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; cynfq;fpYk; mfoha;TfNs (excavation) Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;Js;sd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf nkh`Q;rjhNuh> `ug;gh> ghlypGj;jpuk; (gP`hu;)> ehfhu;[Pdnfhz;lh (Me;jpuh)> ehse;jh (gP`hu;)> mupf;fNkL> igak;gs;sp> fhtpupg; G+k;gl;bzk;> mofd; Fsk;> nfhw;if> f&u; kjyhd tuyhw;Wg;Gfo;kpf;f ,lq;fspy; eilngw;w mfoha;Tfs; tuyhw;wpy; Gj;njhspg; gha;r;rpAs;sd. ,it tuyhw;wpd; fuyj;ijNa gpd;Ndhf;fpj; js;sptpl;ld. nkh`Q;rjhNuh - `ug;gh mfoha;Tfs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wd; njhlf;f fhyj;ij gd;D}W Mz;Lfs; gpd;Ndhf;fp vwpe;jij ehkwpNthk;. Ehfhu;[Pdnfhz;lh mfoha;Tfs; ,e;jpaj; njhy;ypay; tuyhw;wpy; xu iky; fy; vdyhk;.
Mupf;fNkL (1945)> mofd; Fsk; mfoha;Tfs; rq;f fhyj; jkpoupd; rpwg;ig ntspg;gLj;JtJld; jkpof- cNuhkhdpaj; njhlu;igAk; mwptpf;fpd;wd. ,jidg;Nghd;W Mjpr;rey;Y}u; mfoha;Tfspy; fpilj;j ,Uk;G> ntz;fyg; nghUl;fs; jkpoupd; gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia cyfpw;F czu;j;Jfpd;wd. rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fspy; $wg;gl;Ls;s nra;jpfs; mfoua;Tfshy; cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. G+k;Gfhu;> nfhw;if> f&u;> ciwA+u; mfoha;Tfs;> ,f;Nfhefuq;fspd; njhd;ikr;rpwg;igAk; mit may;ehLfSld; nfhz;bUe;j tzpf cwTfisAk; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;sd. rpe;J rkntsp ehfupj;jpd; ,Wjpf;fhyk; njhlq;fp tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fk; tiuapyhd ,e;jpa kdpjdpd; ehfupff; $WghLfs; gw;wp mwpe;j nfhs;sTk; njhy;ypaNy Jiz Gupe;Js;sJ. ,e;j ,Uz;l fhyj;jpy; nrg;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL> fq;if- aKid ejpg;gs;sj;jhf;fpy; epytpa> tz;zk; jPl;lg;gl;l rhk;gy; epw kl;fyg; gz;ghL (painted grey ware culture of the Ganga-Yamuna valley)> kj;jpa ,e;jpah> tl jf;fhzk;> ,uh[];jhd;> njd;dpe;jpah Kjyhd kz;lyq;fspy; epytpa gjpa fw;fhy nrg;Gf;fhyg; gz;ghL Mfpait gw;wp mwpe;J nfhs;tjpYk; njhy;ypay; ntw;wp fz;Ls;sJ.
,f;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; kdpjd; vt;thW Nka;r;ry; njhopiy tpl;L Ntshz;ikf;F khwpdhd;? vt;thW Neu;j;jpahd kl;ghz;lq;fis ngUkstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;jhd;? nrk;G> ,Uk;G Nghd;w cNyhfq;isf; nfhz;L vt;thW tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUl;fs;> Nghu;f;fUtpfs; Mfpstw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;af; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? vt;thW tPLfis mikf;ff; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? fhl;L tpyq;Ffis Ntl;ilahba kdpjd;> vt;thW mtwiw tPl;L kpUfkhftsu;f;ff; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhd;? ,we;jtu;fisj; jpwe;j ntspapy; J}f;fpnawpe;j mtd; vt;thW ,we;Njhiu mlf;fk; nra;a fw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;?
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 319 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
jhdpaq;fis vt;thW Nrkpj;J itf;fj; njupe;J nfhz;lhd;? jq;f mzpfyd;fis vt;thW nra;af; fw;Wf;nfhz;L mtw;iw mzpe;J kfpo;e;jhd;? Kjyhd ,d;dgpw rpf;fyhd tpdhf;fSf;F tpil fz;Lgpbj;jtu; jhd; njhy;ypayhu;. mfoha;tpd; tiffs; (Types of excavation)
mfoha;T - (excavation) Moj;Njhz;Lk; Kiw Rw;wfoha;T ePs;Fop mfoha;T Fif mfoha;T Rtf;Fop mfoha;T jz;zPUf;fbapy; mfoha;T
Mfohtpd; Nehf;fk; (The purpose of excavation)
xU ehl;bd; fyhrhu- gz;ghl;L tutw;iwf; fzpg;gjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; gads;sjhf mike;Js;sd. tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyj;jpa kf;fs; tho;f;ifia mwpa njhy;ypay; klLNk mbg;gilr;rhd;whf tpsq;FfpwJ. vOj;Jr;rhd;Wfs; fpilf;fg;ngwhj fhyj;jpa tuyhw;iw mwpa cWJizahf epw;git mfoha;Tfspy; fpilf;Fk; mwpa njhy;nghUl;fns MFk;. ,j;njhy;nghUl;fSs; vYk;G> fupk fUtpfs; kw;Wk; goikahd nghUl;fis> mwptpay; Kiwfshd fhu;gd; my;yJ NubNah fhu;gd; fhyf; fzpg;GKiw (radio carbon dating), fhe;j rf;jp Kiw (archaeo magnetism)> nju;NkhYkpdpnrd;]; Kiw (thermoluminesense method)> nghl;lhrpak; Mu;khd; fhyf;fzpg;G Kiw (pottassiumargon dating) Nghd;w ma;Tfs; %yk; mit gad;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyj;ijj; Jy;ypakhff; fzpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.
NkYk; tuyhw;Wg; Gfo;kpf;f> xU njhd;ik rhd;w efuk; my;yJ tho;tplj;jpd; goikiaAk;> rpwg;igAk; mwptjw;Fj; njhy;ypay; Ma;TfNs Jiz epw;fpd;wd. njhy;ypayhu; gy ehLfspy; mfoha;tpd; NghJ vLf;fg;gl;l gok; nghUl;fis xg;gha;T nra;J> xU ehfupfj;jpw;Fk; kw;w eufupfj;jpw;Fk; cs;s njhlu;ig cj;Njr xg;gPl;L Kiwapy; (relative chronology) fhyf;fzpg;G nrsa;a ,aYk;. ,j;jifa njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfshy; ve;j ehfupfk; fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lJ? ve;j ehfupfk; gpw;gl;lJ? ve;j ehfupj;jpypUe;J> ve;j ehfupfk; tsu;e;jJ? me;ehfupf kf;fs; Xuplj;jpypUe;J gpupe;J xt;thW Gjpa ehfupfj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpjdu;? mtu;fspilNa cs;s xj;j $WghLfs; ahit? Nghd;w tpdhf;fSf;fhd tpilfis mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mLj;j> xU Fwpg;gpl;l murpd; jiyefu; ahj? mjd; gpw;fhyj;jpa jiyefu; ahJ? me;j ,ilf;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; vq;fpUe;J Mz;lhu;fs;- Nghd;w gy rpf;fyhd gpur;ridfSf;Fk; jPu;T fhz;gJ njhy;ypaypd; Nehf;fkhFk;. (rhd;W) Nru ehl;bd; jiyefu; thQ;rp vd;hJ ,yf;fpaq;fs; thapyhf mwpag;gLk; nra;jpahFk;. ,e;efuk; vq;fpUe;jJ? Nkiyf; flw;fiuapyh? (Nfush) jkpo;ehl;bd; f&upyh? vDk; rpf;fiy vj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;. ,U Nfhl;ghlfisAk; typAWj;Jfpd;w ,yf;fpar; rhd;Wfis ,yf;fpatpayhu; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. Mdhy;> njhy;ypayhu; Nfushtpy; cs;s jpUtQ;irf;fsj;jYk; (fpuhq;fD}u;)> f&upYk; mfoha;T Nkw;nfhz;ldu;. Kbthf jkpo;ehl;bd; f&Nu> Nruu; tQ;rp vd;gjw;F> cupa fy;ntl;L> ehzatpay;> mfoha;Tr; rhd;Wfisf; fz;lgpbj;jdu;. vdNt> ,Wjpahf f&Nu tQ;rp vd;Wk;>
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 320 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
,JNt Nruupd; Nfhefu; vd;Wk; mWjpapl;L $wpAs;sdu;. mLj;J> kw;nwhU vLj;Jf;fhl;ilAk; fhz;Nghk;. jkpo;ehL njhy;ypay; JiwAk;> jQ;ir jkpo; jkpo; gy;fiyf; fofKk; ,ize;J> mfo;tha;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ld. ,jd; tpisthf< ngUq;fw;fhyj;jpa> mjhtJ ,Uk;Gf; fhyj;jpa kf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyiaAk;> nf;fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; mwpa Kbe;jJ. ,t;tfo;tha;tpy; 6000 tpiyAau;e;j kzpfs; fpilj;Js;sd. ,t;tfo;tha;thy; gj;w;Wg;gj;jpy; (ghly; 74> tup 5-6)
‘nfhLkzk; gl;l tpidkhzUq;fyk; ge;ju;gae;j gyu;Gfo; Kj;jk;;’
vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Cu; nfhLkzNy vd;gJ cWjpahapw;W. kdpj rKjhak;. ele;J te;j ghijiaj; Mjhuq;fshfj; jpfOk; vOjg;gl;l rhd;Wfs;> ngUk;ghYk; mf;fhy Nte;ju;fspd; murpay; epiyiaAk;> mtu;fSf;Fj; Jiz epd;w rkjha epiyiaAk; mwptpf;fpd;wd Mdhy; mfo;tha;tpy; fpilf;Fk; njhy;nghUl;fs; kl;LNk rhjhuz epiyapy; tho;e;j jdpkdpjdpd; tho;f;if epiyiag; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd. vdNt> mf;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j nghJkf;fspd; tuyhw;iw mwpa cjTgit njhy;ypay; rhd;WfNs vd;gJ GydhFk;. ekJ gz;gila ghuk;gupag; ngUikia mwptjw;Fk; ,j;njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs; Jiz Gupfpd;wd. Xu; ,dj;jpd;> xU ehl;bd; ehfupf tsu;r;rpia kl;Lkd;wp> cyfpd; midj;J ehLfspd; ehfupf gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rpiag; glk; gpbj;Jf; fhl;LtJ njhy;ypay; MFk;. xU ehl;bw;Fk; mjd; mz;il> may; ehLfSf;Fk; epytpa gz;ghlL> tzpfj; njhlu;gpif mwpaj; njhy;ypaiyNa ehLfpNwhk;. n[u;kd; ehl;ilr; Nrhu;e;jtUk;> je;ij vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpd;wtUkhd mwpQu; n`d;upr; rpypnkd; (Henrich Schliemann 1822-1890) ,ypal; fhg;gpaj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l buha; (Troy) vDk; goikahd efuk; mfnkk;dhd; (Agememnon) vDk; kd;ddpd; jiyefuhd irNrNd (Mycenae) efuk; Mfpatw;iw mfo;njLj;jJk; ru; Mu;ju; ,thd;]; (Sir. Arthur Evans)> ngl;up (Petrie) Nghd;Nwhu; gok; gz;ghl;Lg; ngUikia czu;j;jpaJk;> mfoha;tpdhy; jhd; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. vdNt ekJ gz;ila tuyhw;iw> ehfupfj;ij mwpa cjTk; ,ayhfj; njhy;ypay; tpsq;FfpwjJ. mJfhWk; $wpatw;whd; njhy;ypay; gy gpur;ridfSf;F tpsf;fKk;> KbTk; $Wk; rf;jpahf cs;sjif mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. mLj;J njhy;ypay;> tuyhw;iw Xu; mu;j;jKs;s gbg;ghf khw;wpAs;sJ: goik ehftpy;iy vd;gJ njhy;ypayhy; ep&hzkhfpAs;sJ. 5 ,yl;rk; Mz;LfSf;F Kw;gl;l tuyhw;iwAk; ca;j;Jzuj; njhy;ypay; Jiz epw;fpwJ. KbAiu
NkYk;> jkpo;j; njhy;ypay; mfoha;Tfis mfo;e;njLf;fg;gl;l midj;Jj; njhy;nghUl;fisAk;> epue;jug; gjpNtl;by; gjpT nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. jw;NghJ fzpdp cjtpAld;> b[pl;ly; Kiwapy; epow;glj;Jld; mUk;nghl;fis gjpT nra;ayhk;.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 321 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
ghu;it E}y;
1. njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2014. 2. jkpo;ehLk; njhy;ypaYk;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2008. 3. GJr;Nrup njhy;ypay; RtLfs;. Kjy; gjpg;G: 2017.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 322 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
njhy;ypay; Nghw;Wk; jpUkapiyf; fy;ntl;Lfspy; jkpofgz;ghL Tamil Culture from the Culverts of Archaeology Famed Thirumayilai Culverts
KidtH.jp.ney;iyag;gd;> cjtpg;NguhrphpaH- jkpopay;Jiw> mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofk;> mz;zhkiyefH-608 002.
Abstract
The objective of the paper deals with the finding of the edicts from the culverts found
at Thirumayilai. This is now called as Mylapore. The culverts found here are aged to the
nineth century. These culverts are authentic evidences of the Tamil culture existed before
many thousand years. From these edicts the taxes levied on the people and the taxes unlevied
for some places are able to understand through the study. Hence, the paper gives a clear idea
on Tamil culture by deciphering the culverts of Thirunayilai.
Keywords: Tamil culture, Culverts, Thirumayilai, Chennai.
nrd;idapy; cs;s jpUkapiy tuyhw;Wg; GfOk; ngUikAk; nfhz;l efH. kapyhg;g+H vd;wJk; epidTf;F tUtJ fghyPRtuH Nfhapy; jhd;. jpUkapiyapy; fpilf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfspy; ngUk;ghyhdit jpUthd;kpa+H> jpUtpilr;Ruk; Mfpa CHfs; gw;wpajhf cs;sd. Rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ~kapiy| vd;w thrfNk ,lk; ngw;Ws;sik fUjj;jf;fJ. jpUnthw;wpa+H MjpGuP];tuHNftpy; jpUnthw;wpa+upy; cs;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; fUg;gf;fpUfj;jpw;F Kd;Ds;s kz;lgj;jpy; fy;ypy; fhzg;gLk; fy;ntl;L fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; fk;gtHkd; Ml;rpapy; kapiy ,Ue;jij czHj;JfpwJ. jpUnthw;wpa+H kfhNjtH NfhtpYf;F fk;gtHkDila Vohk; Ml;rpahz;by; tpsf;nfupf;f kapyhHg;gpy; ,iwahd; Nrupntk;gd; FDq;fdk;kd; gjpide;J foQ;Rnghd; mspj;j nra;jp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,jdhy; Nfhtpy;fspy; tpsf;nfupf;f MSk; kd;dHfs; nghd;dspj;Jjtpa gz;ghL ,Ue;jij czHj;JfpwJ. ngUk;ghyhd kd;dHfs; Nfhtpy;fspy; tpsf;nfupf;f nghd; mspj;j nra;jpfs; njd;dpe;jpaf; fy;ntl;Lfs; gFjpapy; fhzf;fpilf;fpd;wd (S.I.I. Vol.XII AR.No.189 of 1912). fly; thzpfHfs; re;jpf;Fk; gz;G gy;ytH Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpapy; njhz;il kz;lyj;ij epUgJq;ftHkd; mguh[pjtHkd; MfpNahUld; NrHe;J fk;gtHkd; Ml;rp Gupe;jhd;. mg;NghJ nghd;Ndupf;F mUfpy; cs;s fhl;^upy; fpilj;j fy;ntl;by; kapyhHg;gpy; vDk; Cupy; ehdhNjrpfd; vDk; fly; thzpfHfs; xd;W $b KbntLj;j nra;jp nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. ,jdhy; tzpfHfs; Xuplj;jpy; $b tHj;jfk; nra;a jpl;lkpl;bUe;jdH. thzpfHfs; vg;NghJk; xd;W $b tpahghuk; nra;Ak; kuG tzpfg; gz;ghFk;. Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd; fhyj;Jf; fy;ntl;L>rhe;Njhk; Nguhyaj;Jj; njd;de;Njhg;gpypUe;Jfz;nlLf;fg;gl;lxU J}zpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,uhruhrd; nka;f;fPHj;jpapy; xUgFjpNacs;sJ. fp.gp.10-11Mk; E}w;whz;ilr; rhHe;jJ.
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 323 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
,t;thNwnrapz;l; jhk]; kiyapYs;s J}a mg;gh];y;]; fd;dpkhlj;jpd; cztUe;Jk; miwapd; gf;fj;jpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L kapyhg;g+upYs;s jpUk;g+k;ghitf;Fr; rpy tupfspypUe;J fpilf;f ngWk; tUkhdj;ijf; nfhilahf mspj;jijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jdhy; gj;J gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; tupr;rYif mspf;Fk; gz;G kd;dHfsplk; ,Ue;jikia ntspf;fhl;LfpwJ. Tupahf thq;fpa nghUl;fis nfhilahfj; je;Jjtpa ngUnewpg; gz;Gk; vz;zj;jf;fJ. rhe;Njhk; Nguhyaj;jpy; cs;sgf;fj; jpUr;Rw;wpy; cs;s fy;ntl;L ,uhNre;jpuNrhodpd; nka;f;fPHj;jpg; gFjp. fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;L fy;ntl;L tlnkhopapYk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; mike;Js;s nra;jp fUg;gf;fpUfk; cl;gl vy;yhf; fl;llq;fSk; kayhg;g+upy; cs;s rptDf;Fk; ghHtjpf;Fk; cupaitahFk;. (R.uh[Nrfud; jpUkapiyj; jpUj;jyk;> g.128) kw;nwhU fy;ntl;by; kapyhg;g+H
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 324 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
gw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; kl;LNk nfhz;lJ. mjpy; mUthehL vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; kypahHgh vd;W Fwpg;gpLk; CH kapyhg;g+H MFk;. kapiyapy; mf;fhyj;jpy; thzpfr; re;ij $bw;W. mjw;F kypahHgh vk;Nghupak; vd;W ngaH. (tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>jhykp> g.88) ntdpR efu tzpfH khHf;NfhNghNyh gjpd;%d;whk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;jtH. mtH vOjpagaz E}ypy; ,e;jpa mDgtq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLk;NghJ nrapz;l; jhk]; kiwe;j tuyhw;iwf; $WfpwhH. jhk]; ,ij topghl;by; ,Ue;jNghJ mtiur; #o;e;J kapy;fs; epd;wd. xUNtl;ilf;fhud; xU kapiy kha;f;Fk; vz;zj;NjhL tpl;l mk;G KdptH kPJ gha;e;jJ. ,e;j epfo;r;rp ele;j ,lk; kapiyahapUf;Fk; vd;W tp.v];.uhftd;> khHf;NfhNghNyh E}ypy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.(g.40-41). mwg;gzpfspy; fp.gp.xd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; jpUkapiyapy; tho;e;j kf;fs; mwg;gzp nra;Ak; cs;sk; nfhz;ltHfshf ,Ue;jdH vd;Wk; jpUkapyhg;g+H ,iwahd; Nrup ntk;gd; Fzq;fdk;kd;> jpUnthw;wpa+H kfhNjtH NfhtpYf;Fj; jpUtpsf;F itf;fg; gjpide;J foQ;R nghd; nfhLj;jhH vd;Dk; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jp mwpaj;jf;fJ. fp.gp.gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;whz;by; jpUkapiyapy; rkz rkak; ,Ue;jijj; jpUf;fyk;gfk; vd;Dk; rkz ,yf;fpaKk;> NekpehjH Nfhapy; fy;ntl;L czHj;Jfpd;wd (nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs;> njhFjp vz;.1967/245). fhuzpRtuH Nfhapy; jpUkapiyapy; filj;njU rhiyapy; mike;Js;sJ. ,f;Nfhapy; Ke;E}W Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dH fl;lg;gl;lJ. fhuzk; vd;w nrhy; flTisAk; rptidAk; czHj;Jk;. ,f;Nfhapypy; gd;dpnuz;L fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. jpUthd;kpa+H NfhapYf;Fupad MWk; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; mwpag;gLk; nra;jp jpUthd;kpa+H ,iwtDf;F ee;jhtpsf;F itj;j nra;jpfisg; gjpT nra;Js;sJ. gy;yhtuj;ij gy;yHGuk; vd;Wk; fy;nyOj;Jr; nra;jp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ (,uh.ehfrhkp> (gjp)>nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs; njh.vz;.1967/159> 161> 16> 164> 165> 167> 168). thypRtuHNfhapy; fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfs; thyp vd;gtd; jpUkapiyf;F te;J gHzrhiy fl;bf; nfhz;L fghyPRtuiug; g+rpj;J te;jhd;. mjdhy; mtd; ngauhNyNa ,f;Nfhapy; thypRtuH Nfhapy; vd;W miof;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;Nfhapypy; ,Ugj;njhU fy;ntl;Lfs; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; jpUthd;kpa+H NfhapYf;F cupait ehd;F. Kjw;FNyhj;Jq;f NrhoDila nka;f;fPHj;jpg; gFjp mlq;fpait ,uz;L cs;sd. Kjy; ,uhrhjpuhrdpd; nka;f;fPHj;jpg; gFjp xd;Wk; njYq;FNrhoH tp[afz;lNfhghy Njtiuf; Fwpf;Fk; fy;ntl;L xd;Wk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspy; jPgk; vd;w epte;jk; mspf;fg;gl;l epfo;T gjpT nra;ag; ngw;Ws;sJ (,uh.ehfrhkp> (gjpg;G) nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs; 1967/137> 138> 146> 148> 149> 153> 156). ,t;thW jpUkapiy> mijr; Rw;wpa CHfspy; fhzg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lr; nra;jpfspy; epyjhdk;> CHjhdk;> ,iwapyp epyq;fs;> epte;jq;fs; mspj;jik> Nfhapypy; tpsf;F vupf;f tupia thq;fp mg;gj;ij mspj;jik Nghd;w jkpoHfspd; gz;ghl;L kuGfs; nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd. gad;ik E}y;fs;
1. R.uh[Nrfud;>jpUkapiyj; jpUj;jyk;
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 325 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
2. ,uh.ehfrhkp>nrd;idkhefHf; fy;ntl;Lfs;. 3. S.I.I. Vol.XII. 4. tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>jhykp 5. tp.v];.tp.uhftd;>khHf;NfhNghNyh. 6. jstha;Guk; nrg;NgLfs;
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 326 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
fy;ntl;L mikg;Gk; jkpof fy;ntl;LfSk; Tamil Culverts and its Structure
m.guj;Fkhh;> cjtpg;Nuhrpupau;> jkpo;j;Jiw> ehrNuj; fiy kw;Wk; mwptpay; fy;Y}hp> Mtb> nrd;id-62.
Abstract
It is the historcal evidences that affirm the loyalty and relics of a civilization or an
existing culture. In relation to that Tamil culture has it own innateness in its historical glory.
The present study fosters to explain the Tamil Culverts and its structures to find out the
genuineness in the culture’s lofty state. It deals with the types and structures of culverts, the
era in Tamil Culture and the ancient culverts in many regions of Tamil nadu. There are many
culverts decreed by the Tamil Triumvirs. Hence, the paper evinces the need of understanding
arcaeologicel sources to know the truths on it.
Keywords: Tamil Society, Culvert Structures, Tamil Culverts
Kd;Diu juzpahz;l jkpoh;fspd; ngUikkpf;f tuyhw;Wr; rhd;whf jpfo;tJ fy;ntl;LfNs MFk;. gz;ilaf; fhyj;jpy; ePz;l fhyk; mopahJ ,Uf;fTk; tUq;fhyj;jth; mwpAk; tz;zKk; fUjg;gl;l nra;jpfis fw;fspy; ntl;b itj;jdh;. ,t;thW fw;fspy; nghwpf;fg;gl;l nra;jpNa fy;ntl;L vdg;gl;lJ. jkpo; r%fj;jpd; milahskhf ,Uf;Fk; fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; tl;nlOj;J> gpuhkp> goq;fhyj; jkpo; vOj;Jfshyhdit fy;ntl;Lfs; ngUk;ghYk; kd;dd>; kf;fs;> nkhop kw;Wk; Kf;fpa epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;j ngl;lfkhFk;. jkpofj;jpd; gioikahd fy;ntl;Lfs; ahTk; eLfw;fspy; ntl;lg;gl;lit MFk;. ,jw;Fr; rhd;whf njhy;fhg;gpak; Kjy; midj;J goe;jkpo; E}y;fSk; mjpy; $wg;gl;l nra;jpfSk; $wyhk;. vLj;Jfhl;lhf njhy;fhg;gpaj;jpy; Nghh;fsj;jpy; tPukuzk; mile;Njhh;f;F fy;nyLj;jYk>; mf;fy;ypy; mth;Fwpj;j tPur;nra;jpfSk; nghwpf;fg;gl;lij fhzyhk;. ,t;thW fy;ntl;Lg; gw;wpAk; mjd; mikg;G> fhyf;fzf;fPL kw;Wk; jkpof fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpj;J gpd;tUk; fl;Liuapy; fhz;Nghk;. fy;ntl;L mikg;G xU Nfhtpy; vd;L vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhy; NfhGuk;> fUtiw Kd; kz;lgk;> kfh kz;lgk;> mh;j;j kz;lgk;> jpUr;Rw;W khspif vd;W nghJthd mikg;G ,Ug;gJ Nghy fy;ntl;Lf;nfd;W xh; mikg;G cz;L. mjid Kfg;Giu> Fwpg;Giu Xk;gilf;fpstp %d;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;. Kfg;Giu fy;ntl;L mikg;gpy; Kfg;Giu ngUk;ghYk; kq;fy Jtf;fkhfNt mikAk;. Ipjk;gftjh, eNkh ehuhazha> xk; ];t];jp=> mUspr; nray;> `hp ed;whf FUNt Jiz> `hpRgk];J> `hp=fzjpNa ek rptkak;> rpj;jk;> Gj;jha ehNk> gftNj
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 327 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
thR Njtha eNkh th;j;j khd];a eNkh> ,uhkn[ak; Nghd;w gpw kq;fyr; nrhw;fis rhd;whf $wyhk;. rpy fy;ntl;Lfspy; ,WjpapYk; kq;fyr; nrhy; ,lk; ngWtJz;L kq;fy thrfj;ijj; njhlh;e;J kd;dd; ngah; rhrdk;> rhrdk; ntspaplg;gl;l ,lk;> rhrdk; ntspaPl;lhshpd; ngah; mtuJ tpUJg;ngah;fSk; kuGk; tUk;. Fwpg;Giu Fwpg;Giuapy; jhdk; gw;wpa tptuq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wpUf;Fk;. ,jpy; nfhilgw;wpa Fwpg;G> nfhilahspapd; ngah;> nfhil toq;fg;gl;l #oy; nfhil toq;fg;gl;l fhuzk; kw;Wk; nfhilahf toq;fg;gl;lJ epykhf ,Ue;jhy; mjd; ehd;F vy;iyfs; gw;wpa nra;jpfs; $wg;gl;bUf;Fk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf epyj;ijg; ngWk; nfhilahspf;Fhpa chpikfs;> chpikaw;w gFjpfs>; thp nrYj;Jtjw;F chpikAs;s gFjpfs; vit> thp ePf;fk; ngw;w gFjpfs; vit vd;gd Nghd;w tptuq;fSk; Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,jdhy; mg;gFjpapy; “,e;E}w;ghw; nfy;iyf;Fl;gl;l cz;zpyk; xoptpd;wp”> “cLk;nghb Mik jtOk; ,lk”> “fPo; Nehf;fpa fpzWk; Nky;> Nehf;fpa kuKk;> kPd;gLgs;sKk;> Njd;gL nghJk;Gk;> Gw;Wk; njw;wpAk; Nghd;w thrfq;fs; fy;ntl;Lf;fspypUg;gijf; fhzyhk;. Xk;gilf;fpstp Xk;gil vd;gJ ghJfhg;G vd;Wk; fpstp vd;gJ nrhy; vd;Wk; Fwpj;J Xk;gilf; fpstp vd;gJ ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;Lr; nrhy;yg;gLk; nrhy;Ny MFk;. fy;ntl;L mikg;gpd; ,Wjpg; gFjpahd ,jid “KbTr;nrhy;” vd;Wk; $Wth;. fy;ntl;by; $wg;gLk; jhdq;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;F ahh; nghWg;G. ,j;jhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjhdhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs; mt;thW nra;ahky; tpLtjdhy; my;yJ mj;jhdj;jpw;F ,ilA+W nra;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs; Nghd;w tpguq;fs; ,lk; ngWk; ,t;tpisTfs; Fe;jfk; nra;NthUf;F mr;rj;ijNah> mtkhdj;ijNah Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikAk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf
“fy;Yk; fhtphpAk; cs;skl;Lk;” “Gy;Yk; G+kpAk; cs;skl;Lk;” “Mj;JkzYk; Mthuk;G+Tk; cs;skl;Lk;”
Nghd;w $w;Wf;fis Xk;gilf;fpstpapy; mikg;gJ cz;L. fhyf;fzf;fPL fy;ntl;bd; fhyj;ij fzpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; mjpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk; vOj;Jfspd; thptbtj;ij itj;Nj fzpf;fyhk;. Mdhy; rhpahf fzpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;why; mJ vk;kd;ddpd; Ml;rpapy; nghwpf;fg;gl;lJ vd;W mwpa Ntz;Lk;. mJ fypahz;lh> rf Mz;lh> nfhy;yk; Mz;lh> `p[php Mz;lh> fq;f Mz;lh> `pg;Urf Mz;lh> ghz;lth Mz;lh cjp~;buh; Mz;lh> Fg;jh; Mz;lh vd;gij mwpa Ntz;Lk;. mtw;Ws; rpytw;iw fhz;Nghk;. fypahz;L fypahz;L vd;gJ #hpad;> re;jpud; kw;Wk; gpw Nfhs;fs; Nkr uhrpapy; $ba ehshd fp.K. 18.02.3101 ,Ue;J njhlq;FfpwJ. ehk; fhZk; fy;ntl;by; fypahz;L vd;wpUe;jhy; mjw;F ,izahd fpwpj;jt Mz;il fz;lwpa mjNdhL 3101I fopf;f Ntz;Lk; (rpy rkak; 3100) jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpy; KUfd; Nfhapyhf topg;gl;L tUk;
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jkpo;nkhop kw;Wk; ,yf;fpa gd;dhl;L Ma;tpjo ;
International Journal of Tamil Language and Literary Studies 328 A Bi-Yearly Peer-Reviewed International Journal
E-ISSN: 2581-7140 Special Issue: Vol. 2, April-2019 Available at: www.ijtlls.com
gRik #oy; NgZNthk; ghh;jidf; fhg;Nghk; Be Eco-Friendly
Filtiuf; NfhapYs;s fy;ntl;by; fyp Mz;L 3874 vd;Ws;sJ. 3874 ypUe;J 3101 I fopj;jhy; tUk; 773 fpwpj;jt Mz;lhFk;. rf Mz;L rf Mz;bid fy;ntl;Lfspy; rfhg;jk;> rhypthfd rfhg;jk; rf tU~k;> rffhyk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhh;fs;. “Nyhftpghfk;” vd;Dk; rkz E}iy rpk;k#hp vd;w rkzKdptu; vOjpa NghJ gy;yt kd;dd; rpk;kth;kdpd; 22-Mk; Mz;by; rf Mz;L 380 ,y; Kw;Wg; ngw;wjhf Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,JNt jkpofj;jpy; rf Mz;L Fwpf;fg;gl;l Kjy; E}yhFk.; rf Mz;Lfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l fy;ntl;Lfs; vz;zpf;ifapy; tp[a efu fy;ntl;LfspYk; ghly; tbtpy; njd;fhrpf; fy;ntl;LfspYk; fhzyhk;. nfhy;yk; Mz;L Nfushtpy; cs;s nfhy;;yk; efuk; cUthd Mz;Nl nfhy;yk; Mz;L vd;W xU rpyUk; Fkhp Mw;wpd; njd;fiuapy; Kd;gpUe;j nfhy;yk; efh; flyhyope;j gpd;dh; kf;fs; Gjpjhf nfhy;yk; efh; mikj;J FbNawpa Mz;L vd;W xU rpyUk; $Wth; fp.gp.822 ,y; gioa nfhy;ykope;J fp.gp.825 ,y; Gjpa nfhy;yk; cUthdjhy; nfhy;yk; Mz;L md;Wjhd; njhlq;fpajhf $Wth.; fy;ntl;by; nfhy;yk; Mz;L vd;wpUe;jhy; mjNdhL 825 I $l;bdhy; mjw;F ,izahd fpwpj;jt Mz;L tUk;. khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;L kJiuf;F tlfpof;fpy; Rkhh; 20 fP.kP njhiytpy; khq;Fsk; fpuhkk; cs;sJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; fOFkiy vd;w kiyg;gFjp cs;sJ. ,jd; Nkw;gFjpapy; Ie;J Fifj;jsq;fs; cs;sd. ,jpy; ehd;fpy; f
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