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New integrated impact assessment method
This graduation study contains two reports and a loose supplement. The main report is titled “Strategic Impact Assessment; a new impact assessment method using value engineering and system engineering elements.” The main report can be found from page 2 through to 64. An appendix to this report is the case study, titled “Strategic impact assessment golf resort St. Eustatius; Reviewing and improving the impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius.” This appendix is confidential and should be treated as such. It is included from page 65 to 166. The loose supplement is included as the last page of this document, on page 167.
Strategic Impact Assessment A new impact assessment method using value engineering and system engineering elements.
By: ing. R.S.Versluys
University of Twente
June 2006
Graduation committee: Chairman: Ir. K.Th. Veenvliet Supervisor: Dr.Ir. S.J. de Boer Staff member: Dr. Ir. M.J. Kolkman
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Preface Large construction projects can potentially change the lives of many people. Due to the nature of these projects they are usually irreversible and not suited to be constructed temporarily to determine their impact. This means decision makers and stakeholders alike want to have reliable information about the impact of a project before any irreversible decisions are made. An impact assessment is a document that aims to give a prediction of the impact that a project will have. There are several forms of impact assessments, for example the environmental impact assessment, the social impact assessment and the economic impact assessment. Currently each of these impact assessment fields generates their own report, which contains information about one impact aspect only. Questions are raised whether the current method of impact assessment delivers the information that is required to make well-informed decisions. As indicated the impact assessments are currently following an aspect-by-aspect approach, delivering detailed information on the specific fields, but neglecting cross links between the aspects. The resulting separate impact assessment reports may be contradicting or review different alternatives of the same project. This report develops a method for impact assessment based on the construction management methods of value- and system engineering. Using these methods the aim is to develop an integrated impact assessment method that reviews all impacts in a single document, allowing the review of links between the impact fields. This study is performed as part of achieving a master degree for Civil Engineering and Management at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. Using the developed integrated impact assessment method a case study was performed. The case study is available as a separate document, titled ‘Strategic impact assessment golf resort St. Eustatius’. It reviews the economic, social and environmental impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius. The case study was performed on the island of St. Eustatius on request of the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA). The impact assessment is partially based on an earlier feasibility study performed by Rob Blokvoort and Tom Tiggeloven, both students of the University of Twente. I wish to express my thanks to the STEBA for providing me with the opportunity to perform this impact assessment and especially for the hospitality and warm welcome by STEBA president Mr. Koos Sneek and Mrs. Nora Sneek-Gibbs. An impact assessment is not possible without information from the stakeholders. During the time on the island I have therefore discussed the impact with a large number of local businesses, (public) organisations and (government) agencies. I wish to thank these persons for the time they spend answering my questions and for the information they have provided. Furthermore I want to thank my graduation committee, Ir. K.Th. Veenvliet, Dr.Ir. S.J. de Boer and Dr. Ir. M.J. Kolkman for their support and (constructive) criticism, which together improved the quality of this report. I also want to thank Mr. M.R. Stienstra for his assistance in finding the case study project.
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Table of contents
Executive summary __________________________________________________________ 5 1 Research plan __________________________________________________________ 7
1.1 Background and objective ___________________________________________ 7 1.2 Problem formulation________________________________________________ 9 1.3 Research questions ________________________________________________ 11 1.4 Research approach ________________________________________________ 12
2 Methodology __________________________________________________________ 13 2.1 Theory __________________________________________________________ 13
2.1.1 Requirements and theory for the Integrated Impact Assessment ____________ 13 2.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment___________________________________ 15 2.1.3 Value engineering________________________________________________ 16
2.2 Framework ______________________________________________________ 23 2.2.1 Screening ______________________________________________________ 24 2.2.2 Scoping ________________________________________________________ 24 2.2.3 Requirements analysis ____________________________________________ 24 2.2.4 Function allocation _______________________________________________ 25 2.2.5 Synthesis_______________________________________________________ 25 2.2.6 Impact analysis __________________________________________________ 26 2.2.7 System analysis and control ________________________________________ 27 2.2.8 Mitigation ______________________________________________________ 28 2.2.9 Evaluate and report_______________________________________________ 29
3 Case study ____________________________________________________________ 30 3.1 Screening ________________________________________________________ 30 3.2 Scoping __________________________________________________________ 30
3.2.1 Stakeholders ____________________________________________________ 30 3.2.2 Stakeholder requirements __________________________________________ 31 3.2.3 Legislation _____________________________________________________ 32 3.2.4 Local situation __________________________________________________ 32 3.2.5 Conclusion _____________________________________________________ 33
3.3 Requirement analysis ______________________________________________ 34 3.3.1 Functions ______________________________________________________ 34 3.3.2 Attributes ______________________________________________________ 34 3.3.3 Constraints _____________________________________________________ 35
3.4 Function Allocation________________________________________________ 37 3.5 Synthesis_________________________________________________________ 38
3.5.1 Conclusion _____________________________________________________ 39 3.6 Impact analysis ___________________________________________________ 40
3.6.1 Impact analysis of the provisional design______________________________ 40 3.6.2 Conclusion _____________________________________________________ 42
3.7 Mitigation________________________________________________________ 43
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3.8 Evaluate _________________________________________________________ 44 3.8.1 Conclusions ____________________________________________________ 44
4 Conclusions and recommendations ________________________________________ 45 4.1 Conclusions ______________________________________________________ 45 4.2 Reflection ________________________________________________________ 46
4.2.1 Relevance of the thesis ____________________________________________ 46 4.2.2 Making of the thesis ______________________________________________ 46 4.2.3 Usefulness of the integrated approach ________________________________ 47
4.3 Recommendations _________________________________________________ 49 5 Literature_____________________________________________________________ 50 6 Appendix table of contents _______________________________________________ 52
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Executive summary Impact assessment is an important tool to inform decision makers and stakeholders in advance about the impact their decisions will have. Within the field of impact assessment an aspect-by-aspect approach is currently used. For each impact, economic, social and environmental, a different team will write their own report. Links between the impact fields can therefore not be taken into account. The different reports often review different alternatives and may be contradicting. Based on the incomplete, inconsistent and sometimes contradicting information, decision makers currently have to draw their own conclusion about the overall impact of the project.
From the impact assessment community there are calls for a new ‘integrated impact assessment’ method. This method should deliver a single document, which reviews all the impact fields. The method should offer traceability, assuring that decisions made during the impact assessment process are made explicit and traceable. It should make second order effects visible, which are effects caused by the impact of the main project. Finally it should provide the links between the impact fields, making trade-offs between the impacts on different impact fields possible. Based on the observed problems in the impact assessment community, this report asks the question: How can the methods of system engineering and value engineering be integrated with the environmental impact assessment and can the resulting integrated impact assessment method be used to find and solve or mitigate the environmental, social and economic impact of a planned golf resort on St. Eustatius? The question contains two phases. The first is a theory developing study, which develops the integrated impact assessment (IIA) method. The second phase is a case study, which applies the created method to find benefits and limitations. It was found that the current impact assessment procedure has a large resemblance with a design process. Based on stakeholder requirements different alternative designs are created, which are reviewed for their impact. Within the field of construction management the design process also plays a prominent role. The methods of system engineering and value engineering are used to combine the expertise of different experts and work with the stakeholders to reach a design solution. It is therefore expected that the construction management methods can offer a new framework for the integrated impact assessment process.
The contribution to this new method from system engineering is that it offers a full framework for a design project. It covers the process from the stakeholder requirements to a finished design. A key point of system engineering is traceability, making clear how and why decisions are made. Value engineering is used as a method that provides a better understanding of the problem and aims to achieve consensus amongst the stakeholders over a common view of the problem. By better understanding the problem, more effective solutions can be found.
Combining system engineering, value engineering and the environmental impact assessment method leads to the new integrated impact assessment method. To be able to combine these methods, the link between system engineering and value engineering is created by use of a method by Gause and Weinberg, which transforms the functions developed by value engineering to system solutions, which are the input in the system engineering process. The resulting new integrated impact assessment method is shown in a diagram on the next page (figure 0.1).
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Using the IIA method a case study was performed on the island of St. Eustatius. The case study reviews the economic, social and environmental impact of a planned golf resort. By reviewing the process of creating the case study and reviewing the result it is possible to, at least based on this case, find the benefits and limitations of the method.
ReportEvaluate - remaning
impact
Scoping-stakeholder requirements- verification
criteria
Function Allocation- Generate lower level
functions
Screening
Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints add
attributes/ constraints
to new functions
Synthesis- Functions to physical solutions
- Alternative project solution development
- Select most appropriate product / process solution
Missing functions?
Impact Analysis- review impact per
system- and between system components
Mitigation- establish measures that are necessary to
avoid or minimize adverse impact
Verification loop
System analysis and control- Tradeoff studies
- Data management- Configuration management
Most appropriate? /
Missing system solutions
Figure 0.1 – new Integrated Impact Assessment method.
The results of the case study indicate that the IIA method is indeed able to provide traceability, can show links between impact fields, make 2nd order effects visible and can present all impacts in a single report. The specific situation of the case study is that the project is located on a small island. This simplified the case study, as the golf resort affects the whole island and the available resources are relatively easy to determine. It was not possible to use a workshop approach on the island, whereby multiple team meetings would be planned. Instead, an interview approach was used, with a single workshop at the end of the study to review the results with the stakeholders. During this meeting it became clear that the interview approach missed some 2nd order effects.
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1 Research plan 1.1 Background and objective
Within the field of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) there are calls for a more integrated approach to impact assessment [MER-Commission, 2001]. Currently there is segmentation within the impact assessment field, whereby different teams of experts work on impact reports aimed at different impacts (social, economical, historical, environmental, etc). Decision makers will therefore receive several reports, whereby each report may come to different conclusions. The different reports do not show links between the impacts either. This means that decision makers now have to make decisions by reading between the lines to find links between impacts. They then have to draw conclusions from several separately performed studies which may very well contain conflicting information. An integrated approach should enable decision makers to make a decision based on a single document, that reviews the impact on all fields and also shows links between these impact fields.
The impact assessment process appears to be one where first, a preliminary design of the project is created after which this design is reviewed for its impact. Within the field of construction management, the methods System Engineering (SE) and Value Engineering (VE) are two methods that are used to determine the full set of functions of a project and systematically turn those functions into solutions. By using these two methods it should be possible to create a preliminary design that includes all impact fields and their links. The hypothesis is that reviewing this preliminary design for its social, environmental and economic impacts will give a good overview of the complete impact of a project.
Based on this background, the objective of this study is to develop an integrated impact assessment method by combining the above-mentioned methods. This integrated impact assessment method will then be used to execute an impact study on the island of St. Eustatius, in the Netherlands Antilles.
With a landmass of 21km2, St. Eustatius is one of the smaller islands of the windward island group located in the northeastern Caribbean. The Quill, a dormant volcano, covers a large portion of the island. Even though in 2003 the BNP was the highest of the smaller islands, unemployment is at 6 – 10% and increasing [Staten Generaal 2003]. A large employer on the island is Statia Terminals B.V., which operates a large crude oil transshipment facility. Along with this facility, tourism and a medical school play important roles in the economy of the island.
The island promotes itself as an eco-tourism delight. The main attractions are the two national parks with rare flora and fauna as well as the good diving conditions due to the ample marine life and historic shipwrecks around the island.
To further promote the tourism sector, the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA), Tourism Development Foundation and the island Government are investigating the opportunity to develop a golf resort on the island. A study has been performed to research the economical viability of such a project. Further research is required to determine the environmental, social and economic impacts of a golf resort.
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The objective of the research therefore is:
Objective: To combine the (strategic) environmental impact assessment with the construction management methods of value engineering and system engineering, testing the resulting method by applying it to a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius.
The methods of value engineering and system engineering are combined with the environmental impact assessment method. This results in the new integrated impact assessment method. The word integrated in this context means that, instead of looking at only one field at a time, this method will review all impacts. The expected advantages of this integration are: • The decision maker gets a single report which draws conclusions based on all information. • The method will show links between the different impact fields. • Recognising links makes it possible to solve negative impacts more effectively and
efficiently.
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1.2 Problem formulation
The problem formulation determines, amongst other things, the scope of the research. In search of an appropriate project formulation the following has been taken into account:
Theory developing and case study The research can be split up in two phases. The first phase is a theory developing study, which will develop a new impact assessment methodology, based on an evaluation of the problems with the current EIA method and relevant literature on VE and SE. When the theory has been developed, the research will switch to a case study, to test the method in a case situation. The characteristics of a case study [Doodewaard et al., 2000] are a small number of research objects, a labour intensive approach, more depth than width, qualitative data and research methods and research on location.
Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment As indicated in the previous section, the environmental impact assessment community is looking for a more integrated approach to the impact assessment methodology. What is the current procedure and what is wrong with it that causes the call for an integrated approach?
Currently an Environmental Impact Assessment is a procedure that is individually performed. According to the best practice procedure [IAIA, 1999] it should be applied as early in the decision making process as possible. Environmental Impact Assessment follows an ‘aspect by aspect’ approach [MER-Commission, 1998], which means that for every field of impact assessment, a different report is written. This results in an Environmental impact report, a Social impact report, an Economic impact report, etc. The lack of integration in this approach causes cross-links between different impact assessment aspects not to be taken into account. The approach therefore delivers an incomplete view of the impacts.
From two subsequent reports by the MER-Commission [1998, 2001], which will be discussed in detail in paragraph 2.1, it can be concluded that indeed there are problems with the current EIA procedure. The solution to this problem is mostly sought in integrating the various impact assessment studies and by getting the different experts to communicate with each other. The integrated assessment is thought to lead to a better-informed decision making process, which will lead to more fitting solutions regarding the mitigation of negative impacts.
Construction management methods Within the field of construction management it is important to combine all the various fields of expertise in a single process. It is therefore interesting to see how methods used here can potentially benefit the integrated impact assessment. Two methods that are used in combination with each other to achieve integration in construction management are value engineering and system engineering. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) and the SE and VE methods essentially are creating a design in a process that requires an effort by participants from different disciplines. The difference is in the fact that with EIA the design is then reviewed for its impact. It is expected that the VE and SE methods can aid the EIA process by improving the way in which the design is created. The method will trace stakeholder requirements and decisions and will be able to show links between different elements of the design. As suggested by the MER-commission [2001] report, after combining these methods with the EIA, experimenting with the resulting method on a real project will show its potentials and limitations.
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Environmental effects Throughout the report the term “environmental effects” will be used. This term is intended in the wide sense of the word, as the effects something has on its surrounding. Environmental effects therefore include the biological, social and other relative effects that a project has.
Based on the previous considerations, the problem formulation for the project can be defined as follows:
Problem formulation: How can the methods of system engineering and value engineering be integrated with the environmental impact assessment and can the resulting integrated impact assessment method be used to find, solve or mitigate the environmental, social and economic impact of a planned golf resort on St. Eustatius?
The first step will be combining the value engineering and system engineering methods with the environmental impact assessment. It is expected that using value- and system engineering methods will structure the process of an impact assessment. The assumption made is that this impact assessment method makes it possible to combine or integrate impact assessments on several fields (environmental, social and economical) into one study.
Integration A possible definition of integration is ‘The activity of combining data from multiple data sources to present a single collection of data’ [IL1]. The word integrated within this report is used in this meaning. The multiple data sources are the three fields of impact (economic, social and environmental) which are combined ‘integrated’ in a single method and thus a single report. This makes it possible to review links between the data that are now lost because the data is presented individually.
To verify the assumption that this new impact assessment method can achieve the goal of integrating several impact reports in a single documents and contains links between the different impact fields, a case study using the created method will be performed. Based on the results of this study, the benefits and limitations as observed in the case can be reviewed. The impact assessment method will first have to find the problem areas within the case at which point solutions can be generated to solve or reduce these problems.
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1.3 Research questions
The main research question is the problem formulation. This is the question that is ultimately to be answered. However, because this is a much too complex question to answer directly it has been divided into several research questions. When these questions have been answered, the problem formulation has also been answered. The research and thus also the research questions can be divided in two stages. Question one is a theory-generating question. Questions two through to five are questions that follow a design-oriented approach. This is appropriate for the research, as the research first aims to develop an integrated impact assessment method. Using this method a design problem will be solved.
1. What does the integrated environmental impact assessment method look like?
a. What are the requirements for an integrated impact assessment method and is there a theory to support it?
b. What are the basic characteristics of an Environmental Impact Assessment? c. What is Value Engineering and how does it improve integration? d. What is System Engineering and how does it improve integration? e. What should the procedure for the integrated assessment method be?
2. What are the requirements regarding the golf resort project?
a. Who are the stakeholders? b. What requirements/ wishes do the stakeholders hold about the golf resort? c. What legislation is relevant? d. What is the situation at the proposed site(s) of the golf resort?
3. What does the provisional design of the golf resort look like?
4. What is the result of the impact analysis of the provisional design?
5. Which improvements can be made regarding the negative impact of the golf resort and
what are the remaining effects? a. Which improvements can be made to reduce or solve the negative impact of system
elements? b. What are the remaining effects (residue effects) of the golf resort?
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1.4 Research approach
The research consists of two parts. First an integrated impact assessment method will be created. This part can be described as a theory developing research. The integrated impact method will be based on the current methods of EIA, VE and SE. To test this new method a case study is performed. In this project the case is a golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius. Using the integrated impact assessment method the impact of the golf resort will be reviewed and where possible negative effects will be solved or mitigated. Based on the case study the integrated impact assessment method will be reviewed for its benefits and limitations. A diagram containing an overview of the research approach is included in appendix I.
Chapter two will develop the integrated impact assessment method, which is the framework for the case study executed in chapter 3.
Chapter 2.1 will answer research question 1a through to 1c. It will establish the theory required to answer research question 1d, which is answered in chapter 2.2. Chapter 2.2 develops the framework for answering the case research questions (question 2, 3, 4 and 5).
Chapter 3.2 will answer research question 2. By interviewing the stakeholders and reviewing the legislation and situation on the site(s) of the planed golf resort the requirements and verification criteria are gathered.
Chapter 3.3 through to 3.5 will answer research question 3 and will go into the transformation from requirements to functions, attributes and constraints. Using function analysis, alternative solutions will be generated. Using system syntheses a system solutions will be found, resulting in a preliminary design.
Chapter 3.6 will review the impact of the preliminary design. Both the impact per system solution and the overall impact of the project will be reviewed. By doing this research question 4 will be answered.
Chapter 3.7 will determine which adverse impacts need to be mitigated or solved. This will require interviews or conversations with the people who will have the ultimate decision power in approving the project. Chapter 3.8 will review the remaining impact and the significance of the remaining impact. Together with chapter 3.7 this will answer research question 5.
Chapter 4 will draw conclusions from the previous chapters. It will discuss the usefulness and limitation of the method and contain recommendations. Chapter 4 will also include a reflection on the research study.
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2 Methodology
1. What does the integrated environmental impact assessment method look like?
a. What are the requirements for an integrated impact assessment and is there a theory to support it?
b. What are the basic characteristics of an Environmental Impact Assessment?
c. What is System Engineering and how does it improve integration? d. What is Value Engineering and how does it improve integration? e. What should the procedure for the integrated assessment method be?
This chapter will answer research question one. Chapter 2.1.1 will review literature from the impact assessment field to determine the problems with the current method and the requirements for the new integrated impact assessment method. Chapter 2.1.2 will review the procedures of the current environmental impact assessment method. Chapter 2.1.3 and 2.1.4 will respectively review the system engineering and value engineering methods and determine the way in which they can improve integration. Chapter 2.2 provides the framework for the new integrated impact assessment method. 2.1 Theory 2.1.1 Requirements and theory for the Integrated Impact Assessment As indicated in the previous chapter, the environmental impact assessment community is looking for a more integrated approach to the impact assessment methodology. What is the current procedure and what is wrong with it that causes the call for an integrated approach?
Currently an Environmental Impact Assessment is a procedure that is not linked to other impact assessment fields. A team of experts develops each impact report individually. The best practice procedure [IAIA, 1999] indicates an EIA should be applied as early in the decision making process as possible.
The Dutch commission for environmental impact assessment has delivered two articles about a more integral approach to Impact Assessment. The first article was written in their report new experiences on EIA in the Netherlands [MER-Commission, 1998]. In this report it is written that:
“Until now, appraisers have largely used an aspect by aspect approach to the various specialistic topics and usually invite specialists to advise on the aspects. The product of this approach is a number of sectoral reports, often prepared at different moments in time, with conclusions and recommendations that must be interpreted and combined by the appraisers into a consistent project proposal of acceptable quality on all aspects.” (page 27)
This shows that the lack of integration in this ‘aspect by aspect approach’ causes cross-links between different impact assessment aspects not to be taken into account. The approach therefore delivers an incomplete view of the impacts, which will lead to making decisions based on incomplete information. The incomplete information will make it impossible to do a trade-off between effects, which most likely reduces the value of the solution.
The EIA [MER-Commission, 1998] report mentions two approaches to integrate impact assessment. The first one is to synchronize the different sectoral studies and make sure that the
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different experts get together and communicate. The second proposal is to generate a procedure to integrate the different sectoral studies. This, according to the paper, can be done at two levels. At a lower level the sectoral studies can be asked to review the same alternatives. This way the decision makers have a single set of alternatives with the impact they have on each sector. Still the aspects that are cross-linked between different studies are not included though. The higher-level integration would be a single study and report, which covers all the sectors and can thus also look at the relationships between them.
An update on the integration of impact studies was given in the report further experiences on EIA in the Netherlands [MER-Commission, 2001] by the commission for environmental impact assessment.
In this report it is still found that “separate studies often use different principles and timetables and investigate different alternatives. The recommendations which emerge from these studies are far from consistent with each other, which saddles the project coordinator with the daunting task of drawing up a coherent and acceptable proposal for making decisions”. (page 19) It also notes that “second order effects such as the environmental effects of social changes caused by the projects, as well as other crosscutting issues are not studied. Which means that the quality of the resulting project proposal cannot be guaranteed” (page 19).
With increasing attention for the impact of a project on a constantly growing number of fields, there is also the potential of an ever-growing number of experts and reports. This will only increase the problems for decision makers, as they will now have to come to a conclusion based on even more reports. The report states there is ample reasons to believe that developing an integrated approach to impact assessment is desirable for the following reason: “Decision makers are now confronted with sectoral impact studies for the environment, economics, safety and social aspects, especially in large infrastructure projects. The lack of sufficient rapport between these aspects can hamper decision makers, who need an integrated, coherent relationship between the various disciplines” (page 21).
According to the report, “more economic and environmental profit can be gained if the multiple objectives can be maintained flexibly while developing alternatives” (page 21). An integrated Environmental Impact Assessment should therefore promote the evaluation of a project as a whole and prevent fragmented decision making about component aspects.
A mentioned added advantage of the Integrated Environmental Impact Analysis is that “it contributes to an explicit discussion about the purpose of and need for a project.” (page 22) The integrated approach thereby also enters the field of the strategic environmental assessment. “By naming the various interests to be weighed against each other, expressing them in numbers and connection them with each other at an early stage it will be prevented that the purpose and need of a project and the economic feasibility of solutions are repeatedly brought up for discussion in the decision making process”.
The 2001 report also goes into the subject of the method of development of an integrated environmental impact assessment. It states that experiments with the integrated approach “offer the best opportunities for testing its potential and limitations”.
From the two subsequent reports it can be concluded that indeed there are problems with the current EIA procedure. The problem with the current method is its aspect-by-aspect approach.
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This approach delivers several impact reports but fails to show the links between the aspects in the reports. Decision makers therefore have to come to a conclusion based on incomplete or even inconsistent information. Within these reports implicit decision are usually made, which limit the options for the decision makers.
This means that a new integrated impact assessment is needed which will look at the impact of a project as a whole and take 2nd order effects and links into account. The goal is to provide the decision makers with a single document, which will give them a clear and consistent overview of the project impact. Decisions should be made explicit and traceable.
According to the MER committee [EIA, 1998] the theoretical framework for the integrated assessment should be based upon the system analytical model by Dalal [1992] to define sustainability. The model views the world in three subsystems:
• Economical; system of production, delivery and consumption of goods and services. • Social; human society. Cultural characteristics, knowledge, norms and values and their
expressions in laws, regulations, standards of social behaviour and institutional bodies. • Natural system; biotic and a biotic renewable and non-renewable resources.
Overall sustainability, according to this model, cannot be determined. However by increasing the sustainability of each of the subsystems, an acceptable level of sustainability of the overall project can be provided.
An interesting statement in the objective of a Social Impact Analysis [IAIA, 2003] is that a social impact analysis is aiming for a situation where “development maximises its benefits and minimises its cost”. If seen in the light of the integrated Impact Analysis, cost can mean the economic cost, but it can also mean disappearing cultural values or a reduction of plant or animal species. Maximizing the benefits while minimizing the cost is also the very basis of value engineering, for example Thomas [2003] describes value in a formula: value = worth / cost. In other words, the objective of a Social Impact analysis is to maximise the worth and minimize the cost to create the highest value solution.
The above observation brings impact assessment in the domain of construction management and the methods of system engineering and value engineering. Using these methods, which will be described in section 2.1.3 and 2.14, the aim should be to maximize the value of the economic, social and environmental sustainability, to achieve a high value sustainable solution to the problem.
2.1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment
In January 1999 the International Association for Impact Assessment (IAIA) together with the institute of environmental impact assessment published the “best practice” principles for environmental impact assessment [IAIA, 1999]. The best practice principals are used as a guideline for the current method to execute an Environmental Impact Assessment. The EIA procedure should provide, according to this document, for:
Screening; to find out if the project should be reviewed for its environmental impact and if so, at what level of detail.
Scoping; to identify the issues and impacts that are likely to be important and to establish the terms of reference for the EIA.
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Determining alternatives; to establish the preferred or most environmentally sound and benign option for achieving the project objectives.
Impact analysis; to identify and predict the likely environmental, social and other related effects of the proposal
Mitigation and impact management; establish the measures that are necessary to avoid, minimize or offset predicted adverse impacts and, where appropriate, to incorporate these into an environmental management plan or system
Evaluation of significance; to determine the relative importance and acceptability of residual impacts that cannot be mitigated.
Environmental impact report; document clearly and impartially the impacts of the project, the proposed measures for mitigation and the significance of effects to and concerns from the affected public.
The EIA procedure is shown graphically in diagram 2.1. It follows what is called a linear “waterfall” model. A waterfall model takes one step at a time, but does not look back at previous steps. Such a model is best suited in an environment that does not change, or in other words where input, throughput and output are non-variable. While executing an impact assessment, it is not inconceivable that certain outcomes may cause rethinking of the requirements, or mitigation measures can require additional impact assessment. A waterfall model does not seem to be flexible enough to handle the changes in the environment.
2.1.3 Value engineering
Since not all readers are familiar with value engineering a short history and the basics of functions and the technical FAST and customer FAST diagram are discussed in appendix II. According to a definition by the Defence Authorisation Act, value engineering is “an analysis of the functions of a program, project, product, item of equipment, building, facility, service or supply of an executive agency or contractor personnel, directed at improving performance, reliability, quality, safety and life cycle costs.” [Kelly et al., 1998]
The aim of VE is both to get a better understanding of the problem and to achieve consensus amongst the stakeholders over a common view of the problem. This is important, because when the problem is well known and understood, a more effective solution can be found. The main question value engineering asks is therefore “what does it have to do?” VE can also give an insight in which parts of the problem are easily solvable and where a solution is difficult to reach. The next two paragraphs will describe some of the value engineering techniques.
Screening Scoping Determine alternative
Impact assessment Mitigation
List remaining impact and finish report
Diagram 2.1 – Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure
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2.1.3.1 Job plan
The job plan is a framework for undertaking value engineering projects. Male and Kelly [Kelly et al., 1998] determined the generic procedure that is followed world wide in a value engineering project. Their generic procedure follows eight steps, which are shown in figure 2.2.
In short the job plan starts with pinpointing the problem. Pre-Workshop the information is gathered, during the information phase the exact (perceived) problem is specified. In a creative session solutions are generated. These solutions are reduced/ eliminated in the following steps, whereby each step delivers fewer, but more detailed solutions. During the action planning phase the most appropriate solution is selected. Below the eight steps of the job plan are described in more detail. 1. Pre-Workshop
Information is gathered and an agenda is produced to determine the objectives and deliverables of the upcoming workshop. The workshop consists of the phases 2 through to 6.
2. Information phase
During the information phase, participants of the workshop determine the needs of the client (whereby a distinction is made between actual needs, or ‘wishes’ that are not required but the client likes to have), the project constraints, the budgetary limits, time limits and the expected quality. Function Analysis plays an important role in this phase, including the Function Analysis System Technique “FAST”.
The FAST technique uses diagrams. The idea of a FAST diagram is to force a group to consider the functions and function interrelationships in such a way that creativity is focused. The Classic, Technical and Customer FAST are three types of FAST diagrams that exist. The technical FAST is most suited to review and improve elements of a design. An example of that could be a review of the irrigation system of golf resort. The Classic and Customer FAST are most suited to review the system as a whole. The Technical and Classic fast are mainly suited to determine what is to be done, while the Customer fast tries to establish a common understanding of what outcome is to be achieved. [Woodhead, 2001].
The FAST diagram has the following functions: • It helps in describing the wishes, demands and needs in regard to the problem/ project • Classification and ordering increases understanding of the problem/ project • Shows the whole product/ design in a single diagram • Reduces uncertainty, so the product can be viewed upon in the correct way.
3. Creativity phase Brainstorm sessions are used to determine solutions.
4. Evaluation phase
The solutions/ ideas found during the creativity phase are evaluated and accepted or
Pre-workshop Information Creativity Evaluation Development Action planning Workshop report Implementation
Diagram 2.2 – Job Plan
18
rejected. Male and Kelly [Kelly et al., 1998] mention a range of tools that can be used for the evaluation phase. These tools include determining if the solution is economically viable, technically feasible, functionally acceptable and acceptable to the client. Several methods are described to help answer the above questions, these methods include; silence means no, coloured dots, championing, big issues and decision matrices.
5. Development phase
The accepted ideas from the previous phase are reviewed in detail, for their technical feasibility and economic viability.
6. Action planning phase
The promising ideas developed in phase 5 are presented to the decision makers. Plans for implementing the solutions are generated and a document is signed which includes measures to be taken and responsibilities of persons in the process.
7. Workshop report phase
The final report containing findings and actions is prepared and is validated by the participants.
8. Implementation
Implementation of the agreed solutions.
The core of the job plan is the value management workshop. During point two through to six this method relies on a multidisciplinary team of specialists and stakeholders. Working together they first agree on the problem, they brainstorm solutions and work those into a final solution. The solution is reached in consensus, it is not necessarily ‘the best’ solution, but a solution that all parties agree to. By signing a document at the end of the process by the participating parties they all state to agree with the outcome, which can reduce arguments about the solution at a later point.
2.1.3.2 Requirements engineering
Gause and Weinberg published a book [Gause et al., 1989] containing techniques and methods to assess what people desire from a project. A part of this book contains techniques to determine the functions of a design and how to progress from functions, via attributes, constraints, preferences and expectations to a solution.
Team Gause and Weinberg, as does the job plan, promote the use of teams. They first go into the subject of the group of people to include in the team. They state that ideally every known or potential user should participate in the requirements process. A ‘user’ is anyone who is affected; this therefore also includes those who loose from the project. A difference is made between users who are ‘on the team’ or ‘on call by the team’. In the first case the user is continuously participating, while ‘on call’ means the user participates part-time, which is the far more common arrangement.
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Functions The team will search for the functions of the project. For retrieving functions the following heuristic is advised:
• Generate an initial list of potential functions • Classify each function as evident (E), hidden (H) or frill (F). • Using the classification, it should be tried to uncover unmentioned hidden functions. • Functions with wording that implies constraints on solutions should be reworded to
become problem instead of solution statements. • Frill functions should be put on a “Get if you can list”
Frills are functions that are ‘nice to have’, but cannot cost anything. Evident functions have to be as visible as possible and hidden functions are to be as invisible as possible. An example of a function can be ‘provide water’. This will probably be a hidden function, as it is not important to show how water is provided. Provide accommodation is another function, which will most likely be evident as the accommodation is an important part of a resort. A frill could be ‘improve airport’. While it may be nice to have a state-of-the-art airport, it is not necessarily required. An example of a constraint function could be ‘develop golf-resort’. In this function it is already clear that the resort has to be a golf resort. This can be intentional, since another resort is not acceptable, but obviously limits the solution space. To make the functions traceable in the process, as promoted by system engineering, each function will be assigned a number.
Attributes According to Gause and Weinberg (1989); “Attributes are characteristics of a product that are desired by the client, they can be seen as adjectives or adverbs”
The procedure for finding attributes is as follows: (According to Gause and Weinberg) • Brainstorming a list of possible attributes • Sort attributes from attribute details. Fill in the list with attributes for all details, and with
the details suggested by all attributes. • Assign each attribute to the appropriate function of functions • Classify the attributes in Must (M), Want (W) and Ignore (I) • Document the M and W attributes for further processing Attributes are characteristics of the product that are desired by the client. If a function would be ‘provide water’, attributes of such a function could for example be ‘clean’, ‘reliable’ and ‘potable’. Attributes help to pinpoint what the client wants. If the water has to be potable, the quality has to be much higher then what would be required for irrigation. The attributes are classified as Must have, want to have or attributes that can be ignored. For tap water the attribute potable will be a must have. For shower water it could be argued that this is a want to have. For irrigation water, the attribute potable can be ignored.
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Constraints Gause and Weinberg [Gause et al., 1989] argue that constraints can be seen as borders. Within these borders there is the solution space. Constraints are derived from attributes classified as a Must. An example of a constraint would be 95% reliability. This means the reliability of the supply of irrigation water has to be between 100% and 95%. Another attribute could be ‘multi powered’. The constraint in that case would be that at least one backup power source is required. The solution space would therefore be any solution that provides one or more
backup power solutions and reliability between 95 and 100%. A graphic of the solution space is shown in figure 2.3. A similar solution space will be created for all ‘Must have’-attributes.
In their method it is possible that no solution space exists. For example if the attributes of the holes state that they have to be at least 400 times 30m in size (216.000m2 in total for 18 holes), but the total available space of the location is limited to 150.000m2, there will not be a solution within the solution space. In this case the constraints may have to be renegotiated with one or more stakeholders(s), resulting in moving or lifting (some of) the constraints to create a solution space.
Preferences According to Gauss and Weinberg any final design solution that satisfies every constraint is an acceptable solution. Some solutions may be more preferable then others though. This is why preferences should also be looked at. The methods that are used to determine the preferred solution should be made measurable, so designers can determine to what degree the preference has been satisfied. To determine the preferred solutions the method recommends so called ‘what’s it worth’ and ‘trade-off charts’. This means that in a graph the attributes are set out against their value.
In the search for alternative solutions and finding the most appropriate solution from within the solution space, two other tools can also be used. These are the technical FAST diagram and the SMART method. Both methods will be described below.
A technical FAST diagram is most suitable for reviewing and improving parts of a design. The technical FAST is explained in detail in Appendix II. The diagram reviews the functions of the particular part. Knowing all functions the part has to perform, it is possible to find alternative solutions, which cover the same functions. The goal is to find an alternative with a lower impact.
The technical FAST diagram consists out of the following parts [Veenvliet, 2004]: • Scope • Basic function • Critical path functions • Logic How/Why-question cycle
• Secondary required functions • Causal function • Supporting functions
Research has been performed by Green, which resulted in the development of the SMART methodology for value management [Green, 1992]. Green takes the multi attribute theory as a basis for selecting the most appropriate alternative. In short this means several options are reviewed against several criteria. Weight factors are used to determine the relative importance
2 or more SOLUTION
1
0 – 95 % 95 – 100 % Num
ber o
f pow
er so
urce
s
Reliability Table 2.3
21
of the attributes. The highest scoring alternative is considered to be the most appropriate option for the case. Because of the bounded rationality concept, Green [1992] argues, the most appropriate solution is not necessarily the best. The bounded rationality concept describes that only so many options can be considered; as it is impossible to explore all options it is not possible to find the “optimal solution”.
The SMART method starts with creating an objective tree; this is basically the same process as creating a task oriented FAST diagram, however it uses design objectives instead of functions. An example of the value tree is given in figure 2.4. A design objective in this stage of the project could be a “good” irrigation system. The value tree exists out of “ends” and “means to an end”. One of the means for the “good” irrigation system could be an ‘environmentally friendly water pump’. The lowest order objectives are the attributes against which the design options should be evaluated. In case of the given example these are low energy consumption and a shield to prevent fish entering the pump.
These attributes are equipped with a weight to take into account their relative importance against the other functions. For example if the low energy consumption is found to be more important then the shield, it could get a weight of 0.7 against 0.3 for the shield. As said, the highest scoring alternative on the attributes is the alternative that is the most appropriate one for the project. By involving all stakeholders in the process of determining the weights of attributes, they will more easily accept the resulting alternative. The same applies for determining the score of an alternative, where these have to be determined subjectively. The score or value of an alternative on a certain attribute is between 0 and 100. Table 2.5 shows an example of the decision analysis matrix. In this example alternative 2 would be favoured above alternative 1.
Low
ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
Shie
ld a
gain
st ta
king
in fi
sh
Weight: 0.7 0.3 Tot
al
Alternative 1 30 40 33 Alternative 2 20 80 38
Table 2.5 – Decision analysis matrix
"good" irrigation system
environmentally friendlywater pump
Low energy consumption
Shield against taking in fish
Figure 2.4 – Example value tree
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System engineering
Definition System Engineering (SE): Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary engineering management process that evolves and verifies an integrated, life cycle balanced set of system solutions that satisfy costumer needs. System engineering fundamentals, system management college US department of defence, reader 854, University of Twente, page 3.
The system engineering process is shown graphically in appendix IV. The goal of System engineering, as can be deduced from the definition, is to create a solution (design) that satisfies the customer. The SE procedure starts with a requirements analysis, to find what the customer wants. The requirements are the input for function analysis and allocation. The function analysis is then used as input for the design synthesis. The process is iterative, in that steps made later in the process can influence earlier decisions.
SE is a layered process, which uses baselines. A baseline means that a certain part of the design should be known and will be frozen before the next stage begins. The Baselines follow the left part of the V-Model, as shown in figure 2.1. [Hull et al. 2002] At a certain stage the requirements of one level are frozen and will be used to determine the requirement in the next level. Each subsequent baseline, or step down in the left side of the V-model, freezes the previous steps and allows the work at a more detailed level. The right side of the V-model shows the testing procedure, where (a part of) the design is tested to verify it meats its requirements. A method to verify each requirement must be established and recorded during requirements analysis. It must always be possible to verify the requirement; otherwise the requirement is not a legitimate one [system engineering fundamentals, 2001].
SE requires all decisions to be taken visibly and traceable, this is done by assigning numbers to requirements, solutions resulting from the requirements and the verification procedures. Logging relations between requirements, solutions and verification in tables assures traceability.
So in short, system engineering can aid the integrated impact analysis by providing a method that will take into account the whole system and will provide traceability of the transformation of requirements into solutions and the verification procedures belonging to the solution.
Figure 2.6 – V-model
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2.2 Framework During the review of the problems with the current impact assessment method (chapter 2.1.1) it was noted that integrated impact assessment should: • Offer a single document which clearly and consistently states the project impact • Trace the transformation from requirements to solutions, when decisions are made, they
should be made explicitly. • Take into account the 2nd order effects, which are the impacts resulting from changes
caused by the project. • Include the links between the different impact fields, which make trade-offs possible
between for example environmental and economic effects.
How can value engineering and system engineering contribute to reaching these goals? In the theory section it was shown that System engineering delivers a full framework for design projects. Key point of System engineering seems to be traceability, making clear how and why decision were made. Value engineering has its prime focus in the original question of ‘what it has to do’. It is a good technique to discover the functions a design has to perform. The main tool, which is used in this method, is the FAST diagram (Function Analysis System Technique). The work of Gause and Weinberg can form a link between the methods. It can convert the functions found by the Value Engineering method to solutions, which can then be further processed in the system engineering method. The job plan, which is the main value engineering method, would also be able to convert functions to solutions. This method however relies primarily on a team approach and workshops. While the method by Gause and Weinberg also prefers a team approach, they do not exclude the option of interviews. Since a workshop approach is not feasible for this research project, the approach of Gause and Weinberg seems to be a more suitable one. There is however a negative side to the use of interviews instead of a team approach. In a team approach people can respond to and be stimulated by the other parties. This can promote creative solutions. The use of an interview approach will not facilitate this creative process. The effect of the choice for an interview approach will be discussed in more detail in the reflection.
The value engineering approach of the technical FAST diagram and the SMART approach by Green are methods that can be used to determine the most preferred solution where one is not immediately clear.
The current method for impact assessment was shown in the previous chapter and is repeated above in figure 2.7. In the next sections a new integrated impact assessment will be introduced. It is based on the current method, but the given theories will be introduced into this method.
Screening Scoping Determine alternative
Impact assessment Mitigation
List remaining impact and finish report
Diagram 2.7 – Environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedure
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2.2.1 Screening
Screening
The need for screening remains, it will still be required to check whether an impact assessment is required and at what detail level. For larger civil engineering project it is expected an impact assessment will almost always be required though. An impact assessment can give an insight in the effects of a project, both positive and negative. If a larger project is not expected to have significant impacts on the economic, social or environmental field, it may not be worth executing the project at all.
2.2.2 Scoping
Scoping-stakeholder requirements- verification
criteria
Screening
When it is determined an impact assessment is required, scoping should establish a list of stakeholders. Stakeholders are those people who are (expected to be) affected by the project. It should also be determined what the requirements and the verification criteria of the stakeholders regarding the project are. This is still more or less similar to the original impact assessment, with the exception that the likely impacts are not an issue yet. Reviewing the likely impacts is not required as the impact assessment process is already aimed at finding all impacts. It should be noted that the scoping phase can also be found in the value engineering job plan (the information phase) and is considered process input to the system engineering process.
2.2.3 Requirements analysis
Scoping-stakeholder requirements- verification
criteria
Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints
After the scoping phase, the current impact assessment starts with determining alternatives. It tries to establish possible solutions to meet the requirements that were given in the scoping phase. This is where the System engineering approach starts to become apparent. This method was created for the purpose of moving from requirements to design solutions. Value engineering, as indicated, is a method that can very well be used in combination with System engineering to determine the functions that the project has to accomplish. The requirements analysis therefore should convert the stakeholder requirements to functions. Using the methods of Gause and Weinberg, Attributes and Constraints are attached to functions, together generating a good understanding about what the design has to accomplish.
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2.2.4 Function allocation
Function Allocation- Generate lower level
functions
Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints add
attributes/ constraints
to new functions
Using the FAST-method, which was explained in more detailed in chapter 2.1.3.1, the functions are grouped. Asking ‘how’ a function can be performed will generate lower level functions. When a lower level function is added, attributes and constraints should be attached, which requires an iterative process with requirements analysis.
2.2.5 Synthesis
Function Allocation- Generate lower level
functions
Synthesis- Functions to physical solutions
- Alternative project solution development
- Select most appropriate product / process solution
Missing functions?
Function allocation delivers a list of functions that the design has to fulfil to satisfy the requirements of the project. Coupled to these functions are attributes and constraints. This makes it possible to determine the solutions space and find physical design solutions. There may be several solutions possible, alternative solutions can therefore be developed. Determining the most preferred solution, where alternatives are available, may not be possible before the next step; the impact assessment, has been completed. While stakeholder functions were included at the start, the synthesis phase may bring up other functions that are required. This could for example be a technical function, which is needed to support one or more stakeholder requirements. The synthesis and function allocation therefore is iterative.
The output of the synthesis phase is a design of the project, which may still include some different alternatives for certain solutions. The previous three steps together are replacing the ‘determining alternatives’ phase in the traditional impact assessment.
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2.2.6 Impact analysis
Synthesis- Functions to physical solutions
- Alternative project solution development
- Select most appropriate product / process solution
Impact Analysis- review impact per
system- and between system components
Most appropriate? /
Missing system solutions
The previous phase has delivered a physical design. The design consists out of many system solutions, which together form the complete project. These system solutions can individually be reviewed for their impact. To review the impact, the input and output of a system solution should be reviewed. To explain the impact assessment by looking at in- and outputs, consider the system solution is photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is an important biologic/ chemical process within a plant, which provides energy for the plant. The chemical formula for photosynthesis is: 12 H2O + 6 CO2 + sunlight = C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O. For the system solution photosynthesis to function it therefore requires an input of sunlight, carbon dioxide and water. The output of the system solution will be sugar, oxygen and water. Since water is both an input and output, the output can be kept within the system solution and reduce the need for water on the input side. In other words, because photosynthesis produces half of the water it needs, the required amount from its environment is reduced. By reviewing the input and output of the system solution the impact it has is now clear, it uses water, carbon dioxide and sunlight and produces sugar and oxygen. The produced sugar will for a large part be used elsewhere in the higher system solution ‘plant’. A plant may therefore not have the effect that it produces ‘sugar’, since the sugar the photosynthesis process produces will be used as input in another system solution within the plant. The input of a system solution can be diverse things as labour, raw materials as petrol, gas, electricity, but also a thing as space. Examples of the output are money, waste, noise, etc. While in the example given above there is an exact formula that describes the required amounts, the in- and output may not always be measurable in a quantity. A qualitative output of a golf resort can for example be that it alters the appearance of a unique landscape.
It may be found that the impact analysis needs to review lower level system solutions that are not yet included in the provisional design. There should be a link back to synthesis to be able to add system solutions to be reviewed during the impact analysis. Where alternatives were available, the impact analysis should provide an insight in the impact of each of the alternatives. The alternative that is selected to be the most appropriate should be the one selected in the design synthesis. After some iterative steps, the synthesis therefore delivers the final design. The impact assessment delivers a list of the impact of each system solution. When the impacts of all system solutions are combined, the total impact of the provisional design is found.
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2.2.7 System analysis and control
Function Allocation- Generate lower level
functions
Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints add
attributes/ constraints
to new functions
Synthesis- Functions to physical solutions
- Alternative project solution development
- Select most appropriate product / process solution
Missing functions?
Impact Analysis- review impact per
system- and between system components
System analysis and control- Tradeoff studies
- Data management- Configuration management
Most appropriate? /
Missing system solutions
One of the perceived problems with the current method is the lack of traceability. To keep track of the process and to offer some additional tools system engineering offers system analysis and control features. Data management and configuration management are the main tools for tracing the whole process from requirements to design synthesis. These processes will be explained in more detail in the next chapter. Another important tool is the trade off study. By using the methods described in the theory, the technical FAST diagram or the SMART method by Green, a trade-off can be made between different alternatives. The trade-off can at this stage take into account the impact in determining the most preferred solution. The trade-off study contributes to a documented way of making design decisions, as it is made explicit why a certain alternative is selected.
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2.2.8 Mitigation
Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints
Impact Analysis- review impact per
system- and between system components
Mitigation- establish measures that are necessary to avoid or minimize adverse impact
Verification loop
When the impact has been established, the impact assessment procedure indicates that measures should be established that are necessary to avoid, minimize or offset predicted adverse impacts and, where appropriate, to incorporate these into an environmental management plan or system. Next to this somewhat negative perspective of ‘fixing the bad’ it may also become apparent that during mitigation opportunities exist to improve already positive impacts. Mitigation of the negative impacts is a must, optimizing the positive effects can however deliver additional value for the stakeholders.
When the mitigation measures have been determined, the impact assessment is in fact complete. The requirements have been transformed into a physical design solution. The impact of the design solution is known and the adverse effects have, where possible, been reduced or solved by use of the mitigation measures. It should now be asked if the final design, which results from the impact assessment, meets the requirements and verification criteria. If not the project requirements may have been too revolutionary or just not achievable. If a project is still wanted, it may be necessary to change (one or more) requirements. When requirements are changed, the process obviously (at least for the concerned requirements) starts again at requirements analysis.
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2.2.9 Evaluate and report
ReportEvaluate - remaning
impact
Scoping-stakeholder requirements- verification
criteria
Function Allocation- Generate lower level
functions
Screening
Requirements Analysis- Functions- Attributes-Constraints add
attributes/ constraints
to new functions
Synthesis- Functions to physical solutions
- Alternative project solution development
- Select most appropriate product / process solution
Missing functions?
Impact Analysis- review impact per
system- and between system components
Mitigation- establish measures that are necessary to
avoid or minimize adverse impact
Verification loop
System analysis and control- Tradeoff studies
- Data management- Configuration management
Most appropriate? /
Missing system solutions
While the impact assessment is not yet complete, the iterative process (within the block) continues. When verification shows the final design meets the requirements and verification criteria the evaluation phase can take place. During this phase the remaining impact, after mitigation, is written down. An indication should be given about the relative importance and acceptability of residual impacts that cannot be mitigated. Finally the impact assessment report has to document clearly and impartially the impacts of the project, the proposed measures for mitigation and the significance of remaining effects. The figure above shows the complete new integrated impact assessment method.
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3 Case study The full impact assessment report for the case study is included as a separate document. This chapter will examine the experience acquired during the research and explain how the method was used in this research.
The new integrated impact assessment method was used to determine the impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius, in the Netherlands Antilles. The project is intended to have an economic and social impact on the island. St. Eustatius is a small island (21km2) in the northeastern Caribbean. For its income it is currently dependant mostly on an oil transshipment facility and tourism. There is however a yearly budget deficit of around US$6.1 million. The unemployment is also increasing, coupled with the fact that many young Statians who have to go abroad to study, will stay abroad since no jobs are available for them on the island. The golf resort is intended to solve (a large part of) the budget deficit and create jobs for Statians living on and off the island. The main goal of the golf resort project can be described as making the island self-sustainable.
This chapter will follow the steps of the integrated impact assessment method and answer research question 2, 3, 4 and 5.
3.1 Screening Screening was not made a part of the research question, even though it is the first phase of the integrated impact investigation. To be able to do this research project, the case study project would have to meet the criteria that it is fit for an impact assessment. The need for an impact assessment was therefore established at the start of the research project and hence screening was not included as research question.
The golf resort project is situated on a small island. At first glance it is clear it will use a significant portion of the available land surface. A number of questions existed on the island, for example what the impact would be on to the Sea turtles, the Iguana’s, on housing, etc. Next to these environmental and social worries another aim of the golf resort is to improve the financial position of the island, which is an economic impact. From this quick screening it is obvious that economic, social and environmental impacts can all be expected in the project. 3.2 Scoping 3.2.1 Stakeholders 2. Scoping of the impact assessment
a. Who are the stakeholders
Scoping is about finding requirements and verification criteria. The requirements are used to determine what the customer wants, the verification criteria to verify whether those requirements are met. The main requirements can be found with the stakeholders. Requirements can also result from legislation and from the site itself. There are also requirements resulting from the design solutions and functions themselves, these cannot be determined until system solutions are generated though.
The stakeholders are those people that are affected by the project. It is important to trace and include all the affected persons as stakeholders. If they are not included from the start they will
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show up later in the process. At that time it may be hard to include their requirements. Due to the specific situation of St. Eustatius the resort will affect most of the people on the island.
A distinction can be made between stakeholders that have taken the initiative for the project and stakeholders that will be impacted by the project. The first should be heard first to determine what the project is, or in other words to determine the scope of the project. It is possible to isolate some parties, or stakeholders, that have taken the initiative in the project. These stakeholders are the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA), the tourism development foundation and the St. Eustatius government. These parties have taken the initiative for social and economic development and can determine the scope of the golf resort. Because it was considered important to have representatives from all three impact fields (social, environmental and economical) from the start of the impact study, the main stakeholder on the field of the environment, the St. Eustatius National Parks Association (STENAPA), was also included in determining the scope of the project.
3.2.2 Stakeholder requirements
b. What requirements/ wishes do the stakeholders hold about the golf
resort?
Since it was not feasible to organise a workshop with the stakeholders, an interview approach was selected to retrieve the requirements. Gause and Weinberg [Gause et al., 1989] distinguish between four elements that are important in exploring the requirements. These are the functions, attributes, constraints and preferences. As much as possible the interviews focussed on retrieving these four elements. The interviewed were stimulated to word their requirements in terms of functions.
Since the impact assessment is a continuation of the economic viability study, the requirements contained in this document were verified during the interviews with the stakeholders. During the interview the question “Who else is affected/ stakeholder” can create a “snowball effect” whereby via one stakeholder, others can be found.
In the initial requirements gathering phase three interviews took place. An interview with the Tourism Development Organization, the St Eustatius Business Association (STEBA) and with the main stakeholder regarding the environmental impact; St Eustatius National Parks Foundations (STENAPA). The government, a third party taking the initiative for the development of the project, is working closely together with the two other parties, for this reason an interview with the government was expected to deliver no additional information in this initial phase. Before interviewing other stakeholders it was first important to get information from these ‘key-stakeholders’ about what kind of project they want. Without, for example, an idea about the number of additional students that can be expected, talking to the schools is not very useful. The same applies to talking to the electricity company in regards to the amount of electricity that is required. In fact, without really knowing for sure that additional children will come to the island, the schools may initially not even be a stakeholder?
The initial interviews with the three parties focused on the requirements a golf resort project. By challenging the interviewed party to summarize their answer as a function and by asking ‘context free’ questions, it was possible to gather functions that the golf resort has to perform. For example, the tourism development foundation indicated the need of developing a beach, as not having a (Caribbean white) swim able beach is a constraint on the tourism development. The function for this requirement would be ‘develop beach’. An environmental function,
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‘protect coral’, originates from the requirement that the coral should be protected because it is protected by law and important for tourism.
Next to finding the requirements for the project itself, another important item during the interview was the question what such a project has to accomplish, which goes above project level and ultimately showed the program goal that the project is to accomplish. The program goal for the island of St. Eustatius is to become self-sustainable. It was decided to use the constraints developed in the next phase as the verification requirements. When the final result of the impact assessment meets the constraints, it meets the requirements.
3.2.3 Legislation
c. What legislation is relevant?
The relevant legislation is the legislation that affects the project, usually by putting constraints on the solution space. Both by use of a literature study (reviewing the environmental and building laws) and by touching this subject during the interviews information was obtained.
St. Eustatius is part of the country of the Netherlands Antilles. Even though this country is a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands it is not part of the European Union. This means European law is not a factor on the island. The main relevant legislation for the development of a resort is the environmental legislation. By law, each island of the Netherlands Antilles has to have a national park, which is an environmental protection area. On St. Eustatius the government has appointed the STENAPA to manage the parks (more then one) for them.
From an interview with STENAPA it became clear that a part of the area where the golf resort is envisaged is protected. If the golf resort is to be constructed, the legislation will have to be changed, which requires the government to be informed over the consequences of such an action.
3.2.4 Local situation
d. What is the situation at the proposed site(s) of the golf resort
By visiting the site(s) of the golf resort, relevant information can be obtained about possible environmental worries. Stakeholders may be determined, as well as site specific constraints. These could be matters as the available space, the proximity of the ocean, etc.
The area where the golf resort is planned was examined both physically as well as on a map. The area is mostly undeveloped; there is only a road to the Zeelandia area. This means the entire infrastructure has to be developed together with the project. The local situation also poses some challenges due to the wildlife (sea turtles and iguana’s) and a beach that cannot be used due to a large undertow. This makes it unsafe for swimming.
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3.2.5 Conclusion The results of the scoping process can be found in chapter II of the Strategic impact assessment, which is a separate supplement to this report. The scoping phase is aimed at finding the requirements for the project. During the execution of the study it became apparent that there are two kinds of stakeholders. There are initiating parties, who can give the requirements for the project and explain what they want the project to become. The remaining parties are stakeholders because the project has an effect (impact) on them. To be able to determine which parties are affected by the project, it first has to be determined what the project is. The requirements of the main stakeholders and requirements resulting from legislation and the local situation were determined by an interview method. The interview method in comparison with a team approach reduces the chance for innovative solutions. It was decided to use the constraints developed in the next phase as the verification requirements. When the final result of the impact assessment meets the constraints, it meets the requirements. The requirements and their resulting functions were placed in a table (table 3.1), to provide traceability. A number is assigned to the function; this number will be used in the FAST diagram. The table also shows the stakeholder that brought in the requirement. The full list of requirements and functions is included in appendix V.
Requirement Function Function # Stakeholder The golf resort should add a large portion of rooms to the island.
Provide accommodation
0.1.1 Tourist Office
Table 3.1
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3.3 Requirement analysis 3. What does the provisional design of the golf course look like? Paragraph 3.3 through to 3.5 answer research question 3. Paragraph 3.5 includes a conclusion regarding this research question. 3.3.1 Functions The scoping phase has resulted in a list of functions that the project has to for fill. Using the heuristic by Gause and Weinberg [Gause et al., 1981] more information about these functions can be found:
• Generate an initial list of potential functions • Classify each function as evident (E), hidden (H) or frill (F). • Using the classification, it should be tried to uncover unmentioned hidden functions. • Functions with wording that implies constraints on solutions should be reworded to
become problem instead of solution statements. • Frill functions should be put on a “Get if you can list”
Step one, generating the initial list of potential functions was performed in the scoping phase. Additionally functions will also be found during the function allocation, which is the next phase after requirements analysis. This means the requirements analysis process is iterative. To make the functions traceable in the process, as promoted by system engineering, each function was assigned a number. In a new table (table 3.2), the function is classified as evident, hidden or frill. Frills are functions that are nice, but cannot cost anything. Evident functions have to be as visible as possible and hidden functions are to be as invisible as possible. In the example below, the accommodation is an important part of the resort and a part that should be attractive and visible, which means it is classified as an evident function.
Number Functions Hidden
Evident Frill
Attributes (Must have, Want to have, Ignore)Constraints System solutions
0.1.1 Provide accommodation (for golf resort) E Table 3.2
3.3.2 Attributes According to Gause and Weinberg [1981]; “Attributes are characteristics of a product that are desired by the client, they can be seen as adjectives or adverbs”
The procedure for finding attributes is as follows: (According to Gause and Weinberg) • Brainstorming a list of possible attributes • Sort attributes from attribute details. Fill in the list with attributes for all details, and with
the details suggested by all attributes. • Assign each attribute to the appropriate function of functions • Classify the attributes in Must (M), Want (W) and Ignore (I) • Document the M and W attributes for further processing
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Attributes explain in more detail what the system solution is supposed to do. For providing accommodation the attributes are for example that the accommodation should be: Luxurious, discreet, have a theme, complete, 5-star+ quality and sustainable.
These are all attributes with the function provide accommodation. They explain in more detail what is expected of the accommodation. Not all these attributes may be as important as the other though. For example an accommodation that “has a theme” may be something that is possible, but is not necessarily wanted. For the impact analysis you could even argue that it can be ignored, because it has no real effect on the impact.
For this reason all attributes are classified either as Must have, Want to have or Ignore. The mentioned “theme” of the golf course can be ignored, so it is classified as such. A 5-star+ quality is very important and is therefore a must have. A discreet accommodation is nice to have, but not a must, so it will be classified as a want to have. Want to have attributes are kept in mind in the process. Must have attributes are taken to the next level and ignore attributes are ignored.
For the function ‘provide accommodation’, this means the aim is to “Provide sustainable accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a luxury, quality and completeness that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating.” The attributes are added to the table (table 3.3)
Number Functions Hidden
Evident Frill
Attributes (Must have, Want to have, Ignore)Constraints System solutions
0.1.1 Provide accommodation (for golf resort) E Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), complete (I), 5-star+ (M), Sustainable (M)
Provide accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a quality that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating that is sustainable over a period of at least 50 years.
Table 3.3 3.3.3 Constraints Gause and Weinberg (1989) argue that constraints can be seen as borders. Within these borders there is the solution space. Constraints are derived from attributes classified as a Must. During the case study a found constraint for providing the accommodation is the 5-star+ quality. This means that anything below 5-star+ is not an option. The same applies for being sustainable for at least 50yrs. The solution space for these two constraints is displayed in figure 3.4.
It is possible that no or a very small solution space exists. For example if the attributes of the holes state that they have to be at least 400 times 30m in size (216.000m2 in total for 18 holes),
> 50 yrs SOLUTION
=< 50 yrs
< 5-star+ >= 5-star+
S
usta
inab
le
Quality Figure 3.4
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but the total available space of the location is limited to 150.000m2, there will not be any solution within the solution space. In this case there is either no solution, or one or more stakeholders(s) will have to lift (some of) the constraints to create a solution space.
The 50-year sustainability is a practical way to determine sustainability. Sustainable is usually defined as something that is able to continue indefinitely without any negative consequences. ‘Indefinitely’ is hard to verify, by converting this requirement into sustainability for a number of years the designer can verify if the requirement is met. Constraints are, for traceability, added to the table (table 3.5)
Number Functions Hidden
Evident Frill
Attributes (Must have, Want to have, Ignore) Constraints System solutions
0.1.1 Provide accommodation (for golf resort)
E Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), complete (I), 5-star+ (M), Sustainable (M)
Provide accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a quality that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating that is sustainable over a period of at least 50 years. Constraints: • 5-star+ • Sustainable for a minimum of 50 years
Table 3.5
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3.4 Function Allocation To determine the relationships between functions and find missing functions a customer FAST diagram was created (see ‘Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius’). The task, which is the start point of the FAST diagram, is a description of the actual need of the project. In this project the task was found to be a ‘self-sustainable island’. This is the strategic goal, which is what the initiating parties ultimately want to achieve by executing this project.
The question ‘how’ can then be asked, in this case, ‘how to create a self-sustainable island’. This question can be answered by some of the functions that were found in the requirements analysis, for example ‘a self-sustainable island can be reached by creating a golf resort’. Because ‘creating a golf course’ is at a relatively broad description, lower level functions can be generated. Asking the question ‘how can a golf resort be created?’ can do this. The answer can be; by providing accommodation, eating facilities, health care facilities and a golf course.
In a FAST diagram a distinction is made between base functions and supporting functions [Veenvliet, 2004]. Base functions are essential to perform the task. Supporting functions are not necessarily required to perform the actual task, but help the project to be more acceptable or attractive. There are always four supporting functions, namely: guarantee easy, captivate stakeholders, satisfy stakeholders and guarantee reliability. By developing the FAST diagram, the full list of functions the design has to perform is known. Any functions that were added in this phase should be included in the requirement analysis to determine the function attributes and constraints.
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3.5 Synthesis The parties/ stakeholders that will judge the value of the final product can decide upon the preferred solution from within the solution space. The resulting system solutions will together form the provisional design of the golf resort. The provisional design will be presented using a block diagram, which will visually show the system and the main links between the different parts of the design. The provisional design should be just detailed enough to properly perform the impact analysis.
In case of the ‘provide accommodation’ function the system solutions were determined as follows. Similar golf courses of the 5-star+-quality in the region have different staying accommodations, which consists out of hotel rooms, condominiums, time-share apartments and private villas. Interviews with main stakeholders determined that the preferred composition of the accommodation at the resort on St. Eustatius contains 156 hotel rooms and 40 condominiums. Because it is preferred the buildings are only two stories high the most suitable option would be to create blocks with hotel rooms, say a block with 6 rooms (3 on each floor). This means there would be 26 separate hotel blocks of two stories, 20 private villa’s and 20 timeshare apartments. This means that the function provide accommodation will be provided by the following system solutions: 26 5-star+ and complete hotel blocks of 6 rooms, 40 5-star+ condominiums.
All system solutions together are placed in a preliminary design block diagram. The layout of this diagram is described in appendix VI. For the full diagram see the separate supplement ‘Provisional design block diagram – Golf resort St. Eustatius’. The ‘top level system function’ can in impact assessment terms be regarded the program goal. The program for the island of St. Eustatius is to become a self-sustainable island. A program goal needs to be achieved by executing projects. Under the program goal there are therefore three projects: support business, sustainable development and increase government income. The system solutions as well are added to the table (table 3.6), together with the number under which it is included in the preliminary design block diagram.
Number Functions Hidden
Evident Frill
Attributes (Must have, Want to have, Ignore) Constraints System solutions
0.1.1 Provide accommodation (for golf resort)
E Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), complete (I), 5-star+ (M), Sustainable (M)
Provide accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a quality that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating that is sustainable over a period of at least 50 years. Constraints: • 5-star+ • Sustainable for a minimum of 50 years
System solution: • 5-star+ hotel [1.0] • 5-star+ condominiums [2.0]
Table 3.6
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3.5.1 Conclusion The functions found in the scoping phase are expanded by use of the FAST diagram. The method by Gause and Weinberg converts the functions to system solutions. These are then used as input for the preliminary design block diagram (PDBD). By use of a single table, in which the whole process is shown, traceability is assured. The PDBD answers research question three ‘what does the provisional design of the golf course look like?’ This diagram contains all the system solutions resulting from the requirements found in the scoping phase. The PDBD and FAST diagram are included as supplements. The included PDBD also shows system solutions that were added as a result of the impact found during the impact assessment process. The provisional design leaves some alternatives. For example it describes the need for a power plant. It is however not prescribed if this should be diesel generators, windmills, etc. In the next step the impact of these alternatives will be reviewed, after which a decision can be made for the preferred solution.
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3.6 Impact analysis 3.6.1 Impact analysis of the provisional design 4. What is the result of the impact analysis of the provisional design? Based on the PDBD created in the previous phase, the impact of the system elements is reviewed. Together the assessment of the impacts of these elements will answer the research question ‘What is the result of the impact analysis of the provisional design?’ The method indicates that the impact is reviewed per system element, as well as for the complete system. There are many different definitions of impact, overall it can be said that the impact is larger or smaller depending on the amount in which a system element affects or influences the environment, society and the economy. Individual system elements can have an impact on each other; in fact, the impact of one system element can neutralize the impact of another. Keeping track and adding up the impacts of all the system elements can find the complete impact of the program. Take for example the need for water; a golf resort requires a lot of water. This means that the impact of a golf course is that it uses a lot of water. Within the same program there is a reverse osmosis plant, which delivers this water. This means that at system level you will have two system elements, one with the impact that it requires a certain amount of water, the other element produces this amount. At program level this means that the requirement of water ‘outside’ of the project and thus the impact on water supply is 0. The need for water will still have social, environmental and economic effects though. For example a reverse osmosis plant will create jobs (social), it will have to be constructed, for which contractors will need to pay taxes to the government (economic) and there are some worries regarding salinization caused by reverse osmosis plants (environmental). For each of the system elements the question asked should be what the input and output of the system elements are. The inputs are those resources that are required to construct and sustain the system element. For example to construct and sustain the accommodations there will need to be an input of labour, space, water and electricity. The output of the accommodations ‘what it creates’ will be, amongst other things, income for the resort and the government (tax), wastewater and solid waste, guests and transport demand to the island. Since the impact is cumulative towards the higher system solutions, the impact assessment of the system solutions should start at the lowest level solutions. The determination of the in- and output requires a vast amount of sources, for example interviews, reviewing similar system solutions, guidelines, calculations and common sense. The goal should always be to find the complete set of in- and outputs of a system element. To give a good overview of the impact, it was decided to format the impact assessment in a table. The table first lists the system solution number, as shown on the PDBD. The next column shows the system solution name. The impact assessment for the system solution is given in the next column. The final column will be described in the next chapter and deals with the steps to be taken to mitigate adverse impacts.
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Number System solution Description Mitigation required? 1.1.1.3.1 Doctors office Currently there are two general
practitioners, a dermatologist and dentists on the island. This is an overcapacity, no additional persons are needed when the number of people on the island increases by a 1000. [Queen Beatrix med. center] In times of need (for example in the case a hurricane would hit the island), the hospital can rely on the help of the medical school, which adds at least 12 doctors. Some of the students are trained nurses, which can also help in the case of emergencies. Impact: • None
Figure 3.7
An example of an impact assessment for the system solution ‘doctors office’ is given above (table 3.7). In this case, the increase in people on the island, as generated by other system solutions, is shown to have no impact on the doctor’s office, or hospital. This was determined by interviewing the hospitals head nurse and one of the general practitioners.
Care should be taken with the data gathered during interviews. The impact assessment is written to determine the effects of a specific project. During the interviews the focus should be kept on the effects that the specific project will have. An example of how challenging this can be was encountered while interviewing hospital officials. On a small island the hospital is unable to offer full medical support. Obviously they wish to be able to offer this, so one of the things they would like to do is increase their lab, so blood tests no longer have to be transported to hospitals on other islands and thus results can be received faster. How certain is it that the stated need for an improved lab is really affected by the golf resort though? Will it be build regardless of the resort or will it not be build even when the resort is build? This is not always a simple question to answer. Interviewing more then one person per organization may provide a better understanding and partially solve this problem.
It may not be immediately clear what the preferred system solution is. This may not only depend on the preferred ‘technical’ solution, but also on the impact of the solution alternatives. For example irrigation or water supply using the existing reverse osmosis plant on the island may be a technologically preferred solution versus a new build water plant. When the impact is regarded it will however show that using the existing plant cannot supply the full amount of water and will pose a threat to the water supply of the island in dry periods. During the impact assessment it therefore proofed to be required to execute some specific ‘trade-off’ studies. This means possible system solutions are set next to each other and investigated for their impact. Another example of an instance where such a study was required is electrical power. The system solution ‘generate electricity’ delivered several solutions that were all reviewed for their impact, based on the results a solution was selected.
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In three instances during the impact assessment it was found to be necessary to add system elements. These system elements are construction, telecommunication and the harbour facilities. Two reasons were found for these functions not being included. Telecommunication stands for high speed Internet and the ability to get a (mobile and fixed) phone connection and was added as a requirement during an interview to determine the impact of accommodation. This requirement was missed during the initial gathering of requirements in the scoping phase. By adding ‘provide telecommunication’ as a function and starting the process from the requirements analysis phase for just this function, telecommunication could be added as the system solution ‘telecommunication infrastructure’. No problems were encountered in coping with this new requirement from the impact assessment phase. The need to construct the resort is obvious and should therefore have been included as a system solution of the resort. To add harbour facilities however was not caused by missing this in the requirements or function allocation phase. It was not expected that the harbour facilities would pose a problem or changes would be required. During the examination of the impact of construction it however became apparent that a lot of heavy material and equipment would need to be moved to the island. At this point there was a reason for concern regarding the harbour facilities. The harbour facility therefore offers an example that it should be possible to add system solutions from the impact assessment phase.
3.6.2 Conclusion Per system solution the impact was investigated. This required a vast amount of sources including interviews, comparisons with similar projects, literature studies and common sense. The impact is the in- and output of a system solution. If a system solution has no impact at all there will be no in- and output. During the execution of the impact assessment it became apparent that system solutions were missing. Two causes were found for this. The first was some missing requirements, which should have been included from the start in the scoping phase, but were not included at that time. A second cause was a larger than expected impact, which required a system solution to be added. Due to the traceability in the process and everything being on paper (in diagram or table form), adding functions or system solution even at a later stage in the process proved to be no problem.
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3.7 Mitigation 5. Which improvements can be made regarding the negative environmental
impact of the golf resort and what are the remaining effects? a. Which improvements can be made to reduce or solve the negative
environmental impact of system elements?
As it is the stakeholders who are making the decisions, the results of the impact analysis were discussed with these persons. Where negative impacts were found several options exist:
• The solution space is too large and the constraints have to change, thereby changing the
solution space (up to having no solution space left, which would mean an impossible project).
• They prefer another solution within the solution space, which has a smaller negative impact • They accept the negative impacts if compensating (mitigating) measures are taken. • They accept the negative impact. (They increase the solution space, by lifting one or more
constraints, so the new solution space includes the solution)
The process continues until all adverse impacts are solved or mitigated or until it is concluded no further action can be taken. In that last case the remaining impact can be reviewed.
During the impact assessment it became apparent where problem areas exist regarding the negative impact of the project. Where a negative impact exists it should be attempted to mitigate (reduce) this impact by taking measures. To determine which measures should be taken, interviews with the involved stakeholders were required. Other sources for mitigation can also be used, for example looking at similar projects and the solutions used there, literature or common sense. It was found that during the interviews to determine the impact of the various system elements in many cases mitigation measures would already be discussed.
The mitigation measures are listed in the same table that contains the impact assessment of the system elements. This guarantees traceability between impact and mitigation measures. For added readability and to highlight the mitigation measures, they are also summarized at the end of the report.
After mitigation has taken place in a fact the impact assessment is completed. It is known what the project will look like (provisional design), what its impact is, which measures can be taken to reduce the negative impact and what impact remains. The question can therefore now be asked if the outcome of the study meets the requirements. As indicated in 3.2.2 to determine if the outcome meets the requirements, the outcome is compared with the constraints. When this is done it is determined that there are several points where the requirements are not yet met. For example the accommodations and providing energy are proving to be unsustainable. In the first case sustainability is not achieved due to the inability to process solid waste in a sustainable way, in the second case due to the use of non-renewable fuels. Some other requirements are also not met. It is up to the decision makers and stakeholders to determine the consequences of not meeting the requirements.
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3.8 Evaluate b. What are the remaining environmental effects of the golf resort?
The remaining impact (residue impact) is listed together with the mitigation measures at the end of the impact assessment document. The decision maker will have to determine if the residue impact is acceptable or remains a concern.
It may not be possible to find mitigation measures for all the adverse impacts, or it may not be possible to mitigate negative impacts completely. In the case study, no mitigation measures were found that could solve problems regarding waste disposal. Depending on the opinions of the stakeholders about the severity, the remaining impact was classified as significant or not significant. It is up to the decision maker to determine if the project can go on, further study or measures are required or the project should be cancelled due to the remaining impact.
On completion of the impact mitigation a group session was organized. During this session the impact assessment was presented, as well as the mitigation measures and the impact that remained at that time. After the presentation, a group discussion, under the supervision of a moderator, was held about the impact. During this discussion several questions were raised that could be answered with the impact assessment.
The only worry not covered by the report was the question whether the report presented enough about the 2nd order effects. While for example the effect of the additional people on the island due to an increase in population and tourists was taken into account, this increase in people on the island can potentially also spark another increase in people who are needed to support the increased population. It was determined that the effect of this increase on the hospital and the schools in terms of jobs does not exist. Some questions remained about the effects on supermarkets and some other facilities and services though. It is important to note that the effects on, for example, the supermarkets can be included in the method. In the closing round attendees mentioned that while at first sceptical, they now understood the reason for having the project (the program) and could see how this could become a success.
The results of verification, which showed that the design does not meet all requirements was discussed in this meeting. No mitigation solutions were found. The inability to deliver green energy to the resort, while not meeting the requirement was not seen as a large problem. This negative impact will be accepted. The solid waste issues however were not regarded acceptable. The parties have indicated they will further investigate the problem. Further investigation could result in additional requirements being added to the impact assessment process, after which an acceptable solution may be found. Due to time constraints this however did not take place.
3.8.1 Conclusions Based on the impacts found during the impact assessment phase, measures to reduce ‘mitigate’ the impact were determined. Verification of the impact assessment, combined with the mitigation measures, revealed that not all requirements are met. It is up to the decision makers to determine if further research and measures are required, if the impacts are accepted as they currently are, or if the project with these impacts is not wanted at all. During a group session, where the results of the impact assessment were discussed, it became apparent some negative impacts will require further research. The stakeholders and decision makers will accept some other impacts that do not meet the verification criteria.
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4 Conclusions and recommendations The conclusions and recommendations in this section refer to the new integrated impact assessment method. The conclusions and recommendations regarding the impact assessment of the golf resort are included in the impact assessment report, which was included as a loose supplement. 4.1 Conclusions The main question posed in this report is the problem formulation. The problem formulation is:
How can the methods of system engineering and value engineering be integrated with the environmental impact assessment and how can the resulting integrated impact assessment method be used to find and solve or mitigate the environmental, social and economic impact of a planned golf resort on St. Eustatius?
The report described the combination of the system engineering and value engineering methods with the impact assessment. This combination resulted in the new integrated impact assessment procedure (page 29).
Using the integrated impact assessment procedure an impact assessment was executed. The following conclusions can be made based on the executed impact assessment:
• The procedure allows for assessing all impacts at the same time and in one report, in this
case the economic, social and environmental impact. • The reviewed system elements and the main relations between these elements are presented
in a single diagram, which offers a good overview and good tool in discussions. • Due to tracing the requirements throughout the document, it becomes clear what impact is
caused by which requirements. • The generation of a customer FAST and preliminary design block diagram force the
generation of a single ‘start point’. The start point is the reason for executing all the underlying projects, which in impact assessment terms makes it the strategic goal. Next to showing the start point, the program level also indicates why the project is needed.
• The impact assessment gives the opportunity to find the relations between impacts. This
way the client does not get one report, which states that the beach is used for tourism, while another report states it is used for sea turtle nesting. The two reports are not able to tell the consequences of dual use. By examining both impacts within a single report the consequences of shared use can be reviewed and should this be negative, the report can also bring up solutions. In the specific case it was actually solved in a way where it generated a benefit to both the tourists and the sea turtles.
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4.2 Reflection 4.2.1 Relevance of the thesis The thesis looks at an existing problem in the field of impact assessment and applies proven methods from the field of construction management to mitigate the perceived problems. The method was then tested on a project on the island of St. Eustatius. The island of St. Eustatius is relatively small; it only measures 7 by 3km. As indicated in the report this means that a large project as a golf resort will have an effect on the whole island. With the project situated on an island, the scope can more easily be determined, as well as the stakeholders. The effect will also be easier to consider, as there is a physical border after which either the effect stops, or import and export become issues. If the project is not located on an island, or a much larger island, it will most likely be harder to determine where the effect stops and which stakeholders to include. While this may not necessarily make the thesis less relevant, the size of the island is simplifying factor.
The question also has to be asked whether the situation on the island did warrant an impact assessment. The golf resort project on St. Eustatius is a large project that was expected to have a potential significant impact. With the impact investigation completed it is indeed clear that there were impacts on all the fields. For example fitting the golf resort in with the environment, the high use of water and the increase in population.
By executing an impact assessment it was possible to clearly present the consequences ‘impact’ of the golf resort, versus the benefits and the goal that the project aims to achieve. It was also possible to mitigate many negative effects. Since the method shows links between the different impact fields, potential problems like the use of the beach by both tourists and sea turtles, could be turned into benefits for both.
In conclusion and looking back on the impact assessment study it is clear that all three impact fields, environmental, economical and social were present in the case study. It can therefore be said that indeed the project did warrant an impact assessment. 4.2.2 Making of the thesis
In creating the impact assessment, getting all parties together to determine the requirements was not feasible. The requirements were gathered by use of individual interviews with the stakeholders instead. There are some disadvantages in using an interview instead of a team approach. In a team approach, stakeholders may influence each other and ‘in a creative process’ come up with important other requirements that individually were not brought up. In an interview approach there is also an added chance for conflicting requirements.
Because the parties that are looking to start the golf resort are still looking for investors, the investors, who will be key stakeholders were not yet available for an interview. By keeping the design at a ‘high level’ and not in depth, a lot of room was left for specific requirements by the investor. An investor may however have different ideas about the number of rooms required, the size of the golf course, etc. By not including this party in the investigation, there is a larger chance for deviation between the results of the impact assessment and the reality.
In creating the preliminary design of the golf resort, a function to form approach was selected. This means that the question is asked what “it has to do” before the question “what it physically
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looks like”, which would be the first question if a form to function approach is used. The function to form approach has the advantage that it allows for more creative thinking, people do not have to think in terms of real objects, but can express what they truly want something to be. Thinking in functions first also allows an easier switch to higher functions, to determine what the actual need ‘problem’ is. The actual need within impact assessment is the program level, that what ultimately has to be achieved. Having the ultimate goal of the project clear at an early stage helps to get a good overview.
During the impact assessment it may not always be possible to find exact numbers. There are for example no exact numbers of Statians living outside St. Eustatius. It those cases it may be necessary to find indicators. The number of Statians living in the Netherlands, for example, was determined by looking at the total size of the group of Antilleans living in the Netherlands and taking the size of the population on the islands as an indicator for dividing the group in the Netherlands.
After determining the impact and mitigation measures there was a group discussion with (a large part of) the stakeholders. The discussion was preceded by a presentation of the impact assessment. During the (thorough) discussion, which was led by a moderator, no new impact issues came to light. With the impact and the project goal known, parties participating in the discussion indicated they had much more confidence in the project.
During the meeting the mitigation measures were acknowledged. The impacts for which no solutions was found during the study did not get solved during the meeting either. Further attention is needed regarding these subjects (mainly waste management). While the golf resort will, under the current conditions, make things worse, it is important to note that the problem of waste management is already an issue.
The bulk of the work in doing the impact assessment is the actual determining of the impact per system element. For the impacts that require interviews or information from third parties, waiting times may be long. In most cases it is however possible to continue with determining impacts on other system solutions while waiting for information or an interview. An issue found during executing the impact assessment is that there is no certainty that all impacts are taken into account. How can be guaranteed in the direction of the client or the stakeholders that the opinions of all stakeholders have been included and all relevant effects have been reviewed? A more thorough review of this question will be continued in the next section. 4.2.3 Usefulness of the integrated approach
An important question to ask is obviously if the integrated approach to impact analysis as executed in this report is actually useful. Does it solve (some of) the problems that were found in the current practice of impact assessments and that were stated in the process of getting to a problem formulation at the start of this report? The main problems that the new impact assessment method was to solve are: • Offer a single document which clearly and consistently states the project impact • Trace the transformation from requirements to solutions, when decisions are made, they
should be made explicitly. • Take into account the 2nd order effects, which are the impacts resulting from changes
caused by the project.
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• Include the links between the different impact fields, which make trade-offs possible between for example environmental and economic effects.
The developed impact method did indeed offer a single document, which covers the economic, social and environmental impact. In an attempt to present it clearly and consistently the impact is presented in a table, together with the mitigation measures. The same mitigation measures together with the remaining impact are again given at the end of the document. Decisions made in the impact assessment are for example the conversion from functions to system solutions, which solution is the preferred one and which alternative has the preferred impact. The conversion from functions to system solution is a process, which is described and tracked in a table. This ensures that the decisions are traceable and can be checked. When a selection has to be made from alternatives this was also substantiated. An example of this is the selection for diesel powered electric generators, which was selected on its cost and the disability of wind energy to provide a constant amount of electricity. Second order effects are the effects that occur due to changes created by the impact of the resort. For example the construction and operation of the resort itself does not have a direct effect on schools. Because personnel are required to run the resort, the population on the island will increase. This causes a larger demand for schools. By use of the customer FAST and PDBD the method forces a single start point. This single start point can be considered the program level, or strategic goal. By considering all that has to be accomplished to reach this goal, second order effects will be taken into consideration. A worry during the group session, held at the end of the study, was whether the report examined the 2nd order effects deep enough. It was mentioned for example that the effects on the supermarkets were not included. While it would have been no problem to include this effect in the method, the effects on supermarkets were never thought of during the interviews. This shows the disadvantage of an interview method versus a team approach. In the last setting stimulation by other parties may cause parties to come up with new ideas that in an interview approach do not come up. The method also allows links between different impact fields to be included. An example from the study where a link, or in this case conflict between impact fields were found is the usage of the beach. From an environmental standpoint the beach is required for the nesting of sea turtles. From an economic standpoint, the beach is required for the guests of the resort. By including this link, it became a subject in the mitigation measures. In a standard impact report a decision maker may have just received two reports, one stating that Sea turtles, which are protected by law, use the beach, another report stating that for economic reasons (to attract tourists), the resort should have a beach. During mitigation it became apparent that some simple measures would allow the beach to be used for both the guests and the sea turtles. In fact, because the resort will clean the beach from waste washed ashore, the beach will even become a safer place for the sea turtles. From the four points above it can be concluded that indeed the method solves the four mentioned problems encountered in the current impact assessment method.
Another question to be asked is whether or not the impact assessment is complete and how it is possible to be certain about this. Appendix III compares the new integrated impact assessment method with ‘the seven samurai of system engineering’ by Martin [2004]. From this comparison it becomes clear that indeed the new integrated impact assessment method follows, at least on the main points, the holistic systems thinking as described by Martin. This ensures that the ‘whole picture’ is taken into account.
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4.3 Recommendations As indicated in the reflection the developed integrated impact assessment method seems to solve the main problems indicated in the two MER-Commission reports [1998,2001]. It could only be tested in this single case study though. Due to the nature of the study some elements that could improve the results could not be tested. Team approach It would be interesting to use this method in a team approach. The team approach has two meanings. Firstly the team should include impact assessment investigators from all disciplines. This can provide information if the method can indeed create deliberation between the experts. Secondly next to the experts, the stakeholders should be involved more often, either by including them in the team or by use of a job plan method, whereby they would be part of the workshop. From the single meeting of a majority of the stakeholders in this research project it became clear that in a team approach people do stimulate each other and impacts may be discovered that are not found using interviews. The team approach is expected to deliver a more complete picture of the system solutions and therefore allow a more complete impact assessment. Further case study The case selected for this study took place in a ‘controlled’ environment. The island of St. Eustatius is small and it is clear that a large project like a golf resort will have an influence on the whole island. It is also clear where the impact stops, people whom do not live on the island are unable to work there, as commuting is not feasible. It is also clear that items that are not locally produced will need to be brought in (imported) by either boat or aircraft. When a case study would be executed in a more standard situation, for example somewhere on the mainland of Europe, it may be much harder to determine where the impact of a project stops. It would therefore be interesting to execute such a study to determine if the method is suited for such a situation. If a case study is performed in such a situation it is expected that determining the available resources becomes harder. Further integration between the design process and impact assessment The new integrated impact assessment method provides a single report containing the different impact fields. To achieve this, first a design is created, after which it is reviewed for its impact on the three impact fields (environmental, social and economic). The new integrated impact assessment method uses VE and SE, which were taken from the field of construction management. Since both the design phase of a project and the impact assessment are creating a ‘provisional’ design of the project, there may be double work. Between the two designs there may in fact be differences. It may be possible to use VE and SE as the binding factor to combine impact assessment and the design process. By making impact assessment a part of the design process it may be possible to reduce the time and minimize double work during the design phase. Another advantage could be that whenever the design is changed, the environmental, social and economic effects can easily be determined. Further research would be required to determine if the listed advantages are achievable, what the negative sides of such integration would be and whether it is possible at all.
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5 Literature
Bryant, John W. et al. (1998). Monograph, Function: Definition and analysis. USA: SAVE.
Dalal C.B. 1992. Modified EIA and Indicators of Sustainability: First Steps towards Sustainable Analysis. Paper presented to the twelfth Annual Meeting of the International Association of Impact Assessment (IAIA), Washington D.C., August 19-22. Defence acquisition university press (2001). System Engineering Fundamentals. As found in reader 854. Enschede: University of Twente. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2000). Guideline document; Strategic Environmental Assessment in South Africa. Pretoria: CSIR.
Doorewaard, H. et al. (2000). Het ontwerpen van Onderzoek. Nijmegen: Lemma BV. Elizabeth M. et al. (2002). Requirements engineering. USA: Springer. Gause, D. C. et al. (1981). Exploring requirements; quality for design. New York: Dorset House Publishing.
Green, S. D. (1992). A SMART methodology for value management. Ascot (UK): The Chartered Institute of building.
IAIA (1999). Principles of environmental impact assessment: best practice. IAIA; USA. IAIA (2003). Social impact assessment: international principles. IAIA; USA. Kelly, J. et al (1998). Value Management “the value management benchmark”. Edinburgh: Thomas Telford books. Miles, R. (1989). Techniques of Value Analysis and Engineering. USA: Miles Value Foundation.
MER-Comissie (1998). New experiences on EIA in the Netherlands. Utrecht: Comission for environmental impact assessment.
MER-Comissie (2001). Further experiences on EIA in the Netherlands. Utrecht: Comission for environmental impact assessment.
Martin, J. N. (2004). The Seven Samurai of Systems Engineering. USA: INCOSE.
University of Twente (1997). Example “interim report by international consultant trainees”. Enschede: University of Twente. Snodgrass, T.J. et al (1986). Function Analysis, the stepping stone to good value. USA: University of Wisconsin.
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Staten generaal (2003). Kennismakingsbezoek van een delegatie aan de Nederlandse Antillen. Online posting on: http://www.eerstekamer.nl/9324000/1/j9vvgh5ihkk7kof/vgh2c891u000/f=x.pdf (June 13, 2006) Steehouder, M. et al (2005). Leren communiceren, 4th print. Groningen: Wolters-Noordhoff. Veenvliet, Ir. K. Th. (2004). Value engineering & Functional Analysis in de bouw, reader 861. Enschede: University of Twente. Woodhead, R. (2001). Value Management, Improving capabilities. USA: American Society of Civil Engineers (Thomas Telfort Ltd.). Internet links: IL1; http://it.csumb.edu/departments/data/glossary.html (May 11, 2006)
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6 Appendix table of contents
Appendix I – Structure of the research 53 Appendix II – Value engineering, the main principles 54
Appendix III – The seven samurai of system engineering 58 Appendix IV – The System Engineering Process 60 Appendix V – Requirements and functions 61 Appendix VI – Preliminary Design Block Diagram 63 Loose supplements: ‘Strategic impact assessment golf resort St. Eustatius’ ‘Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius’ ‘Provisional design block diagram – Golf resort St. Eustatius’
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Appendix I – Structure of the research
Introduction
Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment
Requirments analysisStakeholders Relevant Legislation Local situation
Provisional design
Impact Analysis
Improving the negative effects andinvestigating the residue impact.
Conclusions and recommendations
Structure of research
(Strategic) Environmental ImpactAssessment Value engineering System enginineering
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Appendix II – Value engineering, the main principles. Value engineering is used extensively in this study. Since not all readers may be familiar with this method the main principles of functions and the technical and customer FAST are explained below. Historically Larry Miles developed the theory of value engineering, also called value analysis or function analysis, in the 2nd world war. Due to wartime shortages in materials new ways had to be found to provide products, which offered the same functions, but used different (available) materials. By being able to understand what a product has to do, it’s function; successful new products could be provided. After the war the method was further developed. It shifted to a dynamic development process that aims for an increased acceptance of the design results by the stakeholders and a decrease of the cost of a design. [Bryant 1998] The two main lines of thought in Value Engineering are: • A clearly described problem is solved half already. • Communication between the stakeholders is the key to establish the problem. Functions The main question value engineering asks is ‘what does it have to do?’ Answering this question will aid to define and better understand the product that to be developed. In the VE method, the answer to the question will be given in the form of functions. The essence, according to Miles [1989] is that the only thing a customer wants is a function. The functions that the customer wants done are the heart of the problem. Miles states that a customer wants only two types of functions, in varying degrees in different products and services. These are use functions and aesthetic functions. Use functions are the actual functions that need to be performed, the aesthetic functions are there to please. By bringing a problem back to its core; the functions it has to perform, a creative process becomes possible. A function is normally built up of two words, an active verb and a measurable noun. Examples of functions are provide accommodation, create golf-resort and create beach. According to Bryant [1998] using this two word description has several advantages: • People are forced to specify an exact wording of the problem; this helps in focusing on the
exact problem at hand. • By focusing on the core, the solution space for alternatives is kept as large as possible,
which helps in the creative phase. • Functions that are similar to each other are easy to identify and combine or eliminate. • The method promotes full understanding by all team members regardless of their
knowledge, educational, and technical backgrounds. FAST (function analysis system technique) diagram The idea of a FAST diagram is to force a group to consider the functions and function interrelationships in such a way that creativity is focused. The Classic, Technical and Customer FAST are three types of FAST diagrams that exist. The technical FAST is most suited to review and improve elements of a design. An example of that could be a review of the
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irrigation system of golf resort. The Classic and Customer FAST are most suited to review the system as a whole. The Technical and Classic fast are mainly suited to determine what is to be done, while the Customer fast tries to establish a common understanding of what outcome is to be achieved. [Woodhead, 2001] To determine all system elements of a project, which is what the impact assessment requires, the Customer FAST is the most appropriate FAST diagram form. To improve the performance of separate system elements, for example during mitigation, the technical FAST can be used. There is not a single correct FAST diagram. A group uses the diagram to consider functions and their interrelationships, different groups will create different FAST diagrams. The Customer FAST consists out of the following elements: • Scope border • Task • Basic Functions
• Primary function • Secondary function
• Supporting Functions • Primary function • Secondary function
The layout of the customer FAST is shown in figure II.1. The start point of the diagram is the task. This is the reason for the project, the reason for executing the project. The task is the highest order function in the diagram and forms the scope. An example of a task can be ‘Self-sustainable Island’ or ‘Create golf-resort’. In the first case the scope of the project is substantially larger. The task is performed by basic and supporting functions, basic and supporting functions are different names for the original use and aesthetic functions mentioned by Miles [1989]. The logic behind a FAST diagram consists out of asking the questions ‘HOW’ and ‘WHY’. When the question is asked ‘How to develop a self sustainable island?’ lower level functions can be found. A possible answer to this question could be ‘by creating a golf resort’. Create golf resort would then be a primary function in the diagram. By asking the question ‘How to create a golf resort’, a secondary function can be found, etc. To check the logic behind the ‘How’ answers, the WHY question should be asked. Why should a golf resort be created? To answer is to develop a self-sustainable island, which means in this case the logic is valid. In the customer FAST a distinction is made between Basic (Use) functions and Supporting (Aesthetic) functions. The supporting functions always have four primary functions; guarantee ease, captivate stakeholders, guarantee reliability and satisfy stakeholders. As indicated the Customer FAST is used to establish a common understanding of what is to be achieved. The Technical FAST is used to determine in which alternative ways the same
Primary function
TASK
Primary function
Basic functions
Guarantee ease
Captivate stakeholders
Guaranteereliability
Satisfystakeholders
Secondary function
Secondary function
Secondary function
Secondary function
Tertiary function
Tertiary function
Supporting functions
Scope
How Why
Figure II.1 Customer FAST [Veenvliet, 2004]
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functions can be performed. It is most suitable to review, for example during mitigation, a specific part of the project to come up with alternatives. The Technical FAST consists out of the following elements: • Scope border • Basic functions • Critical function path • Logic HOW-WHY questions • Secondary functions • Causative function • Supporting functions
• Caused by/ simultaneous functions • Always present functions • Design functions
An overview of the technical FAST is given in figure II.2. The technical FAST diagram has two scope borders. On the left of the scope border is the higher order function, which is comparable to the task from the customer FAST. It explains why the part of the project is needed. On the right of the scope the causative function can be found. The causative function explains the reason of the value study. A possible causative function can be ‘study alternative’. The primary function, as well as the secondary functions are between the higher order function and the causative function and are build up using the same ‘how’ / ‘why’ question used with the
Higher order function
Basic function
Required secondary function
Required secondary function
Required secondary function
Required secondary function
Design objective
Design objective
Functions that happen ‘all the
time’
Basic function
Basic function
Basic function
Basic function
ScopeScope
Functions that happen ‘at the same time’ and/
or are ‘caused by’ some other function
How Why
When
Figure II.2 Technical FAST [Snodgrass, 1986]
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customer FAST. Below the secondary functions and primary functions there are functions that occur at the same time. For example if a function is ‘Desalinize water’, at the same time the function ‘Utilize electricity’ would be valid, as the desalination process causes the utilization a lot of energy. Finally there are two types of functions, which are noted separately. These are design objectives and functions that happen ‘all the time’. An example of an always-present function would be ‘minimize environmental impact’. A possible design function can be ‘minimize (energy) consumption’.
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Appendix III – The seven samurai of system engineering
In his paper Martin [2004] indicates there are seven different systems that must be acknowledged and understood when using system engineering. Between the seven systems there are fifteen interactions. When these seven systems and their relations are considered, the paper states, there is a better chance for understanding the whole picture. In figure III.1 the ‘holistic view’ as created in the paper by Martin is displayed. Can the new impact assessment method as developed in this report be recognised in the holistic view?
Context System (S1)
Realization System (S3)
Intervention System (S2)
Competing System (S7)
Modified Context System (S1’)
Deployed System (S4)
Sustainment System (S6)
Problem (P1)
Problem (P2)
may cause
Collaborating System (S5)
collaborates with
intended to address
becomes
may address
competes with
becomes
sustains
may need to develop or modify
needs to understand
needs to understand
Figure III.1 – Holistic system view as found in the seven samurai of system engineering by James N Martin.
Both start to review the problem and its context ‘scope’. The context of an engineering project can be the available space, legislation, available number of people, the accessibility, etc. The paper states that it is important to find the cause of the problem, so the problem can truly be completely solved. It should also be asked if the found problem is a symptom of a deeper problem. In the impact assessment method, value engineering and the tool of the FAST diagram is used to discover the true problem(s) that need to be solved. The context (S1) is handled in determining the scope. Using the tools supplied by system engineering, the system solutions are generated. The intervention system, or solutions, in this case is a golf resort. The golf resort is to (partially) solve the problem of not being a self-sustainable island. This makes the golf resort and the system solutions belonging to this project the intervention system (S2). For the golf resort employees are required, services need to be offered to the guests, policies need to be changed. In other words, other system solutions are required to realise the golf resort. In the holistic system thinking this is described as the realisation system (S3). The
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impact assessment indeed needs to and does review the context system, for example the question can be asked how many local employees can be found, which reverts back to the context. The realization system should also look at how the project will change the context (S1’), so it can anticipate, for example more teachers may be necessary due to an increase in inhabitants on the island in the new context. The intervention system will ultimately be build, which turns it into the deployed system (S4). The deployed system will be different from the intended intervention system. This is taken into account by not going into very high detail levels in the impact assessment. By keeping the impact assessment at a somewhat higher level, there is room for changes in the design without any big effects on the impact of the project.
Next to the system developed for the golf resort there may be collaborating projects that affect the impact of the golf resort. For example, if a foreign investor would build a power plant for the resort, the local energy company would not be able to supply this power to the resort. The potential, mainly economic, benefit for the island of being able to deliver electricity to the resort will in that case be lost. Since the profits that a foreign company makes will not stay on the island, this means that the total economic impact on the island will be lower than envisaged. On the other hand, if the plan for a boat service to the nearby islands works out, this may complement the golf resort and may attract golfers from nearby islands (S5).
The sustainment system includes water, electricity, maintenance, etc. These things are, probably other than with a mechanical engineering project, very much part of the realization system. Still, within the realization system it is possible to recognise sustainment systems (S6).
There are almost always alternatives that can be considered. With an impact assessment, an important alternative to consider is doing nothing. Alternatives will address the original problem (P1) and will vary in the level at which they succeed to compete with the deployed system (Competing systems, S7).
From the analysis above it becomes clear that the impact assessment follows, at least on the main points, the holistic systems thinking as described by Mr. Martin. This ensures that the ‘whole picture’ is taken into account.
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Appendix IV – The System Engineering Process
According to the system engineering fundamentals [2001], the system engineering process is a top-down comprehensive, iterative and recursive problem solving process, applied sequentially through all stages of development, that is used to: • Transform needs and requirements into a set of system products and process descriptions. • Generate information for decision makers. • Provide input for the next level of development. Figure 3.1, above, shows the system engineering process. The main system engineering activities are requirements analysis, functional analysis and allocation and design synthesis. These activities are controlled ‘balanced’ by the system analysis and control techniques. The figure shows that system engineering needs the project requirements as an input. During the process it converts the requirements to system elements/ solutions. The process output is a design plus the information about the decision that determined why the requirements where converted into this specific design.
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Appendix V – Requirements and functions Requirement Function Number SourceSt. Eustatius should aim to become an exclusive destination, comparable with St. Kitts now. Exclusive location Attr. TO
The golf resort should add a large portion of rooms to the island.
Provide accommodation 0.1.1 TO
The golf resort would have to decrease the social employment function of the local government. Attract workers 0.2.1 TO
The golf course management should have a reserve for marketing, taking the load of the government to do marketing for the island
Promote Island 0.1.5 TO
The goal of the golf course is to have spin of effects increasing the islands economy and the social position
Increase economy Increase society 0.1.6 TO
Care should be taken which people are going to work on the golf resort; people from the nearby islands, Dutch Antilles and Europe/ USA are no problem. Low educated people from for example the Dominica’s with big families will have a large social impact.
Offer employment 0.2.1 TO
The unique things compared to other islands are the quietness and a lack of crime, these should be maintained
Maintain quietness Maintain crime-free
status
- 0.2.2 TO
Having a beach would lift a constraint that is currently tempering the tourism development. Create beach 0.1.2 TO
Because not all persons may like golf (partners of golfers), other attractions should be offered as well to keep those people happy.
Develop attractions 0.1.3 TO
The accommodations should be aimed at a tourist that wants luxury and quality in a discreet way.
Create exclusive golf resort 0.1.1 TO
To support upper class tourists, the airport terminal and apron should be renewed. A VIP room would perhaps attract the very top of the market.
Upgrade airport 01.4 TO
The beach from the waterline to the dunes is protected and should not be used due to sea turtles. Protect Seaturtles 0.3.4 ST
Venus Bay houses the protected Iguana delicatissima, it is rare and only exists on 4 islands. The trees (which ones) are
important for the food of the iguanas and should be protected.
Protect Iguana delicatissima 0.3.1 ST
The water next to Venus Bay and Zeelandia is important for fishery, there are also corals nearby which should be
protected.
Protect Coral Protect Fishery
0.3.2 0.3.3 ST
Care should be taken with effluent water from a desalination plant, not to damage corals or impact fishery.
Protect Coral Protect Fishery
0.3.3 0.3.2 ST
Eustatius should aim to promote itself as the island of Archaeology, diving, history, hiking and yachting. Altr. ST
In protection of the sea turtles a golf course next to the dunes can keep the water edge dark and protect it against
more harmful development Limit seaside lighting Constr. ST
The Netherlands wants St. Eustatius to be more independent by providing their own income Self-supporting island 0.2.3 BA
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The local residence have to agree with the project Satisfy locals BA The buildings have to fit in with the current style, this
means a maximum of 2 floors Fit surrounding 0.3.5 BA
Offer employment for 600 to 700 people and thereby also increase the tax revenues
Offer employment Increase tax revenue
0.2.1 0.1.6.3 BA
Increase the total government tax revenue due to the taxes that the golf course has to pay Increase tax revenue 0.1.6.3 BA
Double the islands economy by direct and indirect effects of the golf resort Double economy Verif. BA
Decrease unemployment on the island Decrease unemployment 0.1.6.2 BA
Make it possible for Statians that had to move abroad because there wasn’t any work for them can return to the
island
Provide work (to Statians) 0.2.1.2 BA
Increase the facilities and service levels on the islands Increase facilities Increase service
0.2.3.1 0.2.3.2 BA
Make sure the project fits in with the environment, as this increases the popularity of the golf resort with tourists.
Fit (golf course) in environment 0.3.5 BA
The project should provide it’s own power, if possible using renewable energy sources. Provide power 0.1.1.6.2 BA
A requirement resulting from the legislation however is that the project should show clearly the environmental
impact on Venus Bay, enabling the government to make an informed decision about whether or not to change the law
to allow a golf resort.
Inform government
Change Law LG
BA : Business Association LG : Legislation ST : Stenapa TO : Tourist Office
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Appendix VI – Preliminary Design Block Diagram The system solutions are placed in a block diagram to give an overview of the system solutions and their main relationships. The diagram is setup somewhat similar to the customer FAST, although in this case it contains system solutions and not functions. An example and part of the actual block diagram created for the case study is shown in figure VI.1
In the Customer FAST a lower level function is found by asking the question how. The logic can then be checked asking the question why the lower level function exists. The answer should be the higher level function. In the above diagram the 18-hole golf course is a system solution. The system solution is build up out of several other, lower level, system solutions. A golf shop, irrigation system and course are elements of the 18-hole golf course. The practice facilities consist out of two elements, a driving range and putting greens. To find the lower level elements of a system solution, the question can be asked, which system solutions make up this system solution? A question to check the answer could be, is this system solution an element of the higher order system solution? Coupled to the example the questions could be: Which system solutions make up an 18-hole golf course? To check one of the answers, a restaurant and clubhouse, the questions can be asked if a restaurant and clubhouse are an element of an 18-hole golf course. Indeed on most luxury golf courses a restaurant and clubhouse can be found, so in this case this is a valid lower level system solution. The system solutions are all numbered to provide traceability. Note that each subsequent lower layer starts with the number of the system solution it belongs to, but adds an additional number layer. The highest order system solution in the above example is 1.1.2.2.5, the next layer starts with this number, but an additional number is added at the end: 1.1.2.2.5.x. The diagram should have just enough layers ‘detail’ to execute an impact assessment. It is not necessary to work on all details. A putting green for example consists out of grass, a hole, a flag, etc. These are details that are not relevant for the impact assessment. The system element ‘putting greens’ is detailed enough. The Diagram should always have a single system solution at the very start, which is the program level system solution. In the case project the program level system solution, or strategic goal of the project, is a self-sustainable island. All the system elements within the program are necessary to reach this goal.
1.1.2.2.518-hole golf course
1.1.2.2.5.1Golf shop
1.1.2.2.5.2.1Driving range
1.1.2.2.5.2.2Putting greens
1.1.2.2.5.3Restaurant & clubhouse
1.1.2.2.5.4Irrigation system
1.1.2.2.5.2Practice facilities
1.1.2.2.5.5Course
VI.1 Preliminary design block diagram
Strategic impact assessment golf resort St. Eustatius Reviewing and improving the impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius.
Report by: ing. R.S.Versluys
University of Twente
June 2006
Graduation committee: Chairman: Ir. K.Th. Veenvliet Supervisor: Dr. Ir. S.J. de Boer Staff member: Dr. Ir. M.J. Kolkman
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Preface Sustainable development should play a major role in any program or project. The study that lies before you reviews the economic, environmental and social impact of a program aimed at making the island of St. Eustatius more self-sustainable. The main project reviewed to reach this program goal is the development of a golf resort. This report reviews the economic, social and environmental consequences when such a project is executed. The impact assessment is part of a larger project, which reviews the possibility of using the construction management methods of system- and value engineering in Impact Assessment studies. This study is performed as part of achieving a master degree for Civil Engineering and Management at the University of Twente in the Netherlands. The impact assessment has been performed on request of the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA) and is partially based on an earlier feasibility study of a golf course in St. Eustatius, performed by Rob Blokvoort and Tom Tiggeloven, both of the University of Twente. The impact assessment was executed on the island of St. Eustatius. I wish to express my thanks to the STEBA for providing me with the opportunity to do this impact assessment and especially for the hospitality and warm welcome by STEBA president Mr. Koos Sneek and Mrs. Nora Sneek-Gibbs. An impact assessment is not possible without information from the stakeholders. During the time on the island I have therefore discussed the impact with a large number of local businesses, organisations and (government) agencies. I wish to thank these persons for the time they spend answering my questions and the information they have provided. Comparing the possible effects with observed effects and situations at similar resort in Anguilla, which is currently being constructed and St Kitts, which is in full operation, was very helpful. I wish to thank the government of Anguilla and the resort management at the Marriot resort in St Kitts for their assistance and unselfish help in providing me with information about the way these resorts and construction projects are run and the impact that they have. An impact assessment can and does not give a final answer whether a project or program should be executed. It is a document that provides information about the expected impact of a project. It is up to the stakeholders to form an opinion about the impact of the project and up to the government to promote discussion between stakeholders. The stakeholder opinions on the impact should be heard and taken into consideration before a final decision is taken about the project. I sincerely hope all stakeholders will find this report a helpful and reliable source of information in determining their standpoint regarding the project. This document is an appendix to the report ‘Strategic impact assessment, improving impact assessment by developing an integrated impact assessment method’. The main report develops the integrated impact assessment method, which is applied in this case study. It also describes the procedure that was followed to develop this strategic impact assessment report.
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Table of contents
Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. 5
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Project characteristics........................................................................................................... 11 1.1.1 Program level.................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.2 Project level .................................................................................................................... 11
1.2 The research method............................................................................................................. 12
1.3 How to read/ use the impact assessment ............................................................................. 12
2 Scoping the impact assessment ................................................................................................. 14
2.1 Who are the stakeholders ..................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Stakeholder requirements .................................................................................................... 15
2.3 Relevant legislation ............................................................................................................... 17
2.4 Local situation ....................................................................................................................... 18
3 Impact assessment ..................................................................................................................... 19
3.1 Description of the project ..................................................................................................... 19
3.2 Impact and mitigation........................................................................................................... 21
3.3 Alternative projects............................................................................................................... 73 3.3.1 0-option........................................................................................................................... 73 3.3.2 Eco-tourism option ......................................................................................................... 74
4 Conclusions and recommendations.......................................................................................... 76
4.1 Remaining impact and mitigation measures....................................................................... 76 4.1.1 Transportation................................................................................................................. 76 4.1.2 Additional activities and services ................................................................................... 76 4.1.3 Irrigation & Water .......................................................................................................... 77 4.1.4 Land use.......................................................................................................................... 78 4.1.5 Electricity ....................................................................................................................... 78 4.1.6 Housing........................................................................................................................... 79 4.1.7 Finding and recruiting people......................................................................................... 79 4.1.8 Construction ................................................................................................................... 80 4.1.9 Environmental effects..................................................................................................... 80 4.1.10 Law change..................................................................................................................... 81 4.1.11 Effects on current owners ............................................................................................... 82 4.1.12 Economical effects ......................................................................................................... 82 4.1.13 Waste .............................................................................................................................. 83
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4.2 Requirements review............................................................................................................. 83
4.3 Golf Resort versus alternative projects ............................................................................... 85
Literature & references ..................................................................................................................... 87 Appendixes:
Appendix I – Functions to system solutions:.................................................................................... 88
Appendix II - Rainwater availability................................................................................................ 97
Appendix III – Water system:........................................................................................................... 99
Appendix IV - Definitions:............................................................................................................... 102
Appendix V - References: ................................................................................................................ 102
Loose supplements: ‘Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius’
‘Provisional design block diagram – Golf resort St. Eustatius’
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Executive summary Introduction This report looks at the economic, social and environmental impact of the planned development of a golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius. The island of St. Eustatius is located in the northeastern Caribbean (see figure 0.1), 60km south of St. Maarten, 15 km north of St Kitts and about 300 km east of Puerto Rico (not on the map). The island is part of the country of the Netherlands Antilles, which consists out of the islands of St. Maarten, Saba and St. Eustatius in the northeastern Caribbean and Curacao and Bonaire in the southern Caribbean. St. Eustatius is a relatively small island, measuring approximately 7 by 3 km and with a surface area of around 21 km2 (see figure 0.2). The southern part of the island features a dormant volcano, rising up to 600m above sea level. The northern part of the island features the remains of an extinct volcano, with steep hills up to 300m above sea level. The middle section of the island is relatively flat. This is where the capital and only city, Oranjestad, is located, as well as the airport and on the western side the harbour and most of the hotels. There are currently around 3100 inhabitants on the island. The three main sources of income for the island are an oil transhipment facility on the north-western side of the island, a medical school with around 200 students and the spin off that creates in terms of house rental and catering and finally tourism, with currently an emphasis on diving. The income from these three sources is not enough to make the island self-sustainable. Due to the nature of being an island, which makes sharing services and facilities with neighbours harder, there are a lot of cost, like the airport, a harbour, a hospital, etc. that have to be shared over a limited number of inhabitants. The island government currently has an annual budget deficiency of US$ 6.1 million. The golf resort project is part of a program that is aimed at making the island self-sustainable. Next to the golf resort project there is also an alternative project, an eco-resort that can have stimulate tourism and thus influence the program. A 0-option (not executing any project) and the eco-resort option are reviewed in the report as alternative projects. Scoping the impact A large project like the golf resort will affect many people, the stakeholders. Because St. Eustatius is a small island, there is hardly anyone who will not be affected by the project, if only due to improving connections to the island, or the government getting an additional amount of money for road improvement. Other than all inhabitants of the island, the main stakeholders are: Island government, Tourism development organisation, STEBA (St. Eustatius Business Association), Harbour, Airport,
Figure 0.1 - Northeastern Caribbean© Trailmonkey.com
Figure 0.2 – Map St. Eustatius© Statiatourism.com
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STENAPA (St Eustatius National Parks Foundation), local delivery and tourism industry, shipping industry, future employees and tourists and an international golf-resort chain. The main goal of the program is to increase the self-sustainability of the island. Ideally the project should bring the current budget deficit of around US$ 6.1 million back to 0, or even a budget surplus. To reach the main goal of becoming more self-sustainable, the main projects to accomplish are to increase the number of businesses on the island, to attract more tourists and create jobs and income. To guarantee the self-sustainability in the future the island should be developed in a sustainable way. Finally, government income should be increased. The golf course is envisaged in the Zeelandia and Venus Bay areas, as well as the pass between these areas. The Zeelandia area is relatively flat. It’s located on the eastern (Atlantic) side of the island. The total area, including parts of the surrounding hills, is 71.5 hectares (176 acres). Venus bay is a somewhat isolated and private valley in the northern hills. The Venus Bay area, together with the surrounding mountains, is 171.6 hectares (424 acres). Impact assessment The resort will consist out of 156 hotel rooms and 40 condominiums (privately owned, but rented out when the owner is not using the villa). At a maximum occupancy there will therefore be room for 512 guests. Centrally located will be the main buildings of the hotel, including restaurants and bars, a spa and swimming pool, meeting rooms, a small number of tennis courts and a small number of shops, including a supermarket. The resort will offer potable water, electricity, cable television, Internet and phone service. The golf course will be a top of the range facility. It will feature a club/ halfway house where golfers can signup for their round of golf, refresh themselves afterwards and can get a drink. It will also have practice facilities, both for practicing putting and practicing long shots. The total length of all fairways will be around 6,400 m, with an average width of 30 m Both Venus Bay and Zeelandia have a beach. The beach at Venus Bay is limited in size and consists mostly out of rocks; the one at Zeelandia is the largest on the island. At both locations swimming is unadvisable due to the undertow. The beach can and is used for sunbathing and walking. Not having a large, white, beach that allows for safe swimming will put the resort and the island at a disadvantage over other islands in the region. It is therefore assumed that the resort will want to create a beach where swimming is possible. The development of the golf resort should be economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. The golf resort should as much as possible look at employing Statians to work at the resort. On the environmental field the resort should try to keep its impact small. The Iguana and the Sea turtle are two animals that use the region where the golf resort is planned. Care should be taken not to damage the populations of these animals. The economic sustainability of the golf course has been researched in the feasibility report. The economical feasibility of the golf course will therefore be considered a fact and will not be re-examined. Supporting businesses The estimated number of jobs that will be created by the development of a golf resort is around 530. Statians living on the island can fill around 200 jobs, around 100 additional Statians would be available from off-island. The remaining 230 jobs could be filled with the unemployed on Saba and St. Maarten. Around 500 additional people will come to the island. An estimated 170 (single person) apartments and 125 homes for families will be required. Of the 500 people coming to the island, 75 will be under the age of 16. The housing foundation has indicated that they would be able to provide these houses. On the island enough space is available. There are several available plots at different locations on the island. When houses are constructed on the northern side of the island (for example at Grovel),
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travelling to the resort would be easiest for the employees and would cause the least amount of traffic problems on the rest of the island. There will be a large requirement for electricity. The power company on the island, GEBE, can provide this by expanding the number of turbines. Providing there is a certainty that GEBE can deliver the power to the resort for a longer period of time, they are willing to finance the necessary expansion of the power plant and the laying of electricity cables to the resort. The water for the resort and golf course would have to be delivered by a reverse osmosis installation. This installation converts seawater into irrigation and drinking water. The installation would be backed up by a large irrigation pond, which would store rainwater and excess irrigation water that was caught by drainage. The water requirement depends highly on the kind of grass that is chosen for the golf course. By placing reef balls (porous and hollow concrete construction, in which coral can form) or another form of barrier in the sea, the undertow that currently makes swimming on the Atlantic coast impossible, can be stopped. At the same time this will stop the beach erosion from the sea, which will cause the beach to extend into the sea. At Zeelandia, there already is a large beach area; at Venus there is a somewhat smaller beach. The sand on St. Eustatius does not have the Caribbean white colour that tourists have come to expect. It could be considered to import white sand. Most shops will be affected by the increase in the population; the turnover will most likely go up. For the hospital and phone/ Internet company there will be an increase in jobs. The telephone and internet company (Eutel) will require at least one additional person handling service. There are three primary schools and one secondary school on the island. They can cope with the increase in students without problems. On average the resort will create a requirement for 46 passengers per day per direction to and from Statia. There will be a concentration of departures and arrivals during the weekends, this could mean up to 107 passengers a day, per direction. This would require additional flights to the island, especially during the weekends. Bigger, more comfortable aircraft are required on the St. Maarten route. The effect on business will not start when the resort opens. It will already start when construction commences. At this time there should already be housing available for the construction workers coming in from off the island. Construction will require a large amount of materials to be moved to the island, which means a lot of activity in the port. Finally, the additional people will be spending money on the island, supporting the local economy and increasing the tax income for the government. Sustainable development A major worry for sustainable development is the waste the resort will produce. On the island there are no processing plants for either solid or liquid waste. Solid waste is dumped as is in a landfill; liquid waste is disposed mainly by so called cesspools, which means the drainpipe ends in a hole in the ground, the wastewater enters the ground directly. Septic tanks are used at a limited number of locations. Even if they are used, they still drain into the ground. For both sorts of waste, the resort would have to create its own installation to be sustainable. Two species of animals have to be taken into account. Firstly the Iguana, which is living in Venus Bay and in fact most of the northern hills area. It is endangered specie; on the island there are some 425 Iguana’s. Because they live in and feed off the trees, clearing the trees for a golf course is a potential danger to these reptiles. No problems are expected though if the resort is placed at Venus Bay and the golf course at Zeelandia. It may also increase the appeal for the golf resort having iguanas on the grounds of the resort. The second animal specie to be taken into account is the sea turtle. Having the resort at Venus Bay and the course at Zeelandia would also be beneficial for the sea turtles. Young sea turtles need darkness to find their way to the beach. Having a golf course at Zeelandia will ensure
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darkness in this area during the night, as a golf course is not lighted. It will also create a quiet environment for the adult turtles to come ashore during the night and lay their eggs. It is possible to use the beach for tourism as well as sea turtle nesting. People sitting and walking on the beach will pose no threat to the nests. Since the sea turtles use the beach at night, and people during the day, this will not conflict either. Creating a barrier in the sea, for example with reef balls, will not only make swimming possible, but according to STENAPA it will actually increase the size of the beach by about 15m due to prevention of erosion. A top layer of white sand can be added for visual appeal. Making tourists aware of the environment and the presence of sea turtles and iguana’s can decrease the negative impact, as people will know what not to do (like littering on the beach). Commercial use of the beach will also mean it will be cleaned from waste coming in from the sea; this is currently not being done and poses an equally large risk for the turtles. From the landside erosion is also playing a role. Rainwater can and does, after heavy rain, run down Zeelandia and erode the beach. This causes deep trenches in the beach and potentially allows seawater, during high seas, to enter further on the land, creating even more erosion. The sand that enters the water in this way could potentially harm the reefs, when erosion is stopped this would therefore also be beneficial for the reefs. By storing the rainwater in an irrigation pond, the water is no longer flowing over the beach, thus eliminating the erosion. The water can now be used for irrigation purposes, providing a free water source for the golf course. The Venus Bay area is currently protected under the status of ‘unique landscape’. On the basis of the law there are no grounds on which a permit could be given for building in this area. A law change will be required, which either allows “sustainable development” as basis for a building permit or which removes the status of protected area from Venus Bay. Socially, sustainability is achieved by promoting Statians to come back and work at the golf resort. Currently Statians are leaving because no work is available. They will have the least trouble blending in with the current population and will mostly share the same believes and values. It will also mean that families can get together and live together. Government income The government income from the resort will normally come from the different taxes and the land lease income. The total increase in tax income for the government, not yet taking into account tax holidays, exemptions, or other arrangements, is around US$ 7.3 million. Next to the tax income there is also a US$ 710.000 land rental income. The total income increase of the government could therefore be US$ 8.0 million a year. The budget deficit of the island currently is US$ 6,1 million, which means the golf resort can deliver enough money to make the island self sustainable. Taking into account the spin-off effects for the islands businesses, the income can increase by another US$100.000.
To attract investors some tax exemptions or tax holidays will have to be granted or other arrangements to reduce the cost for the resort will have to be made. The options of waiving the profit tax and the land rental have been mentioned. This would cost the government a yearly amount of US$ 4,400,000, or more then half the amount that they could receive.
Next to the government and the investors, another large part of the income goes to the 530 people who can find a job at the resort and will therefore now be able to support themselves and play an important role in the islands economy. The total income from these employees, at an average income of US$ 12,000, will be US$ 6,36 million. For the people currently living on the island, 200 people (About 6% of the population) will find a job with the golf resort. The remaining jobs will go to people who are not currently living on the island. For the people on the island not getting a job with the resort, the primary advantage will be an increase
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in government income, which will enable to government to execute project that it are beneficial for all, but cannot be executed at the moment due to money shortage, like improving the roads, the harbour, the airport, etc. Another advantage for them can exist if they start to provide their own facilities or services for the guests. Remaining impact Several steps can be taken to mitigate the impact. The exact steps can be found in the report, as it would take up too much space to include the mitigation measures in the summary. It is however important to know the remaining negative impact, which is the impact that cannot be mitigated. It should be taken into account that people living on the island, stakeholders and decision makers can have a large influence on the impact of a golf resort. When no additional activities are created, potential guests may select another island that offers a similarly luxurious golf resort, but because of the islands itself or the activities it provides offers that little more then St. Eustatius can currently offer. Adding additional activities, like sail boat rental, diving, horse riding, boat trips, hiking tours, parasailing, etc are important. If operated by the resort the money will go the resort chain and the investors, for the island it would therefore be better if local persons start offering additional services and attractions aimed at the upper class tourists. Adding the above-mentioned services will create even more jobs and will keep additional money on the island. The resort will use around 4% of the total surface area of the island. Since large parts are already built-on area, or not suitable for construction, the area of land that would be suitable for other projects will be reduced even more. With a high certainty there are however no projects that at the same location would be more beneficial to the island. The land used by the golf resort that can no longer be used for other project will however be significant. Regarding electricity the amount of non-renewable energy will be significant. Even when windmills would be used, which is questionable seeing that they do not pay back very fast, large amounts of diesel-generated electricity would still be required. The possibility of using Venus Bay completely depends on a law change. The government has indicated they will be willing to change the law if they believe the project will be beneficial for the island. This is required to happen before any development can start. There is a possibility that houses currently located in the Venus Bay area may need to be removed. Should this be required then this is a significant remaining negative impact. The golf course designer and the developer should try to avoid this from happening. Solid waste will be produced in large amount when the population on the island increases by a third. The current dump is envisaged to last for another 5yrs and may have run out before the resort goes into (full) operation. At the current dump waste is not handled sustainably and at a small island it is very hard to find a way to create a sustainable solution for waste handling. The additional waste however still is a significant negative effect for the environment and due to non-sustainable handling at the dump also a threat for the health of the people on the island. Golf course versus other project The golf course is a project within a program. The program is looking at making the island more self-sustainable and less dependant on others. While this document focuses mainly on the golf resort project and its impacts, two other alternatives were reviewed for their main impact features. The first option is always not to execute a project at all. The result of that would be an expected increase of hotel capacity by around 50 rooms in the next years, mainly for dive tourism. The creation of this hotel capacity will most likely not be enough to keep the Caribbean Sun airlines flight to St. Kitts and San Juan. A 50-room hotel, at 70% occupancy and at US$ 150 a night (average) would create a room tax alone of US$ 134,138. Most likely it will be get a tax exemption for other taxes for
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about 10 years. The hotel would deliver some jobs, how many really depends on the service that the hotel will want to deliver. The second option is to create an ecological resort, comparable to Saba, but larger. Eco tourism, like golf tourism, is a rapidly growing market. If 50 eco-lodges would be created, there would be space for 200 tourists. This would be a large enough market to keep the Caribbean Sun airlines connection. At a cheaper US$ 85 per cabin per night, the room tax income would only be around US$ 100.000 per year. For this facility as well tax exemption for the other taxes are expected for about 10 years. The eco-resort would deliver around 34 jobs. The golf resort will consist of 156 rooms, and 40 condominiums. In total this gives capacity for 552 guests on the island. These guests would be willing to pay substantially higher prices per night. Even at a moderate price level of US$ 695 per night, the yearly income due to the taxes for the government could be around US$ 7.8 million. More realistically the resort and the government will negotiate about the amount of money the resort has to pay. In the worst case the resort will get a full exemption for the profit tax and the land lease, which leaves a tax income of US$ 3.4 million. A public private partnership may be a solution to reduce the load on the golf resort, but still give the government a good income from the resort. The Caribbean Sun airlines connection would most definitely stay; in fact the increased requirement for transport may spark more frequent or more direct flights and larger aircraft to operate to the island. The project would create around 530 jobs. From the three projects, the golf resort creates by far the largest economical impact. With 530 jobs, it would be the largest employer on the island by far, potentially reducing the unemployment to a figure near 0. The golf resort will also have the largest negative effects, mainly in the fields of waste management, non-renewable electricity and the high land use. The direct (tax and land lease) and indirect effect of the golf course far exceeds to other two projects. The economy off the island will get a boost from tourism, especially if also local people start providing attractions and services to the golf resort tourists. When no cuts would be made in the amount of tax that the golf resort needs to pay, this project does succeed in achieving the program goal of creating a self-sustainable island, for which NAf. 11 million in tax income is required. The likely exemptions will however in the worst case bring the income back to US$ 3.4 million, in which case the project brings the budget deficit of the government back by about 55%. The other projects both deliver only around NAf. 100,000, which is negligible compared to the budget deficiency. A PPP construction should be found that would increase the government’s income above the worst-case scenario of giving an exemption of profit tax and land lease for the first 10 years, preferably in such a way that the income for the government would be around the required US$ 6.1 million.
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1 Introduction This impact report was written on request of the St. Eustatius Business Association. It reviews the social, environmental and economical impact of a planned golf resort on the island of St. Eustatius. The impact study is part of a larger research project, which examines the potential benefits and limitations of a newly developed integrated impact assessment method. For the client this improvement mainly consists of receiving a single report that looks at all impacts, instead of several reports that only review a specific field of impact, for example just an environmental or social impact study. 1.1 Project characteristics There are two levels in which a project can be approached; a program- and a project level. The scope of the impact study at a project level is much smaller then at a program level. A program level can also contain several projects to accomplish its goals. The project that is being reviewed in this document is a golf resort. The reason for having a golf course in the first place is the question at program level. Since the program level has not been reviewed yet, it is also part of this study. On overview of the program and its projects is given in the loose supplement titled ‘provisional design block diagram’, a description is provided below.
1.1.1 Program level The main goal for the stakeholders at program level is to become more self-sufficient and therefore depend less, or ideally not at all on the Netherlands. Currently 3091 people are living on Statia, together they have to finance a lot of facilities like the Harbour, the airport, the government, etc. By increasing the amount of people that are living on the island, the cost of these facilities can be shared over more people. The budget deficit of the government for the year 2005 is around US$ 6.1 million. This means that the Netherlands has to provide aid and a lot of things that need to be done cannot be done due to insufficient funds. The To become more self-sufficient three things should be done:
1) Support business By supporting business, jobs will be created. This will generate income for people living on the island, increasing the economy. It will also enable Statians to stay on the island and find work or return to the island because work is now available.
2) Sustainable development To make sure that the island is not exploited in a way that will severely damage the culture, environment or economy it is important to develop the island sustainably. This means that development that comes to the island can potentially continue indefinitely without any significant negative impact on the environment or its inhabitants.
3) Increase government income
To become more independent from the Netherlands, it is important to increase the tax income. Income from tax can be used to finance projects by the island government. This will decrease the amount of money that has to come from overseas.
1.1.2 Project level Below these three main program points, there are increasingly detailed projects. To support business for example, tourist attractions have to be offered, the number of inhabitants should be increased (to provide a workforce, but also to consume) and the island should be promoted. Offering tourist attractions is a project and can be divided in two sub-projects, namely increasing services for the tourists and increasing facilities for tourists. Services are there to make sure there is electricity, to
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make sure there is enough water, to make sure there is health care. Facilities can be a whole range of things, but in this case includes a beach and a golf resort. 1.2 The research method As indicated this report is part of a larger research project on improving the impact assessment method. This improved method is based on the construction management theories of value engineering and system engineering. In short the process starts with an investigation of the stakeholders and their requirements. When the requirements are known, functions are generated. A function is a short, usually two words, description what something has to do. For example one of the functions of a resort is to “provide accommodation” or to “decrease unemployment”. Providing accommodation can be done in many ways, so next to functions, there is also a need for attributes. An attribute is something that tells a little bit more about the function, for example “5-star+” tells that the accommodations will be very luxurious. Finally, constraints will be set, for example for accommodation a constraint can be that the accommodations buildings should not exceed 2 floors in height, or be no higher then 5m. For each function, combined with the attributes and constraints, there is now a clear understanding what is needed. A system bearer is then attached to a function. A system bearer is a tangible solution, for example a “5-star+- hotel room” is a system solution for providing accommodation. Each of the system solutions is a part or element of the golf resort. For this reason it can have a social, environmental or economic impact. For this reason the impact study looks at the impact of each of the system solutions. With the impact of the system solutions known, the total impact of the resort is also known. At that time it is possible to look at measures to mitigate (reduce) the negative impact. The mitigation measures and negative impact that cannot be reduced will finally be listed.
More information about the impact assessment methodology can be found in the report titled ´Strategic impact assessment, A new impact assessment method using value engineering and system engineering elements.´. This report is part of a graduation study and is using a newly developed method. Because detailed information about the project is not yet available and cannot be because one of the main stakeholders, the party that will finance/ build the resort is not yet know, the project and thus the impact was also reviewed on it’s main features only. 1.3 How to read/ use the impact assessment An impact assessment is a document that collects and presents the expected impact of a program and project. By listing the expected impact, interested parties and decision makers will have a good view of the project and the effects it will have when it is implemented. The impact assessment is based on information gathered amongst the different stakeholders. Where stakeholders could not be reached, other sources of information were used. Next to listing the effects, the assessment also provides measures to mitigate (reduce) negative effects.
As was indicated in paragraph 1.1 the golf resort is a project that is intended to make the island more self-sustainable. There has not yet been research if a golf resort is the most appropriate solution to reach this program goal. For this reason, alternative projects that fit within the same program have also been reviewed, be it only at their main points. The two alternatives reviewed are a 0-option, which means no project is executed and things keep going the way they currently are. In this option it is envisaged that a 50-room hotel is build on the island, mainly aimed at divers. The second option is one, which aims at ecotourism instead of high-end tourism and develops an eco-resort for these tourists.
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The effects of these two alternative projects will be set out against the effects of the golf resort project. The conclusions that can be drawn from this document will therefore be the impact the golf resort will have on the island and how this compares to the impact of the alternative projects. The report will also show the measures that can be taken to mitigate the negative impact and show the impact that will remain even after mitigation.
An impact assessment is not a document that draws a conclusion whether or not the golf resort project should be approved. This decision lays ultimately with the island government, which should decide in consultation with the other stakeholders. During the decision making process, this document can be used to determine the consequences that a decision will have.
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2 Scoping the impact assessment 2.1 Who are the stakeholders
The stakeholders are the people that are, in one way or the other, affected by the project. The initiative for the course was taken by the St. Eustatius Business Association (STEBA) and is now fully backed by the tourism development foundation and the local government. All three parties are main stakeholders of the project.
STEBA
Tourist Office
Government
The island is only reachable by Sea or Air, which makes the harbour and airport two important stakeholders. An increase in tourism to the island will affect the number of passengers of one or even both.
Harbour
Airport
The resort would have to be run by an international resort group, like the Marriot, St Regis, etc. These large firms have the expertise to run a resort and also power and money to put in advertising.
International golf-resort chain
Even though the resort is planned on a nearly empty part of the island, there are some houses in the area, which may be affected. This makes the people living their stakeholders. Also the people who do not live in the area, but own or rent (long-term lease) a piece of land are stakeholders.
Land/ house owners on or near the planned resort
A part of the area falls under the protection of the STENAPA, the St. Eustatius National Park Association. They are a party that looks after the biophysical and natural aspects of the island.
STENAPA
Local businesses in the delivery industry, as bakeries, supply stores; transport shipping and local businesses in the tourism industry can be considered stakeholders.
Local delivery- and tourism industry
All inhabitants of the island may be considered stakeholders, as an increase in tourism and thereby an increase in inhabitants may influence all of them.
All inhabitants
There are also people outside the island that are stakeholders in the project, for example the shipping industry, which will have to transport addition goods to the island. Also the future employees can be regarded stakeholders, as well as future tourists.
Shipping industry
Future employees
Future tourists
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2.2 Stakeholder requirements In the initial requirements gathering phase, three interviews took place. The interviewed parties are the St. Eustatius Business Association (BA), the tourist Office (TO) and STENAPA (ST), which is the St. Eustatius National Parks foundation, which manages the two national pars on the island. The STEBA and tourist Office represent the parties that have taken the initiative to create a resort. STENAPA is a major party because part of the golf course is on a protected piece of land, which falls under the management of this foundation.
Requirement Function Number SourceSt. Eustatius should aim to become an exclusive destination, comparable with St. Kitts now. Exclusive location Attribute TO
The golf resort should add a large portion of rooms to the island. Provide accommodation 0.1.1 TO
The golf resort would have to decrease the social employment function of the local government. Attract workers 0.2.1 TO
The golf course management should have a reserve for marketing, taking the load of the government to do marketing for the island
Promote Island 0.1.5 TO
The goal of the golf course is to have spin of effects increasing the islands economy and the social position
Increase economy Increase society 0.1.6 TO
Care should be taken which people are going to work on the golf resort; people from the nearby islands, Dutch Antilles and Europe/ USA are no problem. Low educated people from for example the Dominica’s with big families will have a large social impact.
Offer employment 0.2.1 TO
The unique things compared to other islands are the quietness and a lack of crime, these should be maintained
Maintain quietness Maintain crime-free status
- 0.2.2 TO
Having a beach would lift a constraint that is currently tempering the tourism development. Create beach 0.1.2 TO
Because not all persons may like golf (partners of golfers), other attractions should be offered as well to keep those people happy.
Develop attractions 0.1.3 TO
The accommodations should be aimed at a tourist that wants luxury and quality in a discreet way. Create exclusive golf resort 0.1.1 TO
To support upper class tourists, the airport terminal and apron should be renewed. A VIP room would perhaps attract the very top of the market.
Upgrade airport 01.4 TO
The beach from the waterline to the dunes is protected and should not be used due to sea turtles. Protect Seaturtles 0.3.4 ST
Venus Bay houses the protected Iguana delicatissima, it is rare and only exists on 4 islands. The trees (which
ones) are important for the food of the iguanas and should be protected.
Protect Iguana delicatissima 0.3.1 ST
The water next to Venus Bay and Zeelandia is important for fishery, there are also corals nearby
which should be protected.
Protect Coral Protect Fishery
0.3.2 0.3.3 ST
Care should be taken with effluent water from a desalination plant, not to damage corals or impact
fishery.
Protect Coral Protect Fishery
0.3.3 0.3.2 ST
Eustatius should aim to promote itself as the island of Archaeology, diving, history, hiking and yachting. Attribute ST
In protection of the sea turtles a golf course next to the Limit seaside lighting Constraint ST
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dunes can keep the water edge dark and protect it against more harmful development
The Netherlands wants St. Eustatius to be more independent by providing their own income Self-supporting island 0.2.3 BA
The local residence have to agree with the project Satisfy locals BA The buildings have to fit in with the current style, this
means a maximum of 2 floors Fit surrounding 0.3.5 BA
Offer employment for 600 to 700 people and thereby also increase the tax revenues
Offer employment Increase tax revenue
0.2.1 0.1.6.3 BA
Increase the total government tax revenue due to the taxes that the golf course has to pay Increase tax revenue 0.1.6.3 BA
Double the islands economy by direct and indirect effects of the golf resort Double economy Verification
criteria BA
Decrease unemployment on the island Decrease unemployment 0.1.6.2 BA Make it possible for Statians that had to move abroad because there wasn’t any work for them can return to
the island Provide work (to Statians) 0.2.1.2 BA
Increase the facilities and service levels on the islands Increase facilities Increase service
0.2.3.1 0.2.3.2 BA
Make sure the project fits in with the environment, as this increases the popularity of the golf resort with
tourists.
Fit (golf course) in environment 0.3.5 BA
The project should provide it’s own power, if possible using renewable energy sources. Provide power 0.1.1.6.2 BA
A requirement resulting from the legislation however is that the project should show clearly the
environmental impact on Venus Bay, enabling the government to make an informed decision about
whether or not to change the law to allow a golf resort.
Inform government
Change Law LG
BA : Business Association LG : Legislation ST : Stenapa TO : Tourist Office
17
2.3 Relevant legislation St. Eustatius is a part of the country of the Netherlands Antilles. The Netherlands Antilles itself is a part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists out of three countries; the Netherlands, the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba. While Dutch and European law is valid in the Netherlands, it does not apply to other countries of the Kingdom and therefore is not valid on St. Eustatius. For relevant legislation it is therefore required to look at federal laws and island regulations. The island government sets the environmental laws. For the flora and fauna protection this means that the “island regulation protection fauna and flora” AB1997/06 and AB1997/07 are the relevant environmental laws. The second law is a specification of the first. Article 2 and 3 of the AB1997/06 (referring to art I and II of the AB1997/07) state that it is forbidden to damage, catch, wound or disturb a certain number of plants and the iguana delicatissima.
Article 5 states that the island government can assign certain areas with a status of unique landscape. Article 6 states that it is forbidden to change damage or destroy these landscapes. AB1997/07 gives an overview of these area’s, namely: “Boven”, “Venus”, “Gilboa Hill”, “Signal Hill” and “Bergje”.
According to the AB1997/07 an exemption can only be obtained on the basis of an endangered traffic safety, the safety of private belongings and scientific research. This means economic development, which is the category a golf resort would fit it, cannot be a reason to grant an exemption. Building in Venus Bay will therefore require a change of the law itself. According to the environmental policy of the Netherlands Antilles [IL1]: “Environmental policy must be closely coordinated with other policy areas such as public health, spatial planning, industrial development, agriculture and fisheries, and must be clear and transparent. In the present situation economic development and poverty alleviation have the highest priority for the Netherlands Antilles, but sustainable development is only possible in combination with sound environment and nature policy. For example, without corals there will be less stay-over tourists and less economic development or a polluted environment and disappearing nature will cause new forms of poverty.”
Even though by law an impact assessment is not required, it still serves its goal in combining the various fields where effects occur and delivering a single report, which explains the effects of a decision. This is especially important in this case, as legislation is effectively blocking any changes at Venus Bay. An exemption according to the law is only possible on the basis of the safety of private belongings, scientific research or traffic safety. None of these can be used as basis for requesting an exemption for the golf resort at Venus Bay. If the golf resort is constructed it should therefore be clear what its impact is. Based on the impact a decision can be made whether or not to change the law and allow a golf resort at Venus Bay.
A requirement resulting from the legislation is the environmental impact on Venus Bay should be known and reported upon, enabling the government to make an informed decision about whether or not to change the law to allow to allow development, like a golf resort, in Venus Bay.
Inform government
Change Law
18
2.4 Local situation The golf course is envisaged in the Zeelandia and Venus Bay areas, as well as the pass between these areas. The Zeelandia area is relatively flat. It’s located on the eastern (Atlantic) side of the island. The total area, including parts of the surrounding hills, is 71.5 hectares (176 acres). The area contains six houses as well as an abandoned hotel. A road runs all the way through Zeelandia up to the entrance of Venus Bay. The area east of the road (Zeelandia side) is covered mostly with high grass and a limited numbers of, trees and bushes. The coast partially consists of a cliff, varying in height from beach level at the very northern part of the area, to about 20m at the southern edge. Nesting sea turtles use Zeelandia beach. They are protected under international law. On the western side of the road there is a valley, in this area a lot of bushes and some trees are growing. Most of those are weeds though and can be removed.
Venus bay is a somewhat isolated and private valley in the northern hills. From the sea it the first 650m the ground slopes up to a height of 40m. From this point the valley becomes part of the passages between Venus Bay and Zeelandia, climbing an additional 65m over a distance of only 240m. According to the land office (domein), the Venus Bay area is 171.6 hectares (424 acres). Next to the valley, this also includes the surrounding mountains. The mountains are suitable for construction of condominiums and hotel rooms. Between Zeelandia and Venus Bay there is a pass. The highest point of the pass is about 105m above sea level. From the 40m-height mark at Venus Bay and the entry of the pass at Zeelandia, the pass is about 850m long; the width varies but is no more then about 30 to 40m. At many points water erosion has caused deep cutouts, with only a couple of meters of flat surface. The pass would offer a great challenge for golfers, although even with a lot of groundwork, it may not be possible to offer a two-way, or in fact even a one-way golf course with a 30m wide fairway in this area. The view from the pass is stunning, which may make up for a somewhat less wide fairway. As said the total length of the pass is 850m, approximately 600m is on the Zeelandia side with an average slope of 8%. The Venus Bay side of the pass has an incline of on average 15%. There is only limited vegetation on the Zeelandia side of the pass. Due to rainfall, there are guts on both sides of the pass that take the water from the surrounding hills towards the sea. A “goat track” exists, which runs along the whole length of the pass, a remembrance of earlier attempts to develop Venus Bay. This track can be made suitable for road traffic to Venus Bay, however in its current state is not suited for motorized transport.
Zeelandia side Venus Bay side
Pass between Zeelandia and Venus Bay
Zeelandia area
Venus Bay area
19
3 Impact assessment 3.1 Description of the project To study the impact that a resort will have, a preliminary design was created. This preliminary design, or concept of what the golf resort will look like, will be described below. The developer will naturally determine the final layout and design, however because the created design only looks at key components of the program and project, it is expected that the designs will not be very different from each other. Functions Based on the stakeholder requirements, functions were set up (see paragraph 2.2). The functions were ordered in a diagram using the Function Analysis System Technique (FAST), this FAST-diagram is shown in the loose supplement titled ‘Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius’. For each of the functions it was determined what concrete things are required to execute these functions. For example in the case of “provide accommodation” one of the concrete “system bearers” is a hotel. By looking at the attributes of a function, more can be said about the kind of hotel needed. Because in this case the hotel should be aimed at the high-end of the tourism sector, the attributes include “luxurious, discreet, 5-star+”. The system solutions therefore are a 5-star hotel and 5-star condominiums. The process of going from a function to a system solution can be found in appendix I. All system solutions were set out and ordered in the provisional design block diagram, which is included as a loose supplement titled ‘preliminary design block diagram – Golf resort St. Eustatius’. The resulting diagram shows the program function at the top of the tree. The program function is a “self-sustainable island”. Next to only listing the system solutions, some of them have been expended in more detail. The diagram is the provisional design for the golf resort project, or more generally the “self-sustainable island” program. Social, economic or environmental impact may occur at each of the system bearers, this means that the impact on each of these fields will be reviewed. The resort The resort will consist out of 156 hotel rooms and 40 condominiums (privately owned, but rented out when the owner is not using the villa). The hotel rooms will be set up for 2 persons per room, the condominiums for 6 persons. At a maximum occupancy there will therefore be room for 512 guests. The hotel will not be a single building, but will be spread out over several smaller buildings, for example with 2, 4 or 6 rooms per building. The condominiums will be detached. Centrally located there will be the main buildings of the hotel. Which include a number of restaurants and bars, a spa and swimming pool, meeting rooms, a small number of tennis courts and a small number of shops, including a supermarket. The resort will offer potable water, electricity, cable television, Internet and phone service. The golf course The golf course will have to be a top of the range facility. It will feature a club/ halfway house where golfers can signup for their round of golf, refresh themselves afterwards and can get a drink. Near the clubhouse will be the practice facilities, both for practicing putting and practicing long shots. To compete with other courses in the region, the fairway has to be around 6400m in length and on average 30m wide. The location The golf course feasibility study has indicated the Venus Bay area, in combination with Zeelandia as the most suited location for a golf resort. Due to the nature of the project and the project being located on a small island, the impact of the golf resort will be felt on the whole island. Both Venus Bay and
20
Zeelandia have a beach. The beach at Venus Bay is limited in size; the one at Zeelandia is the largest on the island. At both locations swimming is unadvisable due to the undertow. The beach can and is used for sunbathing and walking. The western (Caribbean) side also has a beach, but it is quite small and can “move around” due to the current and waves. Not having a large, white, beach that allows for safe swimming will put the resort and the island at a disadvantage over other islands in the region. It is therefore assumed that the resort will want to create a beach on the Atlantic (east) coast. This can be either in Venus Bay or Zeelandia or in fact both. Sustainable The development of the golf resort should be economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. The golf resort should as much as possible look at employing Statians to work at the resort. This has on forehand been set to reduce the effects of the project on the community. Statians will fit in best on the island, as they will already have family and friends and will share most of the values and believes. On the environmental field the resort should minimize its impact. The Iguana and the Sea turtle are two animals that use the region where the golf resort is envisaged. Care should be taken not to damage the populations of these animals. The economic sustainability of the golf course has been researched in the feasibility report. This report will therefore focus on the economic impact and will take the feasibility as a fact.
21
3.2
Impa
ct a
nd m
itiga
tion
This
par
agra
ph w
ill li
st th
e im
pact
that
a g
olf r
esor
t will
hav
e on
the
syst
em so
lutio
n an
d w
hat m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s can
be
take
n to
redu
ce th
e im
pact
. The
nu
mbe
r lis
ted
corr
espo
nds w
ith th
e nu
mbe
r on
the
prov
isio
nal d
esig
n bl
ock
diag
ram
(loo
se su
pple
men
t). T
he h
ighe
r ord
er sy
stem
solu
tions
are
a c
ompo
site
fr
om th
e lo
wer
ord
er so
lutio
ns; t
his a
lso
mea
ns th
at th
e im
pact
of t
he lo
wer
ord
er so
lutio
ns is
add
ed u
p to
form
the
impa
ct o
f the
hig
her o
rder
solu
tions
.
Num
ber
Syst
em so
lutio
n D
escr
iptio
n M
itiga
tion
requ
ired
? 1.
0 Su
ppor
t Bus
ines
s Th
e es
timat
ed n
umbe
r of j
obs t
hat w
ill b
e cr
eate
d by
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f a g
olf r
esor
t is
arou
nd 5
30. 7
5 pe
ople
are
est
imat
ed to
get
a jo
b at
the
golf
cour
se, a
roun
d 43
5 at
the
reso
rt. T
he re
mai
ning
jobs
are
in o
ther
sect
ors,
like
med
ical
serv
ice,
wat
er p
rodu
ctio
n an
d te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n. S
tatia
ns li
ving
on
the
isla
nd c
an fi
ll ar
ound
200
jobs
, aro
und
20
wou
ld b
e av
aila
ble
that
are
cur
rent
ly li
veni
ng in
the
Net
herla
nds.
The
tota
l am
ount
of
Stat
ians
retu
rnin
g fr
om a
broa
d is
est
imat
ed to
be
arou
nd 1
00. T
he re
mai
ning
jobs
cou
ld
be fi
lled
with
the
unem
ploy
ed o
n Sa
ba a
nd S
t. M
aarte
n. U
nem
ploy
men
t on
thes
e is
land
s to
geth
er is
as h
igh
as 3
,472
peo
ple
[CB
S, 2
003]
. A
roun
d 49
0 ad
ditio
nal p
eopl
e w
ill c
ome
to th
e is
land
, 75
of w
hich
are
chi
ldre
n. A
n es
timat
ed 1
65 si
ngle
hom
es a
nd 1
24 h
omes
for f
amili
es w
ill b
e re
quire
d. H
ousi
ng c
an b
e pr
ovid
ed b
y th
e ho
usin
g fo
unda
tion.
As l
ong
as g
uara
ntee
s and
a 3
-yea
r adv
ance
not
ice
is
give
n, th
e ho
usin
g fo
unda
tion
can
finan
ce a
nd b
uild
thes
e ho
uses
and
apa
rtmen
ts. O
n th
e is
land
eno
ugh
spac
e is
ava
ilabl
e, th
ere
are
plot
s at w
hite
wal
l (so
uthw
est s
ide)
, beh
ind
the
mou
ntai
n (s
outh
east
side
), Lo
di (b
etw
een
Ora
njes
tad
and
the
uppe
r tow
n) a
nd a
t the
no
rth si
de o
f the
airp
ort.
Whe
n th
e ho
uses
are
con
stru
cted
on
the
north
ern
side
of t
he
airp
ort,
trave
lling
to th
e re
sort
wou
ld b
e ea
sies
t for
the
empl
oyee
s and
wou
ld c
ause
the
leas
t am
ount
of t
raff
ic p
robl
ems o
n th
e re
st o
f the
isla
nd.
The
reso
rt as
wel
l as t
he e
mpl
oyee
hou
sing
will
toge
ther
cre
ate
a lo
t of w
aste
mat
eria
l. Th
e to
tal a
mou
nt w
ill b
e ar
ound
2,6
11 m
3 ann
ually
. Th
ere
will
be
a la
rge
requ
irem
ent f
or e
lect
ricity
. The
requ
ired
elec
trici
ty fo
r the
hou
sing
an
d th
e re
sort
(at 7
0% o
ccup
ancy
) tog
ethe
r is a
max
imum
of 6
78,9
70 k
Wh
per m
onth
. Th
e po
wer
com
pany
on
the
isla
nd, G
EBE,
can
pro
vide
this
by
expe
ndin
g th
e nu
mbe
r of
turb
ines
. The
y ar
e w
illin
g to
fina
nce
the
proj
ect a
s lon
g as
they
hav
e a
guar
ante
e th
at th
ey
can
deliv
er th
e po
wer
to th
e re
sort.
The
gua
rant
ee c
ould
be
a pr
e-in
vest
men
t by
the
reso
rt, w
hich
will
be
paid
bac
k by
the
reso
rt. R
enew
able
ene
rgy,
in th
e fo
rm o
f w
indm
ills,
will
requ
ire a
larg
e in
vest
men
t. M
ost l
ikel
y G
EBE
will
not
be
will
ing
to
inve
st in
the
back
up e
quip
men
t for
per
iods
whe
n th
ere
is n
ot e
noug
h w
ind,
as i
t is h
ard
to
22
get a
retu
rn o
n th
at in
vest
men
t. Th
e re
sort
wou
ld th
eref
ore
have
to c
reat
e its
ow
n ba
ckup
pl
ant.
The
payb
ack
time
of w
indm
ills f
or th
e re
sort
wou
ld th
eref
ore
be ju
st o
ver 1
0 ye
ars.
The
wat
er fo
r the
reso
rt an
d go
lf co
urse
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e de
liver
ed b
y a
reve
rse
osm
osis
in
stal
latio
n. T
his i
nsta
llatio
n co
nver
ts se
awat
er in
to ir
rigat
ion
and
drin
king
wat
er. T
he
inst
alla
tion
wou
ld b
e ba
cked
up
by a
larg
e irr
igat
ion
pond
, whi
ch w
ould
stor
e ra
inw
ater
an
d ex
cess
irrig
atio
n w
ater
that
was
cau
ght b
y dr
aina
ge. T
he w
ater
requ
irem
ent d
epen
ds
high
ly o
n th
e ki
nd o
f gra
ss th
at is
cho
sen
for t
he g
olf c
ours
e. If
the
“sta
ndar
d” C
arib
bean
go
lf gr
ass s
peci
e, “
Ber
mud
a gr
ass”
is c
hose
n, th
e ca
paci
ty o
f the
RO
-pla
nt h
as to
be
2,85
0 m
3 / day
. If a
mor
e dr
ough
t res
ista
nt g
rass
, Sea
shor
e Pa
spal
um, i
s use
d, th
e R
O-
plan
t cap
acity
can
be
redu
ced
to 1
,800
m3 / d
ay. I
n bo
th c
ases
the
pota
ble
wat
er re
quire
d w
ould
be
arou
nd 8
0 m
3 / day
. B
y pl
acin
g re
ef b
alls
(por
ous a
nd h
ollo
w c
oncr
ete
balls
, whi
ch a
llow
gro
wth
of r
eef o
n th
em) o
r ano
ther
form
of b
arrie
r in
the
sea,
the
unde
rtow
that
cur
rent
ly m
akes
swim
min
g on
the
Atla
ntic
coa
st im
poss
ible
, can
be
stop
ped.
At t
he sa
me
time
this
will
stop
the
beac
h er
osio
n fr
om th
e se
a, w
hich
will
cau
se th
e be
ach
to b
ecom
e se
vera
l met
ers w
ider
. A
t Zee
land
ia, t
here
alre
ady
is a
larg
e be
ach
area
; at V
enus
ther
e is
a so
mew
hat s
mal
ler
beac
h. T
he sa
nd o
n St
. Eus
tatiu
s doe
s not
hav
e th
e C
arib
bean
whi
te c
olou
r tha
t tou
rists
ha
ve c
ome
to e
xpec
t. It
coul
d be
con
side
red
to im
port
whi
te sa
nd.
Mos
t sho
ps w
ill b
e af
fect
ed b
y th
e in
crea
se in
the
popu
latio
n; th
e tu
rnov
er w
ill m
ost
likel
y go
up.
The
fina
ncia
l asp
ect o
f thi
s is h
andl
ed in
3.0
. The
pho
ne/ i
nter
net c
ompa
ny
(Eut
el) w
ill re
quire
at l
east
one
add
ition
al p
erso
n ha
ndlin
g se
rvic
e.
Ther
e ar
e th
ree
prim
ary
scho
ols o
n th
e is
land
. The
y w
ill g
row
with
abo
ut 5
0 pu
pils
. Th
ere
is o
ne se
cond
ary
scho
ol, w
hich
will
gro
w w
ith a
roun
d 32
stud
ents
. Bot
h ty
pes o
f sc
hool
s can
cop
e w
ith th
e in
crea
se in
stud
ents
with
out p
robl
ems.
The
third
prim
ary
scho
ol h
as o
nly
rece
ntly
star
ted,
rece
ivin
g st
uden
ts fr
om th
e ot
her t
wo.
Thi
s has
left
capa
city
for t
he a
dditi
onal
stud
ents
. The
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
can
acc
omm
odat
e th
e st
uden
ts
by e
xten
ding
the
scho
ol sc
hedu
le b
y a
few
hou
rs.
Whe
n th
e re
sort
is c
ompl
etel
y fu
ll, th
ere
will
be
552
gues
ts. W
ith a
n av
erag
e st
ayin
g tim
e of
1 a
nd a
hal
f wee
ks, t
he re
quire
d ai
r tra
nspo
rt w
ould
be
85 se
ats.
This
is c
ount
ing
both
di
rect
ions
, whi
ch m
eans
43
seat
s per
dire
ctio
n. A
t 70%
occ
upan
cy o
f the
reso
rt th
is
wou
ld b
e an
ave
rage
of 3
0 pe
r dire
ctio
n. A
rriv
ing
pass
enge
rs w
ill m
ost l
ikel
y be
cen
tred
on th
e af
tern
oon
and
even
ing
fligh
ts, w
ith d
epar
ting
pass
enge
rs b
eing
can
tere
d ar
ound
th
e m
orni
ng fl
ight
s. Th
ere
may
als
o be
incr
ease
d de
man
d in
the
wee
kend
s. A
ccor
ding
to
23
the
feas
ibili
ty st
udy,
bas
ed o
n ta
lks w
ith W
inai
r, th
ere
shou
ld b
e no
pro
blem
with
the
airli
ft of
thes
e pe
rson
s. Th
e W
inai
r airc
raft
are
not v
ery
com
forta
ble
thou
gh a
nd th
ere
are
doub
ts if
thes
e ai
rcra
ft ar
e up
to th
e st
anda
rd th
at th
e gu
ests
the
reso
rt is
aim
ing
for
requ
ire.
The
effe
ct o
n bu
sine
ss w
ill n
ot st
art w
hen
the
reso
rt op
ens.
It w
ill a
lread
y st
art w
hen
cons
truct
ion
com
men
ces.
At t
his t
ime
ther
e sh
ould
alre
ady
be h
ousi
ng a
vaila
ble
for t
he
cons
truct
ion
wor
kers
com
ing
in fr
om o
ff th
e is
land
. Con
stru
ctio
n w
ill re
quire
a la
rge
amou
nt o
f mat
eria
ls to
be
mov
ed to
the
isla
nd, w
hich
mea
ns a
lot o
f act
ivity
in th
e po
rt.
Fina
lly, t
he a
dditi
onal
peo
ple
will
be
spen
ding
mon
ey o
n th
e is
land
, sup
porti
ng th
e lo
cal
econ
omy
and
incr
easi
ng th
e ta
x in
com
e fo
r the
gov
ernm
ent.
This
is c
over
ed in
mor
e de
tail
in 3
.0.
1.
1 O
ffer
tour
ist
attr
actio
ns
Off
erin
g to
uris
t attr
actio
ns c
onsi
sts o
ut o
f tw
o m
ajor
ele
men
ts. F
irstly
incr
easi
ng th
e fa
cilit
ies,
like
the
golf
reso
rt an
d a
beac
h. S
econ
dly
it is
als
o im
porta
nt to
incr
ease
the
serv
ices
ava
ilabl
e on
the
isla
nd.
The
golf
cour
se w
ill re
quire
subs
tant
ial a
mou
nts o
f wat
er a
nd e
lect
ricity
. The
loca
l en
ergy
com
pany
, GEB
E, c
an g
ener
ate
the
elec
trici
ty. P
ower
ing
the
reso
rt w
ith w
ind
ener
gy is
pos
sibl
e, a
lthou
gh th
e pa
ybac
k tim
e on
that
inve
stm
ent i
s lon
g an
d it
is d
oubt
ful
if G
EBE
will
wan
t to
inve
st in
the
requ
ired
back
up in
stal
latio
n. If
they
are
not
inte
rest
ed,
the
reso
rt w
ould
hav
e to
cre
ate
its o
wn.
Mos
t lik
ely
win
d en
ergy
is o
nly
feas
ible
if it
he
lps i
n pr
omot
ing
the
reso
rt.
The
wat
er sy
stem
will
con
sist
out
of a
stor
age
pond
, a re
vers
e os
mos
is in
stal
latio
n an
d dr
aina
ge. T
he re
vers
e os
mos
is p
lant
will
gen
erat
e th
e w
ater
for t
he re
sort;
this
is p
otab
le
wat
er a
nd ir
rigat
ion
wat
er. T
he ir
rigat
ion
wat
er w
ill b
e su
pple
men
ted
with
the
wat
er fr
om
the
stor
age
pond
, whi
ch c
onta
ins r
ainw
ater
(gat
here
d fr
om th
e go
lf co
urse
and
the
road
s)
and
exce
ss in
filtra
ted
and
irrig
atio
n w
ater
that
was
col
lect
ed in
the
drai
nage
syst
em
runn
ing
unde
r the
gol
f cou
rse.
To
geth
er, t
he fa
cilit
ies a
nd se
rvic
es n
eces
sary
to o
ffer
tour
ist a
ttrac
tions
will
gen
erat
e ar
ound
530
jobs
. Sta
tians
livi
ng o
n th
e is
land
can
fill
abou
t 200
jobs
; the
rem
aind
er w
ill
have
to b
e fil
led
by p
eopl
e of
f the
isla
nd, p
refe
rabl
y St
atia
ns li
ving
abr
oad
or p
eopl
e fr
om th
e ot
her i
slan
d of
the
Dut
ch A
ntill
es. S
ince
the
unem
ploy
men
t on
St. M
aarte
n is
re
lativ
ely
high
, thi
s cou
ld b
e a
good
sour
ce fo
r em
ploy
ees.
Th
e re
sort
aim
s on
a gr
oup
of p
eopl
e th
at is
not
cur
rent
ly v
isiti
ng th
e is
land
in la
rge
Ups
cale
act
iviti
es
Whe
n lo
cal c
ompa
nies
and
not
the
reso
rt pr
ovid
e ac
tiviti
es a
nd se
rvic
es, t
he m
oney
spen
d by
to
uris
ts w
ill st
ay o
n th
e is
land
. Thi
s will
be
bene
ficia
l for
the
econ
omy
and
also
incr
ease
tax
inco
me
for t
he g
over
nmen
t. Se
rvic
es c
ould
be
upsc
ale
rest
aura
nts,
activ
ities
like
Par
a-sa
iling
, su
rfin
g, je
t ski
rent
al, b
oat r
enta
l, bo
at tr
ips,
divi
ng, e
tc. W
hen
a re
sort
is c
reat
ed th
e go
vern
men
t sho
uld
prom
ote,
per
haps
with
tax
mea
sure
s or s
ubsi
dies
, the
cre
atio
n of
thes
e fa
cilit
ies a
s kee
ping
as m
uch
of th
e to
uris
ts m
oney
on
the
isla
nd is
impo
rtant
for t
he e
cono
my.
24
num
bers
. The
re a
re c
urre
ntly
no
serv
ices
or a
ctiv
ities
on
the
isla
nd a
imed
at t
he u
pper
pa
rt of
the
tour
ist m
arke
t. It
is p
ossi
ble
to h
ave
the
reso
rt de
velo
p al
l the
se a
ctiv
ities
and
se
rvic
es. T
he m
oney
the
tour
ists
spen
d on
thes
e th
ings
will
how
ever
go
to th
e re
sort
and
will
not
ben
efit
the
peop
le o
n th
e is
land
.
1.1.
1 In
crea
se se
rvic
es
The
golf
reso
rt w
ill h
ave
a bi
g im
pact
on
the
ener
gy su
pply
; the
ene
rgy
prod
uctio
n of
the
isla
nd w
ill h
ave
to b
e in
crea
sed
by a
bout
50%
. The
isla
nds e
nerg
y co
mpa
ny, G
EBE,
is
will
ing
to fi
nanc
e th
e ex
pans
ion
that
is re
quire
d fo
r the
pow
er p
lant
. The
y ar
e al
so
will
ing
to su
pply
and
lay
the
elec
trici
ty li
nes t
o Ze
elan
dia/
Ven
us B
ay. T
hey
have
to b
e as
sure
d th
at th
e re
sort
will
be
ther
e fo
r som
e tim
e to
be
able
to g
et a
retu
rn o
n th
eir
inve
stm
ent.
For t
his r
easo
ns p
refin
anci
ng o
f the
ope
ratio
n m
ay b
e re
quire
d fo
r the
reso
rt.
• Tw
o ad
ditio
nal g
ener
ator
s 1.2
MW
, 6,1
00m
add
ition
al u
nder
grou
nd p
ower
line
to
Ven
us B
ay
• El
ectri
city
cos
t at 1
00%
occ
upan
cy p
er y
ear,
US$
2,1
60,5
00 a
nd a
t 70%
aro
und
US$
1,
512,
111.
•
No
back
up sy
stem
requ
ired
as G
EBE
alre
ady
has s
uch
a sy
stem
. •
Win
d an
d tid
al e
nerg
y ar
e un
able
to p
ower
the
reso
rt on
thei
r ow
n; w
hen
enou
gh
win
d/ w
aves
are
ava
ilabl
e th
ey c
ould
be
used
as s
uppo
rt to
the
gene
rato
r, w
hich
cou
ld
save
foss
il fu
els.
Furth
er re
sear
ch to
thes
e sy
stem
s wou
ld b
e re
quire
d.
Ther
e is
not
eno
ugh
wat
er a
vaila
ble
on th
e is
land
for t
he re
sort.
A re
vers
e os
mos
is p
lant
ex
ists
, but
the
capa
city
is fa
r too
smal
l. Th
e re
sort
wou
ld h
ave
to c
onst
ruct
its o
wn
reve
rse
osm
osis
pla
nt, m
ost l
ikel
y in
the
Zeel
andi
a re
gion
. The
requ
ired
amou
nt o
f wat
er d
epen
ds
larg
ely
on th
e gr
ass s
peci
e th
at is
cho
sen.
Sel
ectin
g a
gras
s with
low
er w
ater
con
sum
ptio
n,
like
the
Seas
hore
Pas
palu
m sp
ecie
, can
save
34%
on
the
wat
er u
sage
. Aro
und
37m
3 can
be
save
d w
hen
show
er a
nd si
nk w
ater
is re
-use
d to
flus
h th
e to
ilets
. 5 to
8%
of r
ever
se
osm
osis
wat
er c
an b
e sa
ved
whe
n ra
inw
ater
is c
olle
cted
and
use
d fo
r irr
igat
ion.
•
By
Sele
ctin
g th
e Se
asho
re P
aspa
lum
gra
ss in
stea
d of
the
com
mon
ly u
sed
Ber
mud
a gr
ass,
34%
wat
er a
nd e
lect
ricity
cos
t can
be
save
d.
• Th
e ye
arly
savi
ngs f
rom
an
irrig
atio
n po
nd w
ith ra
inw
ater
are
5 –
8%
•
A R
ever
se O
smos
is p
lant
shou
ld h
ave
a ca
paci
ty o
f 1,8
00 –
2,8
50 m
3 / day
, of w
hich
ab
out 8
0 m
3 is p
otab
le w
ater
. •
Wat
er fo
r the
toile
t can
be
supp
lied
by ra
inw
ater
and
by
colle
ctin
g an
d re
usin
g w
ater
fr
om th
e sh
ower
and
sink
. •
8 Jo
bs
Miti
gatio
n of
ele
ctri
city
gen
erat
ion
To re
duce
the
envi
ronm
enta
l im
pact
and
es
peci
ally
the
use
of d
iese
l fue
ls a
nd e
mis
sion
s ca
used
by
that
, it w
ould
be
poss
ible
to u
se
rene
wab
le e
nerg
y so
urce
s. Po
ssib
le so
urce
s are
w
ind,
sola
r and
wav
e en
ergy
. Sin
ce so
lar a
nd
wav
e en
ergy
are
hig
hly
expe
nsiv
e, w
ind
ener
gy
wou
ld b
e th
e m
ost a
ffor
dabl
e so
lutio
n. U
sing
dat
a ga
ther
ed in
Frie
slan
d, th
e N
ethe
rland
s, fo
ur w
ind
turb
ines
cou
ld p
ower
the
reso
rt. A
n ad
ditio
nal t
wo
wou
ld b
e ne
eded
as b
acku
p du
e to
mai
nten
ance
an
d br
eakd
owns
. 6 w
indm
ills c
ould
pow
er th
e re
sort,
bac
ked
up w
ith 2
gen
erat
ors.
This
setu
p ha
s a
payb
ack
time
of o
ver 1
0 ye
ars.
Miti
gatio
n ef
fect
s of w
ater
pro
duct
ion
Ther
e ar
e so
me
wor
ries a
bout
usi
ng a
reve
rse
osm
osis
pla
nt. T
he sa
linity
of t
he o
cean
is
norm
ally
aro
und
34.5
00 P
PM. D
ue to
the
use
of
reve
rse
osm
osis
pla
nts,
at so
me
plac
es in
the
mid
dle
east
the
salin
ity h
as g
one
up a
s hig
h as
40
.000
PPM
. Thi
s can
pot
entia
lly h
urt t
he se
a lif
e.
Sinc
e th
e Se
a an
d es
peci
ally
the
cora
l are
maj
or
tour
ist a
ttrac
tions
for t
he is
land
, car
e sh
ould
be
take
n no
t to
dam
age
it in
this
way
. Th
e fir
st th
ree
mea
sure
s tha
t can
be
take
n ar
e al
l in
tend
ed to
redu
ce th
e am
ount
of w
ater
that
is
requ
ired.
The
se m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s are
: •
Sele
ctin
g th
e Se
asho
re P
aspa
lum
gra
ss in
stea
d of
the
com
mon
ly u
sed
Ber
mud
a gr
ass,
34%
w
ater
and
ele
ctric
ity c
ost c
an b
e sa
ved.
25
Stat
istic
ally
the
num
ber o
f pat
ient
s tra
velli
ng to
St M
aarte
n fo
r med
ical
pur
pose
s will
in
crea
se, a
s wel
l as t
he n
umbe
r of a
d-ho
c em
erge
ncy
fligh
ts. T
he la
st o
ne w
ill in
crea
se b
y 1
to a
bout
3 a
mon
th. T
he fi
rst o
ne w
ill in
crea
se w
ith a
n un
know
n nu
mbe
r as t
he n
umbe
r of
flig
hts f
or m
edic
al p
urpo
ses i
s not
trac
ked.
•
Stat
istic
al in
crea
se o
f the
med
ical
flig
hts b
y W
inai
r or b
y th
e m
edic
al a
irlift
serv
ice
to
arou
nd 3
tim
es p
er m
onth
. •
The
hosp
ital i
s a g
over
nmen
t ser
vice
; the
gov
ernm
ent w
ould
hav
e to
pay
for t
he
cons
truct
ion
cost
of t
he a
dditi
onal
room
s. Th
ey w
ould
als
o ha
ve to
pay
the
addi
tiona
l w
ages
of t
he n
urse
s and
the
med
ic.
Tota
l job
s add
ed b
y an
incr
ease
in se
rvic
es w
ould
be
16.
• Th
e ye
arly
savi
ngs f
rom
an
irrig
atio
n po
nd
with
rain
wat
er a
re 5
– 8
%
• W
ater
for t
he to
ilet c
an b
e su
pplie
d by
ra
inw
ater
and
by
colle
ctin
g an
d re
usin
g w
ater
fr
om th
e sh
ower
and
sink
. A
noth
er m
easu
re c
an b
e ta
ken
to re
duce
the
effe
ct, w
hich
is to
dis
char
ge th
e ef
fluen
t wat
er o
f th
e R
O-P
lant
at a
pla
ce w
here
ther
e is
a la
rge
enou
gh c
urre
nt to
dis
pers
e th
e w
ater
con
tain
ing
the
high
er sa
lt pe
rcen
tage
: •
Dis
char
ging
the
efflu
ent w
ater
of t
he R
O-p
lant
us
ing
a tu
be to
such
a lo
catio
n w
here
the
curr
ent w
ill d
ispe
rse
the
wat
er o
f a la
rge
area
w
ill m
itiga
te th
e po
tent
ial n
egat
ive
effe
ct o
f sa
linity
bui
ld-u
p.
1.
1.1.
1 Pr
ovid
e el
ectr
icity
Th
ere
are
seve
ral w
ays i
n w
hich
ele
ctric
ity c
an b
e pr
oduc
ed. C
urre
ntly
die
sel e
ngin
es a
re
used
. Th
e en
ergy
requ
ired
for t
he g
olf r
esor
t, at
max
imum
occ
upan
cy is
aro
und
24,3
65 k
Wh/
da
y (1
.1.2
) Th
e en
ergy
requ
ired
to p
ower
the
addi
tiona
l hou
ses a
nd a
partm
ents
is a
roun
d 5,
833
kWh/
da
y (1
.1.1
.1)
GEB
E, th
e lo
cal e
lect
ricity
pro
vide
r, ha
s ind
icat
ed th
at th
ey c
an p
rovi
de th
e re
quire
d el
ectri
city
by
addi
ng tw
o ad
ditio
nal 1
.2 M
W g
ener
ator
s and
layi
ng a
ppro
xim
atel
y 61
00 m
of
und
ergr
ound
ele
ctric
ity c
able
. Thi
s wou
ld to
geth
er c
ost a
roun
d U
S$ 1
,990
,000
. GEB
E is
will
ing
to in
vest
in th
is, a
s lon
g as
they
hav
e so
me
certa
inty
that
the
reso
rt w
ill b
e th
ere
for a
n ex
tend
ed p
erio
d. S
uch
a ce
rtain
ty c
ould
be
pref
inan
cing
of t
he in
stal
latio
n by
the
reso
rt, w
here
the
reso
rt w
ould
be
paid
bac
k by
GEB
E ov
er ti
me.
Th
e ye
arly
cos
t of e
lect
ricity
wou
ld b
e ar
ound
US$
2,0
54,0
00 a
t a 7
0% o
ccup
ancy
rate
. B
y us
ing
pow
er fr
om th
e is
land
s pow
er p
lant
, onl
y tw
o ad
ditio
nal g
ener
ator
s hav
e to
be
plac
ed a
t GEB
E. If
the
reso
rt w
ould
nee
d its
ow
n po
wer
pla
nt, i
t wou
ld n
eed
at le
ast 4
Miti
gatio
n m
easu
res h
andl
ed in
1.1
.1
26
gene
rato
rs, 2
runn
ing
and
2 ba
ckup
gen
erat
ors.
GEB
E al
read
y ha
s the
se tw
o ba
ckup
ge
nera
tors
. W
ind
ener
gy c
ould
be
used
, in
case
ther
e is
eno
ugh
win
d av
aila
ble,
to re
duce
the
pow
er
requ
ired
from
the
gene
rato
rs. T
his w
ould
save
fuel
and
ther
efor
e sa
ve c
ost.
The
sam
e ap
plie
s to
tidal
ene
rgy.
In b
oth
case
s fur
ther
stud
y w
ould
be
requ
ired
to re
view
the
cont
ribut
ion
they
can
del
iver
to th
e po
wer
supp
ly a
nd th
e tim
e re
quire
d to
pay
bac
k th
e in
vest
men
t mad
e fo
r the
m.
Impa
ct:
• C
onst
ruct
ion
and
dist
ribut
ion
of th
e el
ectri
city
syst
em b
y G
EBE,
alth
ough
pr
efin
anci
ng th
e in
stal
latio
n by
the
reso
rt m
ay b
e re
quire
d to
giv
e en
ough
cer
tain
ty to
G
EBE
to d
o th
e in
vest
men
t. •
Two
addi
tiona
l gen
erat
ors 1
.2 M
W, 6
,100
m a
dditi
onal
und
ergr
ound
pow
er li
ne to
V
enus
Bay
•
Elec
trici
ty c
ost a
t 70%
occ
upan
cy a
roun
d U
S$ 2
,050
,000
per
yea
r.
• N
o ba
ckup
syst
em re
quire
d, a
s GEB
E al
read
y ha
s suc
h a
syst
em.
• W
ind
and
tidal
ene
rgy
are
unab
le to
pow
er th
e re
sort
on th
eir o
wn;
whe
n en
ough
w
ind/
wav
es a
re a
vaila
ble
they
cou
ld b
e us
ed a
s sup
port
to th
e ge
nera
tor,
whi
ch c
ould
sa
ve fo
ssil
fuel
s. Fu
rther
rese
arch
to th
ese
syst
ems w
ould
be
requ
ired;
on
first
han
d ne
ither
met
hod
seem
s to
be e
cono
mic
ally
via
ble.
1.1.
1.1.
1 E
nerg
y pl
ant
Die
sel g
ener
ator
: D
iese
l gen
erat
ors c
urre
ntly
pow
er th
e is
land
. At t
he m
omen
t the
re a
re 6
gen
erat
ors,
with
a
7th c
urre
ntly
bei
ng in
stal
led.
At t
he m
omen
t the
ene
rgy
prod
uctio
n is
aro
und
1.7
MW
pe
r day
. The
requ
ired
amou
nt o
f 20,
090
kWh/
day
wou
ld g
ive
a ne
cess
ary
amou
nt o
f po
wer
of a
roun
d 0.
84 M
W p
er d
ay. A
dditi
onal
ly th
ere
wou
ld b
e ex
tra h
ouse
hold
s on
the
isla
nd. T
he a
vera
ge h
ouse
hold
cur
rent
ly u
ses 4
24-k
Wh/
mon
th (2
005,
dou
ble
phas
e co
nnec
tion,
dat
a fr
om G
EBE)
. In
1.4
it w
as d
eter
min
ed th
ere
will
be
360
extra
ho
useh
olds
, whi
ch m
eans
aro
und
152,
640
kWh
per m
onth
, whi
ch is
5,0
18 k
Wh
per d
ay
or 2
09 k
W o
n av
erag
e.
The
tota
l am
ount
of e
xtra
pow
er n
eede
d w
ould
ther
efor
e be
in th
e re
gion
of 1
.1 M
W p
er
day,
whe
n th
e go
lf re
sort
is ru
nnin
g at
70%
cap
acity
(aro
und
1.4
MW
at f
ull c
apac
ity).
Acc
ordi
ng to
GEB
E th
e fo
llow
ing
step
s wou
ld b
e re
quire
d if
they
are
to p
rovi
de p
ower
re
liabl
y to
the
golf
reso
rt an
d th
e ne
w h
ouse
s.
Miti
gatio
n m
easu
res h
andl
ed in
1.1
.1
27
Impa
ct
• 2
new
gen
erat
ors,
each
with
a c
apac
ity o
f aro
und
1,20
0 kW
. Gen
erat
ors o
f thi
s kin
d w
ould
cos
t aro
und
NA
F. 1
– 1
.5 m
illio
n.
• A
bout
4,6
00 m
of u
nder
grou
nd p
ower
line
to V
enus
Bay
. The
re is
cur
rent
ly n
o lin
e th
at g
oes a
ll th
e w
ay to
Ven
us B
ay a
nd a
n un
derg
roun
d lin
e w
ould
sign
ifica
ntly
re
duce
the
chan
ce o
n po
wer
cut
s. A
n ad
ditio
nal 1
,500
m o
f bac
kup
doub
le w
iring
fr
om G
rove
ll to
Ven
us B
ay w
ould
suit
the
sam
e pu
rpos
e. A
ccor
ding
to M
r. Pa
ul
Idel
er (D
istri
butio
n m
anag
er G
EBE,
St M
aarte
n) th
e ca
ble
wou
ld c
ost a
bout
NA
F.60
pe
r met
er tr
ench
and
NA
F.50
per
met
er c
able
. The
pow
er li
ne w
ould
ther
efor
e co
st
arou
nd N
AF.
581
,000
(US$
332
,778
).
• Fu
el u
se o
f thi
s ins
talla
tion
wou
ld b
e ap
prox
imat
ely
0.28
litre
/ kW
h (F
igur
e fr
om
GEB
E). T
his w
ill re
sult
in a
n ex
tra u
sage
of 8
,736
-lite
r die
sel/
day.
Th
e co
st o
f pow
er o
n th
e is
land
is h
ighl
y de
pend
ent o
n th
e pr
ice
for d
iese
l fue
l. Th
ere
is
a so
-cal
led
fuel
cla
use,
whi
ch c
hang
es m
onth
ly, b
ased
on
the
pric
e di
esel
fuel
. For
ex
ampl
e fo
r the
mon
th o
f Oct
ober
200
5, th
e fu
el su
rcha
rge
was
0.3
038
NA
F./ k
Wh.
For
th
e m
onth
of N
ovem
ber i
t was
0.2
810
NA
F./ k
Wh.
Sin
ce th
e fu
el p
rice
is u
npre
dict
able
an
d ov
er th
e pa
st ti
me
has f
luct
uate
d qu
ite a
bit,
the
pric
e of
fuel
will
mos
t lik
ely
cont
inue
to d
o th
e sa
me.
G
EBE
has h
ad a
fixe
d ra
te fo
r the
ele
ctric
ity si
nce
the
1960
’s, w
hich
is n
ot e
xpec
ted
to
chan
ge si
gnifi
cant
ly. A
s a b
ulk
cons
umer
the
golf
reso
rt m
ay b
e ab
le to
neg
otia
te a
lo
wer
tarif
f, ho
wev
er th
is c
anno
t be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt a
t thi
s mom
ent.
The
rate
for t
he
first
100
kW
h is
NA
F. 1
9. A
fter t
hat,
the
next
900
kW
h is
NA
F. 0
.17
/ kW
h. F
or
anyt
hing
abo
ve th
at, t
he ra
te w
ould
be
0.15
NA
F./ k
Wh.
A
ssum
ing
a 70
% o
ccup
ancy
and
a d
irect
rela
tion
of th
e el
ectri
city
usa
ge w
ith th
e oc
cupa
ncy,
the
pow
er u
sage
of t
he re
sort
wou
ld b
e (3
65/1
2) *
20,
090
kWh
= 61
1,07
1 kW
h/ m
onth
. The
ele
ctric
ity u
se fo
r the
add
ition
al h
ouse
s wou
ld b
e 15
2.64
0 kW
h. T
his
in to
tal c
omes
dow
n to
763
,711
kW
h/ m
onth
, the
cos
t wou
ld th
eref
ore
be N
AF.
114
,579
fo
r the
ene
rgy
+ N
AF.
232
,015
fuel
surc
harg
e +
NA
F 0.
25 st
amp
char
ges,
so N
AF.
34
6,59
5 pe
r mon
th, w
hich
is U
S$ 1
92,5
53.
Impa
ct:
• En
ergy
cos
t of a
roun
d U
S$ 1
92,5
53 p
er m
onth
, or U
S$ 2
,310
,633
per
yea
r at 7
0%
occu
panc
y.
28
GEB
E is
will
ing
to p
ay fo
r bot
h th
e po
wer
line
/ co
nnec
tion
to th
e re
sort
as w
ell a
s for
th
e ge
nera
tors
. The
y w
ill h
owev
er n
eed
to b
e co
nvin
ced
that
the
Gol
f res
ort i
s not
a
tem
pora
ry th
ing,
but
will
be
ther
e fo
r con
side
rabl
e tim
e be
fore
will
ing
to d
o in
vest
men
ts.
A p
ossi
ble
optio
n fo
r thi
s wou
ld b
e th
at th
e re
sort
pre-
finan
ces t
he in
vest
men
t and
G
EBE
will
pay
them
bac
k.
Win
d en
ergy
: W
ind
turb
ines
pro
vide
win
d en
ergy
. The
am
ount
of e
nerg
y de
liver
ed b
y a
win
d tu
rbin
e de
pend
s on
man
y fa
ctor
s [IL
2]. W
ind
spee
d, h
eigh
t of t
he w
indm
ill, p
roxi
mity
to th
e se
a,
obst
acle
s in
the
terr
ain
and
the
size
of t
he b
lade
s.
Acc
ordi
ng to
GEB
E w
indm
ills c
anno
t pow
er th
e re
sort
alon
e. T
hey
deliv
er p
ower
onl
y w
hen
the
win
d is
blo
win
g, w
hich
mea
ns fo
r per
iods
that
ther
e is
no
win
d, a
noth
er
solu
tion
has t
o be
foun
d. T
here
is a
syst
em th
at c
reat
es h
ydro
gen,
from
wat
er, u
sing
the
exce
ss e
lect
ricity
in ti
mes
ther
e is
win
d. T
he h
ydro
gen
can
then
be
used
to p
ower
a
gene
rato
r whe
n th
ere
is n
ot e
noug
h w
ind.
Cur
rent
ly su
ch a
syst
em is
in u
se in
Nor
way
, to
pow
er 1
0 ho
uses
on
an is
olat
ed is
land
. Fur
ther
stud
y w
ould
be
requ
ired
to re
view
the
feas
ibili
ty o
f suc
h a
syst
em p
ower
ing
a go
lf re
sort.
A
n 85
0 kW
win
d ge
nera
tor w
ith a
hei
ght o
f 40m
and
a b
lade
dia
met
er o
f 52m
pro
vide
s, in
the
Dut
ch p
rovi
nce
of F
riesl
and,
app
roxi
mat
ely
2,30
0,00
0 kW
h pe
r yea
r. Th
is is
on
aver
age
6,30
0 kW
h / d
ay. W
ith th
e re
quire
d am
ount
of e
nerg
y, 4
of t
hese
win
dmill
s co
uld
theo
retic
ally
pow
er th
e go
lf re
sort.
To
have
a b
acku
p an
d fo
r inc
reas
ed re
liabi
lity,
2
addi
tiona
l win
d tu
rbin
es c
ould
be
plac
ed. I
n ca
se th
ere
is n
o ba
ckup
, lik
e th
e hy
drog
en
syst
em, t
he p
ower
pla
nt (G
EBE)
wou
ld st
ill n
eed
to d
eliv
er th
e sa
me
amou
nt o
f el
ectri
city
in ti
mes
of n
o or
ver
y lit
tle w
ind.
The
adv
anta
ge o
f the
win
dmill
s in
that
cas
e w
ould
be
that
the
amou
nt o
f ele
ctric
ity th
at is
use
d on
a m
onth
ly o
r yea
rly b
ase
wou
ld b
e lo
wer
. A
sing
le 8
50kW
win
d ge
nera
tor w
ill c
ost a
roun
d U
S$ 1
,183
,000
. In
The
Net
herla
nds
such
a g
ener
ator
cre
ates
6,3
00 k
Wh
per d
ay. 6
,300
kW
h of
ele
ctric
ity p
er d
ay w
ould
cos
t ar
ound
US$
16,
000
per m
onth
, or U
S$ 1
99,8
00 p
er y
ear.
They
will
nee
d m
aint
enan
ce fo
r w
hich
per
sonn
el is
requ
ired.
With
3 p
erso
ns d
oing
mai
nten
ance
and
dis
rega
rdin
g m
ater
ial r
epla
cem
ent c
osts
, the
cos
t for
mai
nten
ance
wou
ld b
e ar
ound
US$
36,
000/
yea
r. Fo
r GEB
E it
wou
ld n
ot b
e vi
able
to in
vest
in tw
o ad
ditio
nal g
ener
ator
s tha
t are
onl
y us
ed
as b
acku
p to
win
d tu
rbin
es, a
s the
inve
stm
ent w
ould
take
a v
ery
long
tim
e to
pay
bac
k.
For t
his r
easo
n it
wou
ld b
e th
e re
sort
that
wou
ld h
ave
to b
uy th
ese
two
back
up
29
gene
rato
rs. T
his a
dds a
noth
er U
S$ 1
– 1
.5 m
illio
n pe
r gen
erat
or. 6
win
dmill
s are
requ
ired
inst
ead
of 4
, to
have
bac
kups
in c
ase
of b
reak
dow
ns a
nd m
aint
enan
ce a
nd 2
gen
erat
ors
will
hav
e to
be
acqu
ired.
If it
is a
ssum
ed th
at th
e w
ind
turb
ines
can
pow
er th
e re
sort
for
75%
of t
he ti
me,
the
payb
ack
time
of th
e w
ind
turb
ines
can
be
calc
ulat
ed.
The
cost
of a
cqui
ring
and
inst
allin
g th
e w
ind
turb
ines
and
gen
erat
ors w
ill b
e ar
ound
US$
8.
5 m
illio
n. T
hey
will
save
75%
of t
he fu
el c
ost,
so th
e co
st o
f fue
l will
be
redu
ced
to
US$
577
,658
per
yea
r. Th
e co
st o
f the
3 p
erso
n st
aff i
s US$
36,
000
per y
ear.
The
pay
back
tim
e ba
sed
on th
ese
num
bers
ther
efor
e is
just
ove
r 9 y
ears
. Sin
ce th
e ca
lcul
atio
n do
es n
ot in
clud
e re
plac
emen
t of p
arts
, the
real
pay
bac
k tim
e is
pro
babl
y ev
en h
ighe
r, m
akin
g w
ind
ener
gy a
mor
e ex
pens
ive
solu
tion.
Usi
ng w
ind
ener
gy c
an h
owev
er
stre
ngth
en th
e po
sitio
n of
the
reso
rt as
“gr
een”
, whi
ch c
an b
e a
good
for p
rom
otio
nal
mea
ns. U
sing
win
d en
ergy
wou
ld sa
ve o
n D
iese
l and
redu
ce th
e en
viro
nmen
tal i
mpa
ct.
Impa
ct:
• U
S$ 1
,183
,000
con
stru
ctio
n co
st p
er w
ind
turb
ine
• 6
win
d tu
rbin
es, 4
0 m
hig
h, 5
2 m
roto
r dia
met
er, 8
50 k
W tu
rbin
e co
uld
pow
er th
e re
sort
at ti
mes
whe
n w
ind
is a
vaila
ble.
•
Ave
rage
dai
ly c
apac
ity 2
5,20
0 kW
h / d
ay u
sing
4.
• 3
Jobs
runn
ing
and
mai
ntai
ning
. •
2 ba
ckup
gen
erat
ors i
n ca
se o
f lim
ited
win
d po
wer
. •
Ove
r 9 y
ears
pay
back
tim
e.
Tid
al e
nerg
y pl
ant
A ti
dal e
nerg
y pl
ant i
s an
ener
gy g
ener
atio
n pl
ant t
hat s
uppl
ies e
nerg
y ge
nera
ted
by
wav
es. [
IL3]
Thi
s kin
d of
pla
nt is
alre
ady
used
on
the
isla
nd o
f Isl
ay in
Sco
tland
. Thi
s pr
oduc
es o
n av
erag
e 20
2 kW
, whi
ch m
eans
1,8
00,0
00 k
Wh
per y
ear.
Sinc
e tid
al e
nerg
y is
a
rela
tivel
y ne
w p
ower
sour
ce, i
t is h
ard
to e
stim
ate
the
cost
. The
re is
info
rmat
ion
abou
t a
5mW
faci
lity,
whi
ch w
ould
cos
t aro
und
20 m
illio
n po
und
ster
ling.
A 5
mW
faci
lity
prod
uces
aro
und
120,
000
kW p
er d
ay, w
hich
is to
o m
uch,
a fa
cilit
y ha
lf th
e si
ze w
ould
do
wel
l too
. Ass
umin
g th
at a
faci
lity
half
the
size
cou
ld b
e ha
lf th
e co
st, t
he c
ost w
ould
be
10
mill
ion
poun
d st
erlin
g, o
r at a
con
vers
ion
rate
of 1
.726
, US$
17,
260,
900.
Im
pact
: •
US$
17,
260,
900
cons
truct
ion
cost
•
Tida
l pow
er g
ener
ator
, 2.5
MW
, 60,
000
kWh/
day
on
full
capa
city
. •
3 Jo
bs ru
nnin
g an
d m
aint
aini
ng.
30
• Po
wer
bac
kup
need
ed fo
r tim
es w
hen
wav
es a
re n
ot st
rong
eno
ugh.
1.1.
1.1.
2 Po
wer
bac
kup
Whe
n G
EBE
deliv
ers t
he p
ower
, no
back
up w
ill b
e re
quire
d as
the
elec
trici
ty c
ompa
ny
alre
ady
has t
wo
back
up g
ener
ator
s ava
ilabl
e. In
a w
orst
-cas
e sc
enar
io th
ey w
ould
be
able
to
switc
h to
the
gene
rato
rs o
f the
oil
term
inal
. By
crea
ting
the
unde
rgro
und
elec
trici
ty
wire
s, as
des
crib
ed in
1.1
.1.1
.1, t
he c
hanc
e of
failu
re o
f the
ele
ctric
ity su
pply
is g
reat
ly
redu
ced.
Im
pact
: •
No
pow
er b
acku
p re
quire
d
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d
1.1.
1.2
Prov
ide
wat
er
Gen
eral
ly sp
eaki
ng a
reso
rt w
ill re
quire
wat
er o
f thr
ee q
ualit
ies.
Pota
ble
wat
er h
as to
ha
ve th
e hi
ghes
t qua
lity
as it
use
d fo
r pre
parin
g fo
od a
nd h
uman
con
sum
ptio
n. G
ray
wat
er is
use
d w
here
no
hum
an c
onsu
mpt
ion
can
take
pla
ce. I
rrig
atio
n w
ater
will
be
used
to
irrig
ate
the
golf
cour
se.
• Po
tabl
e w
ater
: 74,
2 m
3 / da
y •
Gre
y w
ater
: 37
m3 /
day
• Ir
rigat
ion
wat
er q
uant
ities
are
dep
enda
nt o
n sp
ecie
of g
rass
use
d fo
r the
cou
rse:
Se
asho
re p
aspa
lum
: 220
,643
m3 / y
ear (
max
imum
1,5
67 m
3 / day
). B
erm
uda
gras
s: 3
37,7
14 m
3 / yea
r (m
axim
um 2
,507
m3 / d
ay)
B
ecau
se th
ere
are
man
y po
ssib
le w
ays t
o pr
ovid
e w
ater
for t
he g
olf r
esor
t, a
stud
y to
the
mos
t app
ropr
iate
way
to p
rovi
de w
ater
has
bee
n pe
rfor
med
, thi
s stu
dy h
as b
een
incl
uded
in
app
endi
x II
I. Th
e co
nclu
sion
s fro
m th
is st
udy
are
that
no
mat
ter w
hat k
ind
of g
rass
is
chos
en, t
he ir
rigat
ion
will
alw
ays h
ave
to re
ly fo
r a la
rge
part
on a
RO
-pla
nt (R
ever
se
Osm
osis
pla
nt).
The
RO
-pla
nt w
ill a
lso
prov
ide
the
reso
rt w
ith d
rinki
ng w
ater
. If t
he
Ber
mud
a gr
ass i
s use
d, a
RO
-pla
nt is
nee
ded
with
a m
axim
um c
apac
ity o
f aro
und
2,85
0m3 p
er d
ay. T
he y
early
cos
t for
pow
erin
g th
is in
stal
latio
n ar
e ex
pect
ed to
be
arou
nd
US$
100
,650
per
yea
r. A
larg
e sa
ving
cou
ld b
e th
e us
e of
Sea
shor
e Pa
spal
um in
stea
d.
This
gra
ss u
ses a
bout
34%
less
wat
er. T
he m
axim
um c
apac
ity o
f the
RO
-pla
nt in
that
cas
e co
uld
be 1
,800
m3 /d
ay. T
he e
lect
ricity
con
sum
ptio
n pe
r yea
r wou
ld b
e ar
ound
US$
59
,750
. Cre
atin
g a
larg
e irr
igat
ion
pond
wou
ld sa
ve a
roun
d U
S$ 4
,623
ann
ually
. The
re
sorts
gre
y w
ater
supp
ly, f
or fl
ushi
ng th
e to
ilet,
can
be p
rovi
ded
by c
olle
ctin
g th
e w
ater
fr
om th
e sh
ower
and
rain
wat
er fr
om th
e ro
ofs.
Impa
ct:
Miti
gatio
n m
easu
res h
andl
ed in
1.1
.1
31
• B
y Se
lect
ing
the
Seas
hore
Pas
palu
m g
rass
inst
ead
of th
e co
mm
only
use
d B
erm
uda
gras
s, 34
% w
ater
and
ele
ctric
ity c
ost c
an b
e sa
ved.
•
The
year
ly sa
ving
s fro
m a
n irr
igat
ion
pond
with
rain
wat
er a
re 5
– 8
%
• A
Rev
erse
Osm
osis
pla
nt sh
ould
hav
e a
capa
city
of 1
,800
– 2
,850
m3 / d
ay, o
f whi
ch
abou
t 80
m3 is
pot
able
wat
er.
• W
ater
for t
he to
ilet c
an b
e su
pplie
d by
rain
wat
er a
nd b
y co
llect
ing
and
reus
ing
wat
er
from
the
show
er a
nd si
nk.
• 5
jobs
RO
-pla
nt, 3
jobs
mai
nten
ance
of t
he w
ater
syst
em.
1.
1.1.
2.1
Wat
er c
atch
men
t Se
e im
pact
stud
y w
ater
syst
em a
ppen
dix
III a
nd 1
.1.1
.2.
Se
e 1.
1.1.
2
1.1.
1.2.
2 W
ater
pur
ifica
tion
plan
t Se
e im
pact
stud
y w
ater
syst
em a
ppen
dix
III a
nd 1
.1.1
.2.
See
1.1.
1.2
1.1.
1.2.
4 W
ater
stor
age
To p
reve
nt p
robl
ems i
n th
e w
ater
supp
ly w
hen
ther
e ar
e pr
oble
ms w
ith th
e R
O-P
lant
, st
orag
e fo
r 2 to
3 d
ays w
ould
be
requ
ired.
Fo
r the
drin
king
wat
er th
e re
quire
d st
orag
e w
ould
be
150
m3 . T
his c
ould
be
com
bine
d w
ith a
wat
er d
istri
butio
n fa
cilit
y (1
.1.1
.2.5
).
The
stor
age
of w
ater
for i
rrig
atio
n w
ould
be
3,20
0 –
5,00
0 m
3 . Thi
s is m
ost l
ikel
y no
t po
ssib
le in
a c
lose
d st
orag
e fa
cilit
y, b
ut w
ould
requ
ire a
stor
age
pond
. Thi
s will
how
ever
cr
eate
wat
er lo
ss d
ue to
eva
pora
tion.
The
dee
per t
he p
ond,
the
low
er th
e lo
ss w
ill b
e. B
y dr
aini
ng th
e go
lf co
urse
, exc
ess i
rrig
atio
n w
ater
can
be
retu
rned
to th
e po
nd, m
akin
g su
re
no w
ater
is lo
st.
The
grey
wat
er fr
om th
e sh
ower
s and
sink
and
the
rain
wat
er fr
om th
e ro
ofs w
ould
nee
d to
be
stor
ed a
s wel
l. Th
is c
an b
e do
ne a
t eac
h of
the
indi
vidu
al b
uild
ings
, for
exa
mpl
e in
a
cist
ern
unde
r the
bui
ldin
g.
Wat
er st
orag
e C
reat
ing
any
form
of o
pen
wat
er st
orag
e w
ill
mea
n a
lot o
f los
s due
to e
vapo
ratio
n. T
he y
early
av
erag
e ev
apor
atio
n is
aro
und
2,16
0 m
m. T
his
mea
ns th
at th
e le
ss w
ater
surf
ace
ther
e is
, the
be
tter.
Wat
er st
orag
e po
nds s
houl
d th
eref
ore
be
crea
ted
as d
eep
as p
ossi
ble,
to g
et th
e m
ost
amou
nt o
f sto
rage
with
the
leas
t am
ount
of w
ater
su
rfac
e.
1.1.
1.2.
5 W
ater
dis
trib
utio
n Th
e R
O-p
lant
will
mos
t lik
ely
be c
onst
ruct
ed o
n Ze
elan
dia,
to b
e ne
ar th
e go
lf co
urse
, as
this
is th
e bi
gges
t wat
er u
ser.
This
mea
ns th
at a
rela
tivel
y sm
all a
mou
nt o
f the
wat
er n
eeds
to
be
pum
ped
to V
enus
Bay
. The
wat
er p
ipe
coul
d ei
ther
be
cons
truct
ed o
ver,
thro
ugh
or
arou
nd (v
ia th
e ea
ster
n si
de) t
he m
ount
ain
betw
een
Zeel
andi
a an
d V
enus
Bay
. Cre
atin
g a
stor
age
tank
for t
he p
otab
le w
ater
som
ewhe
re u
p th
e hi
ll at
Ven
us B
ay w
ill m
ake
sure
that
th
e di
strib
utio
n of
wat
er o
n th
at si
de c
an b
e on
a fr
ee fl
ow b
asis
, due
to g
ravi
ty. T
he o
nly
pum
ps re
quire
d co
uld
be la
rge
pum
ps tr
ansp
ortin
g th
e w
ater
to V
enus
Bay
. By
usin
g a
few
larg
e pu
mps
inst
ead
of m
any
smal
l one
s ele
ctric
ity c
an b
e sa
ved.
A
t the
Zee
land
ia si
de p
umps
will
be
requ
ired
to d
istri
bute
the
wat
er a
cros
s the
gol
f
Miti
gatio
n w
ater
dis
trib
utio
n ef
fect
s It
will
not
be
viab
le to
hav
e a
RO
-pla
nt o
n bo
th
the
Zeel
andi
a an
d V
enus
Bay
side
. The
refo
re th
e w
ater
will
hav
e to
be
pum
ped
to V
enus
Bay
. B
ecau
se th
e am
ount
of w
ater
nee
ded
at th
e Ze
elan
dia
(gol
f cou
rse)
side
is m
uch
larg
er, t
he
RO
-pla
nt sh
ould
be
plac
ed h
ere.
Thi
s will
save
on
the
amou
nt o
f wat
er th
at h
as to
be
trans
porte
d.
The
wat
er in
Ven
us B
ay sh
ould
be
stor
ed a
t lea
st
32
cour
se. S
ince
the
elec
trici
ty u
sage
s of p
umps
dep
ends
hig
hly
on th
e he
ight
, the
dis
tanc
e an
d th
e pr
essu
re th
ey h
ave
to p
rovi
de, n
o in
dica
tion
can
be g
iven
abo
ut th
eir p
ower
use
. Im
pact
: •
2 Jo
bs
10m
abo
ve th
e hi
ghes
t fac
ility
ther
e, th
is w
ay th
e w
ater
dis
tribu
tion
at V
enus
Bay
can
be
a fr
ee fl
ow
syst
em. N
o pu
mps
will
be
requ
ired
in th
at c
ase.
1.1.
1.3
Prov
ide
med
ical
se
rvic
e Th
e in
form
atio
n ab
out t
he h
ospi
tal h
as b
een
gath
ered
from
inte
rvie
ws w
ith M
r. O
dong
o,
gene
ral p
ract
ition
er a
nd M
rs. M
. Pan
toph
let,
the
hosp
itals
hea
d nu
rse.
The
Hos
pita
l cu
rren
tly h
as 2
0 be
ds. W
hen
need
ed it
can
han
dle
at m
axim
um 3
0 be
ds, b
ut n
ot
sust
aina
bly.
The
re a
re tw
o ge
nera
l pra
ctiti
oner
s, a
derm
atol
ogic
and
a d
entis
t. Th
ere
are
no su
rgeo
ns o
r spe
cial
ists
(oth
er th
en th
e de
rmat
olog
ist)
and
ther
efor
e a
pers
on th
at n
eeds
su
rger
y w
ill n
eed
to b
e m
oved
to S
t Maa
rten,
or i
n se
vere
cas
es e
ven
to C
urac
ao.
N
orm
ally
a p
erso
n th
at n
eeds
a sp
ecia
list c
an tr
avel
to S
t. M
aarte
n or
St.
Kitt
s by
plan
e. In
ur
gent
cas
es th
ere
is th
e po
ssib
ility
to c
all W
inai
r and
get
them
to se
nd a
pla
ne to
fly
a pe
rson
to th
e ho
spita
l. It
is a
lso
poss
ible
to g
et th
e m
edic
al a
irlift
serv
ice,
but
this
is o
nly
for u
rgen
t cas
es th
at n
eed
to g
et sp
ecia
l tre
atm
ent i
n C
urac
ao, o
r in
case
of (
Am
eric
an)
tour
ists
, pro
babl
y Sa
n Ju
an. A
t the
mom
ent t
hese
spec
ial f
light
s hap
pen
a fe
w ti
mes
per
m
onth
. In
crea
sing
the
num
ber o
f per
sons
on
the
isla
nd w
ith a
bout
1,0
00, t
o 4,
100,
will
not
aff
ect
the
hosp
ital m
uch.
Cur
rent
ly th
ere
is o
verc
apac
ity in
the
num
ber o
f doc
tors
and
the
num
ber o
f bed
s ava
ilabl
e.
Impa
ct:
• St
atis
tical
incr
ease
of t
he m
edic
al fl
ight
s by
Win
air o
r by
the
med
ical
airl
ift se
rvic
e to
ar
ound
3 ti
mes
per
mon
th. I
ncre
ase
in ‘h
ospi
tal’
pass
enge
rs o
n no
rmal
flig
hts,
alth
ough
it is
har
d to
est
imat
e by
how
man
y.
• Th
e ho
spita
l is e
xpec
ted
to g
ener
ate
a la
rger
inco
me;
due
to a
stat
istic
al c
erta
in
incr
ease
in p
atie
nts.
Med
ical
car
e Th
ere
will
be
an in
crea
sed
dem
and
for m
edic
al
care
, how
ever
this
can
be
abso
rbed
with
the
curr
ent c
apac
ity.
It is
not
via
ble
to o
ffer
surg
ery
on S
t. Eu
stat
ius,
not e
ven
with
the
incr
ease
d nu
mbe
r of r
esid
ents
on
the
isla
nd.
1.1.
1.3.
1 D
octo
rs o
ffic
e C
urre
ntly
ther
e ar
e tw
o ge
nera
l pra
ctiti
oner
s, a
derm
atol
ogis
t and
den
tists
on
the
isla
nd.
This
is a
n ov
erca
paci
ty; n
o ad
ditio
nal p
erso
ns a
re n
eede
d w
hen
the
num
ber o
f peo
ple
on
the
isla
nd in
crea
ses b
y a
1,00
0.
In ti
mes
of n
eed
(for
exa
mpl
e in
the
case
a h
urric
ane
wou
ld h
it th
e is
land
), th
e ho
spita
l ca
n re
ly o
n th
e he
lp o
f the
med
ical
scho
ol, w
hich
add
s at l
east
12
doct
ors.
Som
e of
the
33
stud
ents
are
trai
ned
nurs
es, w
hich
can
als
o he
lp in
the
case
of e
mer
genc
ies.
Impa
ct:
• N
one
1.
1.1.
3.2
Oth
er h
ospi
tal
agre
emen
ts a
nd
tran
spor
t
For s
urge
ry a
nd sp
ecifi
c m
edic
al c
are
patie
nts a
re se
nd to
the
hosp
ital i
n St
. Maa
rten
and
even
to C
urac
ao, o
r in
case
of (
Am
eric
an) t
ouris
ts p
roba
bly
San
Juan
. In
non-
urge
nt c
ases
th
ey c
an ta
ke th
e sc
hedu
led
fligh
ts. I
n ur
gent
ther
e ar
e ar
rang
emen
ts w
ith W
inai
r to
prov
ide
at h
oc m
edic
al fl
ight
s. Th
e sa
me
agre
emen
ts e
xist
with
a sp
ecia
l med
ical
airl
ift
unit
in c
ase
of tr
ansp
ort t
o C
urac
ao. A
t the
mom
ent t
he u
rgen
t flig
hts t
ake
plac
e 1
or 2
tim
es a
mon
th. W
ith a
pop
ulat
ion
incr
ease
of 3
3%, t
his c
an b
e as
sum
ed to
incr
ease
by
1 to
3
times
a m
onth
. Im
pact
: •
Stat
istic
al in
crea
se o
f the
med
ical
flig
hts b
y W
inai
r or b
y th
e m
edic
al a
irlift
serv
ice
to
arou
nd 3
tim
es p
er m
onth
.
Incr
ease
d m
edic
al fl
ight
s N
ot si
gnifi
cant
, no
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d
1.1.
1.4
Off
er ta
xi/ s
hutt
le
serv
ice
The
taxi
/ shu
ttle
serv
ice
was
alre
ady
incl
uded
in 1
.1.2
.2.6
. Se
e 1.
1.2.
2.6
1.1.
1.5
Tel
ecom
mun
icat
ion
infr
astr
uctu
re
The
follo
win
g in
form
atio
n w
as p
rovi
ded
by M
r. G
. Ber
kel,
man
agin
g di
rect
or o
f Eut
el,
whi
ch p
rovi
des t
he te
leph
one
and
inte
rnet
serv
ice
on th
e is
land
. Due
to th
e na
ture
of t
he
tele
com
mun
icat
ion
busi
ness
, the
y al
read
y ha
ve m
ost o
f the
equ
ipm
ent n
eces
sary
to
expa
nd. T
here
wou
ld b
e a
30 –
40%
gro
wth
in th
e nu
mbe
r of f
ixed
pho
ne c
onne
ctio
ns.
The
num
ber o
f mob
ile c
onne
ctio
ns w
ould
mos
t lik
ely
also
incr
ease
sign
ifica
ntly
, alth
ough
it
is h
ard
to e
stim
ate
by h
ow m
any.
Eu
tel c
an fi
nanc
e th
e in
fras
truct
ure
for t
he re
quire
d ex
pans
ion.
It w
ould
mos
t pro
babl
y co
nsis
t of a
wire
less
con
nect
ion
betw
een
Ven
us B
ay a
nd E
utel
, as c
able
s wou
ld b
e m
ore
cost
ly.
Ther
e ar
e no
exp
ecte
d pr
oble
ms i
n ei
ther
mee
ting
dem
and
for h
igh-
spee
d in
tern
et a
cces
s or
the
incr
ease
in m
obile
or f
ixed
tele
phon
es. F
or h
igh
spee
d in
tern
et th
ere
is a
n al
tern
ativ
e in
get
ting
sate
llite
inte
rnet
. To
get t
he c
ontra
ct fo
r the
gol
f res
ort E
utel
will
ha
ve to
look
into
off
erin
g fa
ster
inte
rnet
and
hig
her r
elia
bilit
y.
To p
rovi
de se
rvic
e, e
spec
ially
for t
he in
tern
et c
onne
ctio
ns, a
t lea
st o
ne a
dditi
onal
job
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d.
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d.
34
Impa
ct:
• 1
Job
(at l
east
) •
Incr
ease
inco
me
Eute
l
1.1.
1.6
Prov
ide
harb
our
faci
litie
s A
ccor
ding
to M
r. M
. Gitt
ens,
the
harb
our e
xecu
tive,
the
harb
our w
ill n
ot b
e si
gnifi
cant
ly
affe
cted
by
the
cons
truct
ion
of a
reso
rt. W
ith th
e cu
rren
t fac
ilitie
s the
har
bour
can
han
dle
even
a 5
0 or
60%
incr
ease
in c
argo
. The
har
bour
can
als
o ta
ke p
asse
nger
traf
fic.
Ther
e ar
e pl
ans t
o pr
ivat
ize
the
harb
our a
nd to
exp
end
the
pier
and
incr
ease
the
wat
er
dept
h to
allo
w la
rger
boa
ts. T
here
are
als
o pl
ans f
or a
mar
ina
for u
p to
80
yach
ts;
inve
stor
s how
ever
are
nee
ded
to e
xecu
te th
is p
lan.
The
exp
ansi
on o
f the
pie
r will
allo
w
smal
ler c
ruis
e sh
ips (
up to
450
– 5
00 p
asse
nger
s) to
doc
k.
Plan
s als
o ex
ist f
or a
sche
dule
d m
ixed
frei
ght a
nd c
argo
serv
ice
to S
aba,
St.
Kitt
s and
St.
Maa
rten,
usi
ng b
oats
that
can
hol
d ar
ound
80
pass
enge
rs a
nd 1
0 co
ntai
ners
and
wou
ld b
e ab
le to
trav
el fr
om S
t Maa
rten
to S
t. Eu
stat
ius i
n ab
out 1
hr a
nd 3
0min
s. B
y pr
ovid
ing
a co
mfo
rtabl
e bo
at se
rvic
e, th
e pr
oble
m th
at th
e co
mfo
rt of
the
Win
air a
ircra
ft m
ay p
ose
will
be
miti
gate
d. (A
lso
see
1.0)
Th
e pr
ivat
izat
ion
of th
e ha
rbou
r, ex
pans
ions
of t
he p
ier,
cons
truct
ion
of a
dditi
onal
br
eakw
ater
s and
a m
arin
a as
wel
l as t
he b
oat s
ervi
ce a
re a
ll pr
ojec
ts th
at a
re b
eing
wor
ked
on a
lread
y. T
hey
will
hav
e a
bene
ficia
l im
pact
on
the
reso
rt, b
ut a
re n
ot c
onst
ruct
ed
beca
use
of it
. Th
e im
pact
of t
he re
sort
on th
e ha
rbou
r is t
here
fore
lim
ited
to a
n in
crea
se in
inco
me
due
to m
oorin
g ch
arge
s and
car
go c
harg
es.
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d.
1.1.
2 In
crea
se fa
cilit
ies
In to
tal t
he la
nd u
se w
ill b
e 80
0,00
0 m
2 . The
who
le is
land
has
a la
nd su
rfac
e of
21
,000
,000
m2 . T
his i
nclu
des t
he Q
uill
and
the
north
ern
sub
sect
or. W
ith th
e co
nstru
ctio
n of
the
golf
reso
rt, a
larg
e ar
ea o
f lan
d th
at c
an a
lso
be u
sed
for d
iffer
ent p
urpo
ses i
s th
eref
ore
take
n aw
ay.
Nex
t to
the
land
it o
ccup
ies,
the
golf
reso
rt w
ill a
lso
use
the
pass
bet
wee
n Ze
elan
dia
and
Ven
us B
ay. T
his i
s cur
rent
ly th
e on
ly w
ay to
go
to th
e no
rther
n pa
rt of
the
isla
nd. B
y re
stric
ting
acce
ss to
this
pas
s, ef
fect
ivel
y th
e w
hole
nor
ther
n pa
rt of
the
isla
nds b
ecom
es
inac
cess
ible
for n
on-g
uest
s of t
he g
olf r
esor
t.
Land
use
Th
e am
ount
of l
and
occu
pied
by
the
reso
rt is
si
gnifi
cant
, but
can
not b
e m
itiga
ted.
Th
e no
rther
n su
b-se
ctor
shou
ld b
e ke
pt re
acha
ble.
Th
is c
an b
e do
ne b
y cr
eatin
g a
new
rout
e ov
er th
e hi
lls, o
r allo
win
g ev
eryb
ody
to e
nter
the
pass
be
twee
n V
enus
Bay
and
Zee
land
ia a
nd th
us th
e gr
ound
s of t
he g
olf r
esor
t.
35
The
effe
cts w
ill n
ot st
art w
ith th
e op
enin
g of
the
reso
rt; th
ey w
ill a
lread
y st
art i
n th
e co
nstru
ctio
n ph
ase.
Alre
ady
at th
is p
oint
jobs
will
be
crea
ted
and
taxe
s inc
omes
for t
he
gove
rnm
ent w
ill st
art t
o ar
rive.
Con
stru
ctio
n ca
n po
tent
ially
hav
e si
gnifi
cant
eff
ects
, for
ex
ampl
e in
the
requ
ired
hous
ing,
the
inco
me
gene
rate
d an
d tra
nspo
rt an
d hi
ndra
nce.
For
th
is re
ason
it sh
ould
be
revi
ewed
for i
t’s im
pact
. The
low
er le
vel s
yste
m so
lutio
n co
nstru
ctio
n (1
.1.2
.2.8
) was
add
ed fo
r thi
s rea
son.
W
ith 6
0% o
ccup
ancy
ther
e w
ill b
e an
ave
rage
332
tour
ists
stay
ing
at th
e re
sort.
Nex
t to
spen
ding
mon
ey o
n th
e re
sort,
they
can
pot
entia
lly a
lso
be a
sour
ce o
f inc
ome
for o
ther
bu
sine
sses
on
the
isla
nd. A
dditi
onal
faci
litie
s will
hav
e to
be
crea
ted
for t
his t
houg
h. A
t th
e m
omen
t the
re a
re a
few
rest
aura
nts,
but t
hey
may
not
hav
e th
e qu
ality
an
upsc
ale
tour
ists
exp
ects
or w
ill b
e ab
le to
get
in th
e re
sort.
Div
ing
may
be
the
only
act
ivity
that
w
ould
attr
act t
hese
tour
ists
. By
impr
ovin
g th
e qu
ality
of c
urre
nt fa
cilit
ies a
nd o
ffer
ing
new
one
s aim
ed a
t the
ups
cale
tour
ists
, lik
e bo
at to
urs a
nd g
uide
d hi
kes t
o th
e Q
uill
addi
tiona
l inc
ome
can
be g
ener
ated
and
jobs
cre
ated
. Im
pact
: •
Gue
st: 5
52
• Jo
bs: 5
14
• W
ater
requ
irem
ent:
• Po
tabl
e w
ater
: 74.
2 m
3 / da
y •
Gra
y: 3
7 m
3 / da
y •
Irrig
atio
n: 5
76 m
3 / da
y •
Ener
gy
• To
tal:
26,8
98 k
Wh/
day
•
Airl
ift: 8
5 pa
ssen
gers
per
day
(cou
ntin
g bo
th d
irect
ions
) •
Was
tew
ater
•
Gre
y: 7
0.9
m3 /
day
• B
lack
: 40.
4 m
3 / da
y •
Solid
was
te
• To
tal w
aste
: 1,1
06 m
3 / ye
ar
• Sp
ace
• To
tal b
uild
: 248
,855
m2
• To
tal l
and
use:
800
,000
m2
Add
ition
al e
ffec
t tou
rism
C
urre
ntly
the
isla
nd is
not
orie
nted
to u
p-cl
ass
tour
ism
. The
re a
re n
o ot
her s
peci
fic fa
cilit
ies o
r se
rvic
es fo
r thi
s gro
up. B
y no
t hav
ing
any
faci
litie
s for
thes
e pe
ople
, lik
e a
coup
le o
f goo
d re
stau
rant
s, gu
ided
tour
s, bo
at re
ntal
, boa
t tou
rs,
etc,
add
ition
al m
oney
that
can
pot
entia
lly b
e ob
tain
ed w
ill b
e w
aste
d. S
o to
miti
gate
this
eff
ect,
addi
tiona
l tou
rism
faci
litie
s, fo
r exa
mpl
e th
ose
prev
ious
ly m
entio
ned,
shou
ld b
e cr
eate
d.
1.1.
2.1
Bea
ch
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
tour
ism
dev
elop
men
t org
aniz
atio
n, n
ot h
avin
g a
clea
n, w
hite
, lar
ge
beac
h w
ith th
e ab
ility
to sw
im in
the
sea
puts
St E
usta
tius a
t a d
isad
vant
age
com
pare
d to
U
sing
Zee
land
ia b
eech
Th
e po
tent
ial n
egat
ive
impa
ct o
f usi
ng th
e be
ach
36
the
othe
r isl
ands
with
reso
rts. S
TEN
APA
is w
orki
ng o
n a
beac
h pr
ojec
t on
the
Car
ibbe
an
side
of t
he is
land
. Whe
n re
aliz
ed (c
urre
ntly
the
star
t of t
his p
roje
ct, a
ccor
ding
to
STEN
APA
, is p
lann
ed fo
r 200
6) th
is b
each
will
be
loca
ted
appr
oxim
atel
y 4k
m fr
om th
e re
sort.
The
bea
ch is
con
stru
cted
usi
ng a
pro
cedu
re c
alle
d “r
eef b
all”
, whe
reby
hol
low
co
ncre
te “
balls
”, w
ith o
peni
ngs a
re p
ut in
the
ocea
n, fo
rmin
g un
derw
ater
dam
s. C
oral
and
ot
her s
ea li
fe w
ill g
row
on
thes
e ba
lls. T
he a
lso
bloc
k or
dim
inis
h th
e cu
rren
t and
wav
es,
prev
entin
g be
ach
corr
osio
n an
d ac
tual
ly a
llow
ing
the
beac
h to
gro
w.
Acc
ordi
ng to
STE
NA
PA th
e re
ef b
alls
wou
ld a
lso
be a
n ex
celle
nt so
lutio
n fo
r cre
atin
g a
usab
le b
each
at Z
eela
ndia
. Nex
t to
mak
ing
sure
that
swim
min
g w
ill b
ecom
e po
ssib
le, d
ue
to a
dim
inis
hed
unde
rtow
, the
bea
ch w
ill g
row
in si
ze d
ue to
dec
reas
ed e
rosi
on. N
ext t
o th
e re
ef b
alls
to st
op th
e un
derto
w a
nd e
rosi
on fr
om th
e se
asid
e, th
e w
ater
com
ing
from
Ze
elan
dia
shou
ld a
lso
be c
olle
cted
bef
ore
reac
hing
the
sea.
It c
an th
en b
e us
ed fo
r irr
igat
ion
purp
oses
for t
he g
olf c
ours
e an
d w
ill a
t the
sam
e tim
e st
op e
rosi
on o
f the
bea
ch
from
the
land
side
, whi
ch c
urre
ntly
this
is a
big
pro
blem
. Nex
t to
the
Zeel
andi
a ar
ea, t
he
met
hod
can
also
be
used
at V
enus
Bay
for t
he c
reat
ion
of a
bea
ch.
Nes
tling
sea
turtl
es a
re u
sing
the
beac
h at
Zee
land
ia b
ut th
ese
only
com
e on
shor
e du
ring
the
nigh
t, m
ore
abou
t thi
s at s
ectio
n 2.
1.
Life
guar
d se
rvic
e sh
ould
be
offe
red
at a
ny b
each
that
the
reso
rt ad
vise
s to
its g
uest
. 4
Life
guar
ds w
ould
be
suff
icie
nt.
Impa
ct:
• C
ompe
titiv
e co
nstra
int l
ifted
by
crea
tion
of b
each
on
reso
rt, b
each
will
gro
w in
size
so
me
50ft
(15m
) due
to lo
wer
ero
sion
. •
4 Jo
bs a
s life
guar
d •
Coa
stal
pro
tect
ion
by p
reve
ntin
g er
osio
n.
• C
olle
ctin
g ra
inw
ater
from
the
hills
and
the
Zeel
andi
a ar
ea w
ill st
op e
rosi
on o
f the
be
ach
from
the
land
side
and
it c
an b
e us
ed a
s sou
rce
of ir
rigat
ion
wat
er.
can
be th
e lit
terin
g. In
stal
ling
som
e lit
terb
ins o
n th
e be
ach
and
putti
ng u
p si
gns t
o ex
plai
n w
hy it
is
impo
rtant
not
to li
tter c
an re
duce
the
amou
nt o
f lit
terin
g. T
o m
aint
ain
a cl
ean
beac
h fo
r the
gue
sts
it is
als
o im
porta
nt to
redu
ce ru
bble
on
the
beac
h,
whi
ch m
eans
it is
just
as m
uch
in th
e in
tere
st o
f th
e re
sort
as it
is to
STE
NA
PA a
nd th
e se
a tu
rtles
to
kee
p th
e be
ach
clea
n.
By
not h
avin
g th
e be
ach
lit a
t nig
ht, p
eopl
e ar
e di
scou
rage
d to
go
to th
e be
ach
at th
at ti
me.
Thi
s w
ill a
lso
prev
ent y
oung
turtl
es to
go
inla
nd in
stea
d of
into
the
sea
whe
n ha
tchi
ng.
By
catc
hing
inla
nd w
ater
for i
rrig
atio
n us
e, b
efor
e it
reac
hes t
he b
each
, les
s RO
-wat
er is
nee
ded
and
the
beac
h er
osio
n w
ill b
e gr
eatly
redu
ced.
1.1.
2.2
Gol
f res
ort 5
-sta
r+
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
tour
ist o
ffic
e a
reso
rt sh
ould
off
er fa
cilit
ies f
or B
usin
ess o
r wed
ding
re
cept
ions
. Com
para
ble
reso
rts h
ave
mee
ting
room
s with
size
s bet
wee
n 67
m2 a
nd 3
20m
2 . To
tal f
loor
surf
ace
of th
e ro
oms i
s 1,1
60m
2 N
ext t
o th
e gi
ven
surf
aces
, a g
olf r
esor
t sho
uld
be lo
cate
d in
a la
ndsc
aped
are
a. T
here
sh
ould
be
a pa
rk li
ke a
rea,
whe
re p
ossi
ble
usin
g as
muc
h of
the
curr
ent n
atur
e as
Acc
essi
bilit
y no
rthe
rn su
b se
ctor
Th
e no
rther
n pa
rt of
the
isla
nd sh
ould
rem
ain
reac
habl
e. If
the
curr
ent t
rail
is to
be
used
for t
he
golf
cour
se a
nd w
ill b
e bl
ocke
d fo
r pub
lic u
se, a
ne
w tr
ail h
as to
be
cons
truct
ed. T
he a
cces
s to
the
north
ern
part
of th
e is
land
is c
urre
ntly
a fo
otpa
th;
37
poss
ible
. The
tota
l are
a of
the
golf
reso
rt w
ill b
e ar
ound
80
hect
ares
, whi
ch m
eans
a
land
scap
ed a
rea
of a
bout
55
hect
ares
. Th
e go
lf co
urse
will
use
mos
t of t
he A
rea
of V
enus
Bay
and
Zee
land
ia. S
ince
Val
ero,
the
oil t
rans
hipm
ent a
nd st
orag
e co
mpa
ny, o
wns
the
north
wes
tern
side
of t
he is
land
, the
trai
l fr
om Z
eela
ndia
to V
enus
Bay
and
bey
ond,
is c
urre
ntly
the
only
pub
lic w
ay to
get
to th
e no
rther
n pa
rt of
the
isla
nd. W
hen
the
golf
reso
rt is
cre
ated
, thi
s pas
sage
will
mos
t lik
ely
be m
ade
priv
ate
and
part
of th
e re
sort.
Thi
s wou
ld e
ffec
tivel
y bl
ock
acce
ss to
the
north
ern
part
of th
e is
land
for n
on-g
uest
s of t
he re
sort.
A
t a 6
0% o
ccup
ancy
rate
, the
num
ber o
f dep
artin
g pa
ssen
gers
will
be
arou
nd 2
6 ea
ch
day.
The
y w
ill h
ave
to p
ay a
dep
artu
re ta
x at
the
airp
ort.
If a
ssum
ed th
at h
alf w
ill ta
ke th
e fli
ght v
ia S
an Ju
an (U
S$ 1
2) a
nd h
alf v
ia S
t Maa
rten
(US$
5.6
5) th
en th
e da
ily in
com
e w
ill b
e U
S$ 2
29.5
, the
yea
rly in
com
e is
ther
efor
e U
S$ 8
3,75
0.
Impa
ct:
• G
uest
: 552
•
Jobs
: 510
•
Wat
er re
quire
men
t: •
Pota
ble
wat
er: 7
4.2
m3 /
day
• G
ray:
109
.3 m
3 / da
y •
Irrig
atio
n: 5
76 m
3 / da
y •
Ener
gy
• St
ayin
g ac
com
mod
atio
ns: 1
5,82
4 kW
h/ d
ay (i
nclu
des t
enni
s cou
rt, sp
a an
d po
ol
and
at 7
0% o
ccup
ancy
) •
Cat
erin
g fa
cilit
ies:
1,3
18 k
Wh/
day
•
Tran
spor
tatio
n: 4
14.9
kW
h/ d
ay
• R
ever
se O
smos
is p
lant
: 2,5
33 k
Wh/
day
•
Tota
l: 20
,090
kW
h/ d
ay
• A
irpor
t: •
92 p
asse
nger
s per
day
(cou
ntin
g bo
th d
irect
ions
) •
Airp
ort i
ncom
e in
crea
ses b
y U
S$ 8
3,75
0 pe
r yea
r (A
t 60%
occ
upan
cy ra
te o
f the
re
sort)
•
Was
tew
ater
•
Gre
y: 7
0.9
m3 /
day
• B
lack
: 37
m3 /
day
• So
lid w
aste
a si
mila
r typ
e of
trai
l wou
ld b
e re
quire
d.
38
• St
ayin
g ac
com
mod
atio
n: 8
47.7
m3 /
year
•
Res
taur
ant:
258
m3 /
year
•
Tota
l was
te: 1
,105
,7 m
3 / ye
ar
• Sp
ace
• M
eetin
g ro
oms:
1,1
60 m
2 •
Stay
ing
acco
mm
odat
ions
: 12,
270
m2
• Te
nnis
cou
rt: 1
,325
m2
• Po
ol: 5
00 m
2 •
Spa:
600
m2
• G
olf c
ours
e: 2
01,5
00 m
2 •
Tran
spor
tatio
n: 4
0,00
0 m
2 •
Res
taur
ants
: 1,8
00 m
2 •
Tota
l bui
ld: 2
58,8
55 m
2 •
Tota
l gol
f res
ort:
800,
000
m2
1.
1.2.
2.4
Stay
ing
acco
mm
odat
ion
Acc
ordi
ng to
STE
BA
and
a c
ompa
rison
with
sim
ilar r
esor
ts, t
here
is a
requ
irem
ent f
or
high
spee
d in
tern
et, p
roba
bly
wire
less
and
a p
hone
con
nect
ion
to th
e re
sort.
The
sam
e se
rvic
es w
ill a
lso
be n
eede
d fo
r the
add
ition
al h
ouse
s. Th
e fu
nctio
n “p
rovi
de
tele
com
mun
icat
ion”
(0.6
.1.3
) was
add
ed a
s res
ult o
f thi
s req
uire
men
t. Th
is fu
nctio
n re
sulte
d in
the
syst
em so
lutio
n ‘te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n in
fras
truct
ure’
, whi
ch w
as in
clud
ed a
s 1.
1.1.
5 an
d fu
rther
exa
min
es th
e ef
fect
s of t
his r
equi
rem
ent.
Impa
ct:
• 29
4 Jo
bs
• 55
2 gu
est (
max
imum
) •
Dai
ly w
ater
requ
irem
ents
; pot
able
: 34.
5, g
rey:
23.
2 m
3 •
Dai
ly w
aste
wat
er p
rodu
ctio
n; g
rey:
33.
2, b
lack
: 24.
4 m
3 •
The
aver
age
hote
l has
an
elec
trici
ty u
se o
f 41
kWh,
per
gue
st, p
er n
ight
. With
552
be
ds, t
he h
otel
wou
ld th
eref
ore
use
22,6
32 k
Wh
per d
ay [I
L4].
At a
mor
e re
alis
tic
70%
occ
upan
cy, t
he e
lect
ricity
usa
ge w
ould
be
15,8
42 k
Wh
per d
ay.
• Sp
ace
used
: 12,
270m
2 . •
Airl
ift g
ener
ated
is a
ppro
xim
atel
y 46
pas
seng
ers p
er d
irect
ion
per d
ay (a
vera
ge, s
ome
days
will
be
busi
er th
en o
ther
s).
• So
lid w
aste
: 1,1
05.7
m3 / y
ear.
• N
eed
for h
igh-
spee
d In
tern
et a
nd p
hone
con
nect
ions
.
Ele
ctri
city
Th
e el
ectri
city
usa
ge o
f a re
sort
is v
ery
high
. Par
t of
this
will
be
caus
ed b
y bo
ilers
, whi
ch a
re
heat
ing
the
wat
er fo
r the
tap
or th
e sh
ower
. The
la
rges
t am
ount
of w
ater
to b
e he
ated
will
be
show
er w
ater
. Thi
s wat
er d
oes n
ot h
ave
to b
e bo
iling
hot
, mos
t peo
ple
will
take
a sh
ower
with
w
ater
no
war
mer
then
aro
und
40 d
egre
es a
t mos
t. To
save
on
elec
trici
ty, a
sola
r boi
ler c
ould
pro
vide
th
e w
ater
for t
he sh
ower
. A 9
m2 c
atch
men
t are
a so
lar b
oile
r cos
ts a
bout
US$
12,
250
to in
stal
l [I
L5].
In th
e N
ethe
rland
s suc
h a
syst
em c
an sa
ve
arou
nd 3
500
– 40
00kW
h/ y
ear o
n el
ectri
city
per
on
e fa
mily
hou
seho
ld [I
L6],
or o
n av
erag
e 4
pers
ons.
With
552
gue
sts i
n th
e re
sort,
this
com
es
dow
n, a
ssum
ing
the
low
er n
umbe
r of 3
500k
wh/
ye
ar o
n a
483,
000k
Wh
savi
ng p
er y
ear.
This
m
eans
tota
l ele
ctric
ity sa
ving
s of a
bout
NA
F. U
S$
972,
222.
The
tota
l cos
t of i
nsta
lling
wat
er b
oile
rs
wou
ld b
e U
S$ 1
.7 m
illio
n. T
hat m
akes
the
use
of
sola
r boi
lers
hav
e a
retu
rn o
n in
vest
men
t tim
e of
le
ss th
an tw
o ye
ars.
39
Ano
ther
maj
or p
art o
f the
ele
ctric
ity is
con
sum
ed
by A
ir C
ondi
tioni
ng. D
urin
g m
ost t
imes
of t
he
year
this
is h
owev
er re
quire
d an
d th
e el
ectri
city
us
age
for t
his c
anno
t be
miti
gate
d.
1.
1.2.
2.4.
1 5-
star
+ ho
tel
A 5
star
hot
el n
eeds
to h
ave
a re
cept
ion,
with
an
offic
e. It
nee
ds to
be
clea
ned
and
mai
ntai
ned.
The
re sh
ould
be
a te
chni
cal s
ervi
ce to
solv
e te
chni
cal p
robl
ems.
The
hote
l w
ill h
ave
a m
axim
um o
f 2 st
orie
s and
will
mos
t lik
ely
cons
ist o
ut o
f sm
alle
r bui
ldin
gs th
at
are
spre
ad o
ut o
ver t
he g
roun
ds o
f the
reso
rt. A
5 st
ar h
otel
shou
ld o
ffer
gue
st th
e op
tion
of d
inin
g in
the
room
and
hav
e a
pers
onal
ass
ista
nt d
urin
g th
eir s
tay.
In
tota
l the
re is
a d
eman
d fo
r 156
room
s, w
hich
com
es d
own
to a
max
imum
num
ber o
f gu
est o
f 312
in th
e ho
tel.
For a
luxu
ry h
otel
, the
re sh
ould
be
at th
e ve
ry le
ast,
acco
rdin
g to
th
e to
uris
t off
ice,
1.5
per
sons
per
room
staf
f. Th
is c
omes
dow
n to
a 2
34 p
eopl
e st
aff.
W
ith a
n av
erag
e st
ayin
g pe
riod
of 1
.5 w
eeks
(1 w
eek
for t
he A
mer
ican
s, tw
o w
eeks
for
the
Euro
pean
s), t
he re
quire
d av
erag
e ai
rlift
can
be c
alcu
late
d by
div
idin
g th
e to
tal n
umbe
r of
gue
st (3
12) b
y th
e nu
mbe
r of d
ays.
1.5
wee
ks is
10.
5 da
ys, 3
12/ 1
0.5
= 29
.7
pass
enge
rs. S
ince
the
gues
ts th
at a
re le
avin
g ar
e be
ing
repl
aced
with
new
gue
st, t
his
mea
ns 3
0 pa
ssen
ger i
n ea
ch d
irect
ion,
so a
tota
l airl
ift re
quire
men
t of 3
0 ea
ch w
ay, o
r 60
in to
tal.
Th
e gu
ests
in th
e ho
tel w
ill n
eed
wat
er. A
vera
ge w
ater
use
for a
hot
el is
abo
ut 0
.184
m3
/day
per
room
hou
sing
two
pers
ons [
IL7]
. For
156
room
s, th
is m
eans
28.
7 m
3 / d
ay, o
r 28
.7 m
3 . Thi
s can
how
ever
be
divi
ded
in p
otab
le w
ater
and
gre
y w
ater
(not
use
d fo
r co
nsum
ptio
n). O
f the
184
litre
s, 74
l is
use
d fo
r the
toile
t, 37
l fo
r the
tap
and
73 l
for t
he
show
er. S
how
er w
ater
and
wat
er fr
om th
e ta
p sh
ould
be
pota
ble,
to p
reve
nt h
ealth
risk
s. Th
is g
ives
a n
eed
for 1
10 l
of p
otab
le w
ater
per
room
per
day
, or 1
7.2
m3 p
er d
ay in
tota
l. Th
e to
ilet c
an b
e flu
shed
with
less
cle
an w
ater
, thi
s req
uire
s 11.
5 m
3 . Si
nce
only
a v
ery
limite
d am
ount
of w
ater
will
act
ually
be
used
for c
onsu
mpt
ion
(onl
y a
coup
le o
f litr
e), m
ost o
f the
wat
er w
ill b
e le
avin
g th
e ro
om/ h
otel
aga
in a
s was
tew
ater
. Th
e to
ilet w
aste
wat
er h
as to
be
cons
ider
ed b
lack
was
tew
ater
and
will
requ
ire tr
eatm
ent
befo
re it
is d
isch
arge
d. T
he w
aste
wat
er fr
om th
e sh
ower
and
sink
is c
onsi
dere
d to
be
grey
w
aste
wat
er. I
t can
be
re-u
sed
in p
lace
s whe
re n
on-p
otab
le w
ater
is re
quire
d. T
he b
lack
an
d gr
ey w
aste
wat
er th
at is
not
re-u
sed
has t
o be
dis
pose
d of
f in
a su
stai
nabl
e w
ay. T
he
tota
l am
ount
of w
aste
wat
er c
an b
e co
nsid
ered
the
sam
e as
the
amou
nt o
f wat
er th
at c
omes
in
to th
e ro
om, 2
8.7
m3 , t
he b
lack
was
tew
ater
will
be
slig
htly
mor
e th
en th
e w
ater
use
d fo
r
See
1.1.
2.2.
4
40
flush
ing
the
toile
t, ab
out 1
2.3
m3 . T
he g
rey
was
tew
ater
will
be
slig
htly
less
then
the
wat
er
used
for t
he ta
p an
d sh
ower
, abo
ut 1
6.4
m3 .
The
solid
was
te p
rodu
ced
by th
e ho
tel w
ill b
e in
the
orde
r of 4
lb/ro
om/d
ay [I
L8].
With
15
6 ro
oms,
that
mea
ns 2
83kg
per
day
(624
lb/ d
ay).
For a
who
le y
ear t
hat c
omes
dow
n to
10
3,29
5 kg
, or 1
03,3
tons
of s
olid
was
te. H
owev
er h
alf o
f thi
s is a
ttrib
uted
to c
ater
ing,
w
hich
is h
andl
ed in
sect
ion
1.1.
2.2.
7, so
this
leav
es 5
1.7
tons
per
yea
r of s
olid
was
te. O
n av
erag
e an
m3 o
f was
te w
eigh
s abo
ut 2
00 k
g [I
L9].
This
mak
es fo
r a y
early
was
te
prod
uctio
n of
258
m3
The
size
of a
stan
dard
reso
rt ro
om w
ill b
e ar
ound
65
sq m
eter
s. Si
nce
the
hote
l will
mos
t lik
ely
be a
two-
stor
y bu
ildin
g, o
nly
half
of th
e ho
tel r
oom
s tak
e up
gro
und
spac
e. T
he
spac
e ta
ken
ther
efor
e is
156
* 6
5 /2
= 5
,070
m2 .
Impa
ct:
• 23
4 jo
bs
• 31
2 gu
est
• A
irlift
nee
d of
app
roxi
mat
ely
60 p
er d
ay (a
ll ro
oms f
illed
), 30
eac
h w
ay.
• D
aily
wat
er re
quire
men
ts; p
otab
le: 1
7.2
m3 , g
rey:
11.
5 m
3 •
Dai
ly w
aste
wat
er p
rodu
ctio
n; g
rey:
16.
4 m
3 , bla
ck: 1
2.2
m3
• So
lid w
aste
: 258
m3 (5
1.7
ton)
per
yea
r. •
Spac
e ta
ken
is a
roun
d 5,
070
m2 .
1.
1.2.
2.4.
2 5-
star
+ co
ndom
iniu
ms
Con
dom
iniu
ms a
re p
rivat
ely
owne
d vi
llas t
hat,
if th
e ow
ner i
s not
usi
ng it
, are
rent
ed o
ut.
They
will
be
seat
up
to h
ouse
a m
axim
um o
f 6 p
erso
ns e
ach.
The
serv
ice
leve
l is t
he sa
me
as a
hot
el, t
here
fore
a 1
,5 p
erso
n st
aff m
ay b
e as
sum
ed p
er ro
om (1
.5 st
aff p
er ro
om is
a
figur
e su
pplie
d by
the
tour
ism
dev
elop
men
t fou
ndat
ion
as a
n av
erag
e nu
mbe
r). T
his g
ives
a
60 p
erso
n st
aff f
or th
e co
ndom
iniu
ms.
Like
the
hote
l roo
ms,
the
cond
omin
ium
s will
nee
d w
ater
. It i
s ass
umed
that
they
will
use
si
mila
r am
ount
s of w
ater
per
per
son
as th
e ho
tel r
oom
s. Th
ere
are
how
ever
6 p
erso
ns in
on
e ap
artm
ent i
nste
ad o
f 2, w
hich
mak
es 5
52 l
per c
ondo
min
ium
per
day
. Pot
able
wat
er
will
be
110
l per
two
peop
le, m
akin
g 33
0 l p
er d
ay. T
oile
t wat
er w
ill b
e 22
2 l p
er d
ay. T
he
was
tew
ater
is si
mila
r to
the
amou
nt o
f wat
er th
at c
omes
in, 2
37 l
will
go
out a
s bla
ck
was
tew
ater
, 315
l as
gre
y w
aste
wat
er.
At f
ull c
apac
ity th
e co
ndom
iniu
ms c
an h
ouse
240
per
sons
, at a
70%
occ
upan
cy th
is w
ould
See
1.1.
2.2.
4
41
be 1
68. I
f the
y st
ay o
n av
erag
e 1.
5 w
eeks
at a
tim
e, th
e ai
rlift
per d
ay w
ould
be
arou
nd 1
6.
The
villa
’s w
ill h
ave
two
stor
ies a
nd b
e de
tach
ed. T
hey
are
arou
nd 1
80m
2 at g
roun
d le
vel,
with
an
addi
tiona
l 2nd
floo
r of a
bout
the
sam
e si
ze. T
he to
tal s
pace
requ
ired
will
ther
efor
e be
7,2
00m
2 . Th
e co
ndom
iniu
ms w
ill p
rodu
ce so
lid w
aste
. The
pro
duct
ion
will
be
arou
nd 1
,17
tons
/ ap
artm
ent p
er y
ear [
IL10
]. Th
e to
tal w
aste
pro
duct
ion
will
ther
efor
e be
aro
und
46,8
tons
pe
r yea
r. A
ssum
ing
the
sam
e gu
idel
ine
used
in 1
.1.2
.2.4
.1. w
hich
indi
cate
d th
at 2
00kg
eq
uals
an
m3 , t
he w
aste
pro
duct
ion
wou
ld b
e 23
4 m
3 per
yea
r. Im
pact
: •
60 Jo
bs
• 24
0 gu
est (
max
imum
) •
Airl
ift n
eed
of a
ppro
xim
atel
y 16
per
day
(all
room
s fill
ed),
32 c
ount
ing
both
way
s. •
Dai
ly w
ater
requ
irem
ents
; pot
able
: 13
m3 , g
rey:
9 m
3 •
Dai
ly w
aste
wat
er p
rodu
ctio
n; g
rey:
12.
5 m
3 , bla
ck: 9
.5 m
3 •
Spac
e us
ed: 7
,200
m2
• So
lid w
aste
: 240
m3 (3
7 to
n) p
er y
ear.
1.
1.2.
2.3
Ten
nis c
ourt
Th
e jo
b of
look
ing
afte
r the
Cou
rt an
d re
ntin
g ou
t equ
ipm
ent c
an b
e co
mbi
ned.
By
doin
g th
is it
is e
stim
ated
the
tenn
is c
ourt
will
cre
ate
a si
ngle
job.
Dep
endi
ng o
n th
e un
derg
roun
d, it
may
use
a li
mite
d am
ount
of w
ater
. Due
to re
ntin
g ou
t of e
quip
men
t in
com
e m
ay b
e ge
nera
ted.
Im
pact
: •
Smal
l inc
ome
• Sm
all a
mou
nt o
f wat
er
• 2
Jobs
•
1,32
5 m
2
No
sign
ifica
nt im
pact
, no
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d.
1.1.
2.2.
3.1
Cou
rt
Dep
endi
ng o
n th
e un
derg
roun
d th
ere
coul
d be
a li
mite
d am
ount
of w
ater
requ
ired.
A
tenn
is c
ourt
is a
bout
13
by 2
6 m
, so
with
four
cou
rts th
e re
quire
d sp
ace
is 1
,325
m2 . I
t is
nece
ssar
y to
hav
e a
staf
f of a
t lea
st o
ne p
erso
n to
kee
p an
eye
on
thin
gs a
nd to
, als
o th
ere
can
be a
tenn
is te
ache
r giv
ing
less
ons.
See
1.1.
2.2.
3.1
1.1.
2.2.
3.2
Equ
ipm
ent r
ent
Ther
e sh
ould
be
a pl
ace
whe
re te
nnis
nec
essi
ties c
an b
e bo
rrow
ed o
r ren
ted;
a st
aff
See
1.1.
2.2.
3.1
42
mem
ber w
ill b
e ne
eded
for t
his.
1.
1.2.
2.2
Pool
Th
e po
ol it
self
will
hav
e to
be
larg
e, sa
y 25
tim
es 2
0 m
. Yea
rly 9
5% a
ssur
ed ra
infa
ll is
76
4.8
mm
and
the
aver
age
evap
orat
ion
is 2
,190
mm
. Thi
s mea
ns th
at in
a b
ad y
ear,
abou
t 1,4
25 m
m w
ill e
vapo
rate
. With
a su
rfac
e of
25
times
20
m th
is is
713
m3 p
er y
ear,
or o
n av
erag
e 2
m3 p
er d
ay. O
n a
day
with
no
rain
and
hig
h ev
apor
atio
n th
is c
an
how
ever
go
up to
3.5
m3 .
Nex
t to
the
lifeg
uard
, the
re sh
ould
als
o be
one
per
son
that
mai
ntai
ns th
e po
ol a
nd
mai
ntai
ns th
e de
cont
amin
atio
n pl
ant.
Im
pact
•
Ave
rage
wat
er re
quire
men
t: 2
m3 /
day
• M
axim
um w
ater
requ
irem
ent:
3.5
m3 / d
ay
• Si
ze a
ppro
xim
atel
y 25
tim
es 2
0 m
•
Elec
trici
ty:
• Jo
bs: 2
Ther
e is
no
sign
ifica
nt u
se o
f pow
er, w
ater
and
no
sign
ifica
nt n
egat
ive
impa
ct to
be
expe
cted
from
th
e po
ol. N
o m
itiga
tion
is re
quire
d.
1.1.
2.2.
1 Sp
a Th
e Sp
a in
clud
es a
bea
uty
farm
and
fitn
ess c
entre
. The
requ
ired
wat
er a
nd e
lect
ricity
are
no
t sig
nific
ant i
n co
mpa
rison
to th
e us
age
by o
ther
par
ts o
f the
reso
rt.
Impa
ct:
• 10
Jobs
, bea
uty
treat
men
t and
inst
ruct
ors
• W
ater
for t
reat
men
t and
show
ers
• El
ectri
city
•
Spac
e, a
ppro
xim
atel
y 60
0 m
2 .
No
sign
ifica
nt n
egat
ive
impa
ct e
xpec
ted.
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d.
1.1.
2.2.
1.1
Bea
uty
farm
A
ded
icat
ed S
pa/ B
eaut
y fa
cilit
y of
fers
on
aver
age
12 jo
bs [I
L11]
. Thi
s how
ever
incl
udes
m
anag
emen
t, ho
usek
eepi
ng a
nd la
undr
y. S
ince
thes
e ar
e al
read
y pr
esen
t in
a re
sort,
the
num
ber o
f job
s can
be
redu
ced.
It is
ass
umed
the
abov
e fu
nctio
ns w
ill n
orm
ally
pre
sent
4
jobs
, lea
ving
8 jo
bs. W
ater
and
ele
ctric
ity a
re a
ssum
ed to
be
negl
igib
le.
Impa
ct:
• 8
Jobs
, bea
uty
treat
men
t •
400
m2
See
1.1.
2.2.
1
1.1.
2.2.
1.2
Fitn
ess c
entr
e Th
e fit
ness
cen
tre w
ill h
ouse
an
arra
y of
fitn
ess e
quip
men
t, as
wel
l as s
how
ers a
nd
See
1.1.
2.2.
1
43
chan
ging
room
s. Th
ere
can
be in
stru
ctor
s giv
ing
clas
ses i
n Y
oga,
or h
elpi
ng to
get
the
mos
t fro
m th
e ex
erci
ses.
Wat
er a
nd e
lect
ricity
are
ass
umed
to b
e ne
glig
ible
. Im
pact
: •
2 Jo
bs in
stru
ctor
s •
Roo
m w
ith fi
tnes
s equ
ipm
ent
• 20
0 m
2
1.1.
2.2.
5 18
-hol
e go
lf co
urse
•
75 jo
bs
• G
ener
ate
inco
me
(see
3.0
) •
Gen
erat
e ta
x (s
ee 3
.0)
• 20
1,50
0m2 la
nd u
se (f
or g
olf c
ours
e +
train
ing
faci
litie
s onl
y, la
ndsc
aped
are
a ar
ound
it
not i
nclu
ded)
•
Irrig
atio
n w
ater
requ
ired:
210
,240
m3 /
year
•
Lim
ited
wat
er u
sage
for c
lubh
ouse
•
Lim
ited
sew
age
and
fixed
was
te p
rodu
ctio
n.
• El
ectri
city
usa
ge fo
r irr
igat
ion
wat
er (a
ssum
ing
Seas
hore
Pas
palu
m):
2,53
3 kW
h/ d
ay
• R
ainw
ater
use
d fo
r irr
igat
ion
can
not b
e us
ed fo
r oth
er p
urpo
ses a
nym
ore
(like
dr
inki
ng w
ater
) •
1,80
0 m
3 stor
age
in c
ase
of O
cean
wat
er
• 14
5,08
0 m
3 stor
age
in c
ase
of a
clo
sed
rain
wat
er st
orag
e
1.1.
2.2.
5.1
Gol
f sho
p Th
e go
lf sh
op is
whe
re p
eopl
e ca
n bu
y eq
uipm
ent t
hey
need
to p
lay
golf.
The
shop
ob
viou
sly
need
s to
be st
affe
d, b
y tw
o to
thre
e pe
rson
s. It
will
als
o ge
nera
te a
n in
com
e of
w
hich
par
t will
go
to th
e go
vern
men
t as t
ax in
com
e.
Impa
ct:
• 2
– 3
Jobs
selli
ng a
nd a
dmin
istra
tion
• G
ener
ate
inco
me
• G
ener
ate
tax
1.1.
2.2.
5.2
Prac
tise
faci
litie
s Th
e pr
actic
e fa
cilit
ies c
onsi
st o
f a d
rivin
g ra
nge,
whi
ch is
use
d to
pra
ctic
e th
e lo
ng sh
ots
and
a pu
tting
gre
en, w
hich
is in
tend
ed fo
r to
prac
tice
putti
ng. T
he fi
rst i
s app
roxi
mat
ely
300
m lo
ng a
nd 3
0 m
wid
e, so
9,0
00 m
2 . The
2nd
shou
ld b
e ab
out 5
00 m
3 . The
re sh
ould
be
teac
hers
/ ins
truct
or’s
ava
ilabl
e, sa
y 2
jobs
.
Savi
ng w
ater
Se
e m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s at s
yste
m so
lutio
n 1.
1.2.
2.5.
5.
44
Impa
ct:
• 2
jobs
as i
nstru
ctor
. •
9,50
0 m
2 land
use
•
Nee
d fo
r irr
igat
ion
wat
er (d
escr
ibed
in 1
.1.2
.2.5
.5)
1.
1.2.
2.5.
2.1
Dri
ving
ran
ge
Impa
ct:
• 9,
000
m2 la
nd u
se
• 9,
855
m3 w
ater
use
/ ye
ar (d
escr
ibed
in 1
.1.2
.2.5
.5)
See
1.1.
2.2.
5.5
1.1.
2.2.
5.2.
2 Pu
ttin
g gr
eens
Th
e 50
0 m
2 bel
ow is
con
side
ring
a si
ngle
pra
ctic
e pu
tting
gre
en. T
he w
ater
use
of t
he
putti
ng g
reen
com
pare
d to
the
who
le g
olf c
ours
e is
not
sign
ifica
nt, i
f ins
tead
of a
sing
le,
ther
e w
ould
be
4 pr
actic
e gr
eens
, the
am
ount
of w
ater
requ
ired
wou
ld in
crea
se w
ith le
ss
then
1%
. Im
pact
: •
500
m2 la
nd u
se
• 54
7.5
m3 w
ater
use
/ ye
ar (d
escr
ibed
in 1
.1.2
.2.5
.5)
See
1.1.
2.2.
5.5
1.1.
2.2.
5.3
Res
taur
ant &
cl
ubho
use
The
rest
aura
nt a
nd c
lubh
ouse
is w
here
gol
fers
com
e be
fore
thei
r rou
nd o
f gol
f to
sign
up,
poss
ibly
rent
som
e m
ater
ial a
nd g
et th
e sc
orec
ards
. The
gol
f cou
rse
is u
sual
ly c
onst
ruct
ed
in su
ch a
way
that
ther
e ar
e 9
hole
s on
each
side
of t
he c
lubh
ouse
. Thi
s way
it is
a st
art-,
en
d an
d ha
lfway
poi
nt. I
t can
ther
efor
e be
use
d to
hav
e a
drin
k/ q
uick
bite
to e
at h
alfw
ay
the
cour
se. I
t is a
lso
rega
rded
the
19th
hol
e, w
here
afte
r the
gam
e of
gol
f, an
othe
r drin
k ca
n be
got
ten
and
busi
ness
can
be
done
. The
re sh
ould
als
o be
cha
ngin
g ro
oms a
nd
show
ers.
Ther
e sh
ould
be
abou
t 3 p
eopl
e at
the
golf
desk
. For
the
rest
aura
nt/ b
ar k
itche
n st
aff a
nd
serv
ice
is n
eede
d. It
is e
stim
ated
this
wou
ld re
quire
10
pers
ons.
Ano
ther
2 jo
bs a
re c
reat
ed
by th
e ne
ed fo
r cle
anin
g.
Impa
ct:
• 15
jobs
•
Land
use
•
Wat
er u
se (s
how
ers,
toile
ts, k
itche
n)
• W
ater
out
•
Ener
gy
The
rest
aura
nt/ c
lubh
ouse
eff
ects
are
take
n in
to
acco
unt t
oget
her w
ith th
e ot
her c
ater
ing
faci
litie
s in
1.1
.2.2
.7; a
ny m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s will
th
eref
ore
be h
andl
ed in
that
sect
ion.
45
1.1.
2.2.
5.4
Irri
gatio
n Sy
stem
Th
e w
ater
supp
ly sy
stem
for i
rrig
atio
n is
furth
er d
escr
ibed
in 1
.1.1
.2
The
irrig
atio
n sy
stem
by
use
of re
vers
e os
mos
is re
quire
s lar
ge a
mou
nts o
f pow
er. I
n th
e ca
se o
f Sea
shor
e pa
spal
um it
wou
ld b
e ar
ound
924
,494
kW
h pe
r yea
r (2,
533
kWh/
day
av
erag
e), i
n th
e ca
se o
f Ber
mud
a gr
ass,
it w
ould
be
1,41
5,02
1 kW
h pe
r yea
r (3,
877
kWh/
da
y av
erag
e).
Impa
ct:
• B
erm
uda
gras
s: 3
,877
kW
h/ d
ay
• Se
asho
re P
aspa
lum
: 2,5
33 k
Wh/
day
Miti
gatio
n ir
riga
tion
syst
em
The
golf
cour
se is
the
high
est w
ater
use
r of t
he
com
plex
. To
prev
ent w
ater
bei
ng w
aste
d th
e go
lf co
urse
shou
ld h
ave
a fin
e m
eshe
d dr
aina
ge
syst
em. T
his w
ater
shou
ld d
rain
bac
k in
to th
e st
orag
e ta
nk fo
r reu
se.
1.1.
2.2.
5.5
Cou
rse
The
cour
se it
self
will
nee
d a
subs
tant
ial a
mou
nt o
f wat
er. D
epen
ding
on
the
amou
nt o
f gr
ass t
he a
mou
nt o
f irr
igat
ion
wat
er fo
r the
gol
f cou
rse
varie
s.
The
wat
er q
uant
ity re
quire
d fo
r the
gra
ss d
epen
ds o
n th
e ev
apor
atio
n [B
rouw
er e
t al.
1986
]. Th
e w
ater
requ
irem
ent f
or a
gra
ss sp
ecie
with
a K
c-fa
ctor
of 0
.5 is
hal
f of t
he
wat
er th
at e
vapo
rate
s. Th
is is
show
n by
the
follo
win
g fo
rmul
a:
o
ccr
opET
KET
⋅=
Whe
reby
: ET
crop
: W
ater
requ
irem
ent f
or th
e “c
rop”
/ gr
ass [
mm
] K
c
: Fa
ctor
[-]
ETo
:
Ref
eren
ce e
vapo
ratio
n [m
m]
To g
ive
an in
dica
tion
abou
t the
requ
ired
wat
er q
uant
ity to
irrig
ate
the
gras
s, it
is n
eces
sary
to
look
at t
he K
c-fac
tor.
The
Kc-f
acto
r of S
eash
ore
Pasp
alum
var
ies b
etw
een
0.33
en
0.5.
Th
e sp
ecie
Sea
Dw
arf h
as th
e lo
wes
t val
ue, o
f 0.3
3 to
0.4
. Sea
Isle
I an
d Se
aIsl
e 20
00 h
ave
a va
lue
of u
p to
0.5
. The
Kc-f
acto
r for
Ber
mud
a gr
ass,
com
mon
ly u
sed
spec
ie o
n C
arib
bean
cou
rses
, is 0
.8.
With
a y
early
ave
rage
eva
pora
tion
of 2
,190
mm
and
a m
axim
um o
f aro
und
7.1
mm
per
da
y, th
e am
ount
of i
rrig
atio
n w
ater
requ
ired
can
easi
ly b
e ca
lcul
ated
. In
cas
e of
the
Seas
hore
pas
palu
m g
rass
spec
ie, t
he re
quire
men
t is f
or 1
,095
mm
per
yea
r. If
the
Ber
mud
a gr
ass i
s sel
ecte
d, th
e re
quire
men
t is f
or 1
,752
mm
per
yea
r. W
ith a
gol
f co
urse
of 6
,400
m a
nd a
n av
erag
e w
idth
of 3
0 m
, as d
escr
ibed
in th
e fe
asib
ility
stud
y, th
e
Miti
gatio
n he
rbic
ides
H
erbi
cide
s will
ent
er th
e gr
ound
wat
er a
nd c
an
flow
to th
e se
a. H
ere
they
can
aff
ect t
he se
a lif
e,
like
the
cora
l and
the
sea
turtl
es. T
here
are
a
coup
le o
f mea
sure
s tha
t can
be
take
n to
pre
vent
th
e he
rbic
ides
to re
ach
the
sea.
Firs
tly, a
ccor
ding
to
STE
NA
PA, t
he st
rong
er th
e he
rbic
ides
are
, the
fa
ster
they
deg
rade
. By
a go
od d
rain
age
syst
em, a
s m
entio
ned
in 1
.1.2
.2.5
.4 th
e he
rbic
ides
that
ent
er
the
grou
nd a
nd a
re n
ot u
sed
by th
e gr
ass w
ill b
e ca
ught
. D
urin
g pe
riods
of r
ainf
all t
he h
erbi
cide
s cou
ld
runo
ff w
ith th
e su
rfac
e w
ater
. Thi
s wat
er sh
ould
al
so b
e co
llect
ed a
nd se
nd to
the
irrig
atio
n po
nd o
r st
orag
e ta
nk. A
stro
ng h
erbi
cide
will
bre
ak d
own
in ju
st a
bout
2 d
ays.
Save
wat
er
By
usin
g a
mor
e dr
ough
t res
ista
nt g
rass
spec
ie,
Seas
hore
Pas
palu
m in
stea
d of
the
mor
e co
mm
on
Ber
mud
a gr
ass,
37.5
% w
ater
can
be
save
d. T
his
is, o
n a
year
ly b
asis
, 117
,071
m3 . T
his w
ill n
ot ju
st
save
wat
er (a
nd th
us c
ost),
but
als
o m
eans
a
smal
ler R
O-p
lant
can
be
cons
truct
ed, w
hich
will
co
st le
ss a
nd th
e us
age
of e
lect
ricity
will
be
low
er.
Furth
erth
eam
ount
ofre
vers
eos
mos
isw
ater
will
46
surf
ace
wou
ld b
e 19
2,00
0 m
2 . Tog
ethe
r with
the
9,50
0 m
2 pra
ctic
e fa
cilit
ies,
desc
ribed
in
1.1.
2.2.
5.2
the
tota
l am
ount
of g
olf c
ours
e to
irrig
ate
wou
ld b
e 20
1,50
0 m
2 . Th
e re
quire
d am
ount
s of i
rrig
atio
n w
ater
wou
ld th
en b
e:
Seas
hore
pas
palu
m: 2
20,6
43 m
3 /yea
r (m
ax: 1
,567
m3 /
day,
ave
rage
: 605
m3 / d
ay)
Ber
mud
a gr
ass:
337
,714
m3 /
year
(max
: 2,5
07 m
3 / day
, ave
rage
: 925
m3 / d
ay)
In M
aint
enan
ce o
f the
gol
f cou
rse
ther
e w
ill b
e ar
ound
49
jobs
. To
stop
wee
ds a
nd b
ugs f
rom
des
troyi
ng th
e go
lf co
urse
, it w
ill b
e ne
cess
ary
to u
se
herb
icid
es.
Impa
ct:
• 49
jobs
in m
aint
enan
ce
• Ir
rigat
ion
wat
er re
quire
d:
Seas
hore
pas
palu
m: 2
20,6
43 m
3 /yea
r (m
ax: 1
,567
m3 /
day,
ave
rage
: 605
m3 / d
ay)
Ber
mud
a gr
ass:
337
,714
m3 /
year
(max
: 2,5
07 m
3 / day
, ave
rage
: 925
m3 / d
ay)
• La
nd u
se: 1
92,0
00m
2 •
Use
of h
erbi
cide
s
Furth
er th
e am
ount
of r
ever
se o
smos
is w
ater
will
be
redu
ced,
thus
dec
reas
ing
the
pote
ntia
l pro
blem
s w
ith b
uild
-up
of sa
lt ar
ound
the
isla
nd. M
ore
abou
t sav
ing
wat
er in
1.1
.1.2
.
1.1.
2.2.
6 T
rans
port
atio
n Th
e ve
hicl
es w
ill n
eed
mai
nten
ance
, it i
s est
imat
ed th
at th
is w
ill re
quire
at l
east
3
empl
oyee
s. R
oads
will
be
4m w
ide
and
run
at le
ast a
long
the
full
leng
th o
f the
cou
rse
and
alon
g th
e co
ndom
iniu
ms a
nd h
otel
room
s. Th
is m
eans
the
road
wou
ld h
ave
to b
e ar
ound
10
,000
m. W
ith a
wid
th o
f 4 m
, thi
s mea
ns 4
0,00
0 m
2 Im
pact
: •
Tran
spor
t req
uire
men
t for
abo
ut 1
95 o
ne-w
ay tr
ips.
85 o
ne-w
ay tr
ips t
o th
e ai
rpor
t an
d ba
ck (3
.3 k
m),
110
trips
to lo
catio
ns o
n th
e is
land
(3.6
km
on
aver
age)
. (H
arbo
ur
4.4
km)
• 41
5 kW
h el
ectri
city
per
day
•
12 –
16
Jobs
as d
river
for t
he sh
uttle
veh
icle
s. •
6 Jo
bs m
aint
enan
ce/ r
ent
• R
oads
spac
e: 4
0,00
0 m
2
Miti
gatin
g tr
ansp
orta
tion
Whe
n tra
nspo
rtatio
n us
es c
ombu
stio
n en
gine
s thi
s ca
n cr
eate
noi
se p
ollu
tion.
For
bot
h tra
nsit
serv
ice
betw
een
the
reso
rt an
d th
e ci
ty/ a
irpor
t and
gol
f ca
rts o
n th
e gr
ound
s ele
ctric
al c
arts
are
ava
ilabl
e.
It sh
ould
be
poss
ible
to p
ower
the
carts
by
use
of
win
d en
ergy
. Thi
s wou
ld c
reat
e a
0-em
issi
on a
nd
“gre
en”
trans
port
acro
ss th
e co
urse
and
to th
e co
urse
. Sim
ilar t
rans
port
is a
lread
y in
use
for a
lo
ng ti
me
at th
e Sw
iss m
ount
ain
tow
n of
Zer
mat
t, al
thou
gh h
ere
pow
ered
by
wat
er e
nerg
y. T
hey
are
bein
g us
ed to
tran
spor
t peo
ple
as w
ell a
s car
go to
th
e up
scal
e fa
cilit
ies.
1.
1.2.
2.6.
1 O
ff th
e gr
ound
s Tr
ansp
orta
tion
of th
e gr
ound
s mea
ns tr
ansp
orta
tion
outs
ide
of th
e re
sort.
A b
ig p
art o
f thi
s tra
nspo
rtatio
n w
ill b
e tra
nspo
rtatio
n to
the
isla
nd a
nd th
e tra
nsfe
r fro
m a
nd to
the
airp
ort.
At t
he m
omen
t the
re is
no
sche
dule
d fe
rry
serv
ice,
whi
ch m
eans
the
arriv
als f
rom
the
Kee
ping
the
mon
ey o
n th
e is
land
W
hen
the
reso
rt pr
ovid
es th
e ta
xi se
rvic
e of
f gr
ound
s, th
e m
oney
goe
s to
the
fore
ign
inve
stor
s.
47
harb
our w
ill b
e ne
glig
ible
. Th
e ex
pect
ed tr
ansp
ort t
o an
d fr
om th
e ai
rpor
t equ
als t
he a
irlift
exp
ecta
tion,
gen
erat
ed b
y th
e st
ayin
g ac
com
mod
atio
n (1
.1.2
.2.4
). 85
gue
sts i
n ea
ch d
irect
ion
(to a
nd fr
om th
e re
sort)
. Si
nce
the
reso
rt w
ill b
e lo
cate
d at
the
north
ern
part
of th
e is
land
, slig
htly
aw
ay fr
om th
e to
wn
(3.6
km
), an
othe
r par
t of t
he o
ff g
roun
ds tr
ansp
ort w
ill b
e tra
vel t
o th
e ce
ntre
and
to
the
sout
h (B
otan
ical
gar
den,
vol
cano
trai
ls).
It is
ass
umed
that
on
a da
ily b
asis
10%
of t
he
gues
t will
mak
e us
e of
off
gro
und
trans
port
for t
hese
pur
pose
s. Fr
om th
e 55
2 gu
ests
, thi
s m
eans
55
gues
ts.
A sh
uttle
serv
ice
to a
nd fr
om th
e ai
rpor
t/ ci
ty c
ould
use
larg
er g
olf c
ars,
for u
p to
7
pass
enge
rs a
nd d
rive
on fi
xed
rout
es. T
hese
gol
f car
ts a
re a
lso
avai
labl
e el
ectri
cally
or
gaso
line
pow
ered
. A
ssum
ing
a 5-
pers
on c
ar th
e di
stan
ce p
er d
ay w
ould
be
135
km/d
ay. T
he a
vera
ge fu
el
need
ed is
0.2
5 –
0.5
kWh/
mile
[IL1
4]. A
ssum
ing
the
high
er fi
gure
due
to th
e sl
opin
g te
rrai
n an
d th
e la
rge
carts
nee
ded,
the
pow
er u
se w
ould
be
42 k
Wh
daily
. O
n av
erag
e th
e re
sort
will
cre
ate
a re
quire
men
t for
46
pass
enge
rs p
er d
ay p
er d
irect
ion
to
and
from
Sta
tia. D
ue to
the
curr
ent l
arge
st a
ircra
ft be
ing
used
(a B
omba
rdie
r Das
h 8-
100)
, gr
oups
to b
e tra
nspo
rted
to a
nd fr
om th
e ai
rpor
t will
nev
er e
xcee
d 37
pas
seng
ers o
n on
e fli
ght;
the
num
ber o
f gue
sts o
f the
reso
rt pe
r flig
ht w
ill b
e lo
wer
thou
gh. O
n m
ost f
light
s th
ere
is o
nly
an a
ircra
ft ca
paci
ty o
f 19
seat
s, w
hich
will
als
o ha
ve a
lot o
f sea
ts fi
lled
by
peop
le li
ving
on
the
isla
nd.
The
calc
ulat
ed a
ir tra
nspo
rt gi
ves a
n av
erag
e pe
r day
. With
org
aniz
ed (g
roup
) tra
vel t
here
w
ill m
ost l
ikel
y be
one
or t
wo
days
of c
once
ntra
ted
arriv
als a
nd d
epar
ture
s. Fo
r Am
eric
an
gues
ts th
is w
ill m
ostly
be
conc
entra
ted
arou
nd th
e w
eeke
nds.
Ass
umin
g tw
o th
irds o
f the
gu
ests
will
arr
ive
in tw
o da
ys, t
his m
eans
107
pas
seng
ers a
day
, per
dire
ctio
n.
Thes
e gu
ests
will
hav
e to
tran
sfer
at S
t Maa
rten,
San
Juan
or S
t Kitt
s. In
the
wee
kend
s, 74
se
ats a
re a
vaila
ble
from
St.
Kitt
s and
San
Juan
, how
ever
thes
e ne
ed to
be
shar
ed w
ith
peop
le tr
avel
ling
betw
een
San
Juan
and
St K
itts.
Aro
und
84 se
ats a
re a
vaila
ble
betw
een
St
Maa
rten
and
St E
usta
tius,
alth
ough
38
of th
ese
need
to b
e sh
ared
with
peo
ple
trave
lling
be
twee
n St
Maa
rten
and
Saba
. Nex
t to
the
70 e
xtra
pas
seng
ers t
hat a
re e
stim
ated
, the
re
are
alre
ady
pass
enge
rs tr
avel
ling
on th
e ro
utes
. The
St M
aarte
n fli
ghts
hav
e a
high
load
Whe
n lo
cal e
ntre
pren
eurs
pro
vide
the
serv
ice,
the
mon
ey st
ays o
n th
e is
land
. For
the
impa
ct o
n th
e is
land
it w
ould
ther
efor
e be
ben
efic
ial o
f a lo
cal
com
pany
cou
ld ru
n th
e of
f gro
und
serv
ice,
pe
rhap
s und
er su
perv
isio
n of
the
reso
rt.
Tran
spor
t A
s the
airc
raft
betw
een
St. M
aarte
n an
d St
. Eu
stat
ius a
re n
ot o
f the
com
fort
that
wou
ld b
e re
quire
d to
tran
spor
t ups
cale
tour
ists
, mor
e co
mfo
rtabl
e ai
rcra
ft w
ould
be
requ
ired.
A la
rger
ai
rcra
ft, fo
r exa
mpl
e on
e fr
om C
arib
bean
Sun
(D
ash
8) o
pera
ting
twic
e a
day
on th
is ro
ute
wou
ld g
ive
an a
dditi
onal
36
seat
s to
St M
aarte
n an
d so
lve
the
com
fort
prob
lem
s. Th
ese
fligh
ts
shou
ld b
e sc
hedu
led
arou
nd th
e ar
rivin
g an
d de
parti
ng A
mer
ican
and
Eur
opea
n fli
ghts
. Whe
n th
e fli
ghts
from
San
Juan
to S
t. M
aarte
n w
ould
no
long
er o
pera
te v
ia S
t Kitt
s, th
is w
ould
giv
e an
othe
r cap
acity
incr
ease
of a
roun
d 34
seat
s. In
to
tal t
hese
two
mea
sure
s wou
ld a
dd 7
0 se
ats,
110%
of w
hat i
s nee
ded.
Sc
hedu
les f
or fl
ight
s sho
uld
be m
ore
clos
ely
mat
ched
aro
und
the
fligh
ts to
the
USA
and
Eu
rope
, as a
t the
mom
ent w
aitin
g tim
es fo
r co
nnec
ting
fligh
ts c
an b
e up
to 4
or 5
hou
rs.
Gue
sts t
rave
lling
from
the
USA
can
tran
sfer
at
San
Juan
, pos
sibl
y w
ith b
ette
r con
nect
ion
times
. A
boa
t ser
vice
is b
eing
look
ed a
t bet
wee
n St
atia
an
d th
e is
land
s of S
t Maa
rten,
Sab
a an
d St
. Kitt
s. It
will
mos
t lik
ely
not b
e us
ed b
y gu
ests
com
ing
in
from
the
USA
or E
urop
e, h
owev
er p
endi
ng th
e sc
hedu
le c
an b
e us
ed fo
r day
, or s
hort
trips
from
th
ese
isla
nds t
o th
e go
lf re
sort.
Res
ort g
uest
s can
al
so d
o da
ytrip
s to
othe
r isl
ands
in th
e ar
ea u
sing
th
e bo
at se
rvic
e. A
boa
t can
take
aro
und
80
48
fact
or; a
ssum
ed to
be
arou
nd 8
0%. T
his m
eans
onl
y 17
add
ition
al se
ats p
er d
ay w
ould
be
avai
labl
e. T
he C
arib
bean
sun
fligh
t is a
ssum
ed to
hav
e a
load
fact
or o
f 65%
, whi
ch m
eans
26
seat
s are
ava
ilabl
e pe
r day
(with
two
fligh
ts in
the
wee
kend
). In
tota
l thi
s giv
es a
n av
aila
bilit
y of
, on
aver
age,
43.
Ano
ther
64
seat
s are
ther
efor
e re
quire
d.
It m
ay b
e ex
pect
ed th
at g
olf r
esor
ts g
uest
s arr
ive
with
thei
r ow
n ai
rcra
ft. T
here
are
cu
rren
tly n
o pa
rkin
g pl
aces
for m
ediu
m o
r lar
ger p
rivat
e je
ts a
nd o
nly
limite
d ap
ron
spac
e fo
r sm
all a
nd m
ediu
m si
zed
turb
opro
p co
rpor
ate
airc
raft
and
light
jets
. Im
pact
: •
Tran
spor
t req
uire
men
t for
abo
ut 1
95 o
ne-w
ay tr
ips.
85 o
ne-w
ay tr
ips t
o th
e ai
rpor
t an
d ba
ck (3
.3 k
m),
110
trips
to lo
catio
ns o
n th
e is
land
(3.6
km
on
aver
age)
. (H
arbo
ur
4.4
km)
• El
ectri
city
: 42
kWh.
pass
enge
rs a
nd w
ill ta
ke 1
hr 3
0min
from
St.
Maa
rten
to S
t. Eu
stat
ius.
A b
oat s
ervi
ce b
etw
een
Stat
ia a
nd S
t Kitt
s will
miti
gate
the
effe
cts o
f a
loss
of t
he fl
ight
s bet
wee
n th
ese
two
isla
nds.
Air
port
apr
on
Exte
ndin
g th
e ai
rpor
t apr
on m
ay st
imul
ate
arriv
als
of p
rivat
e tu
rbop
rops
and
jets
. Res
earc
h w
ould
ha
ve to
be
done
to d
eter
min
e th
e de
man
d fo
r thi
s ki
nd o
f flig
hts t
o th
e is
land
and
the
amou
nt o
f ai
rcra
ft th
at w
ould
hav
e a
stay
ove
r per
iod
at th
e ai
rpor
t.
1.1.
2.2.
6.2
On
the
grou
nds
On
the
grou
nds i
tsel
f gol
fers
may
wan
t to
mak
e us
e of
gol
f car
ts. D
epen
ding
how
spre
ad
out t
he h
otel
room
s are
, oth
er tr
ansp
ort,
like
a sh
uttle
serv
ice
on th
e gr
ound
s, m
ay a
lso
need
to b
e pr
ovid
ed.
A ro
und
of g
olf t
ypic
ally
last
s 4hr
s. W
ith a
flig
ht (g
roup
of g
olfe
rs, m
axim
um 4
), le
avin
g ev
ery
5min
. Sup
pose
they
are
all
taki
ng a
gol
f car
t, an
d su
ch a
car
t can
hol
d 4
pers
ons,
this
mea
ns th
at th
e nu
mbe
r of g
olf c
arts
nee
ded
is (4
* 6
0 / 5
=) 4
8. T
hese
car
ts ty
pica
lly
run
on e
ither
ele
ctric
ity o
r gas
olin
e.
48 C
arts
on
elec
trici
ty, o
n av
erag
e dr
ivin
g ar
ound
25
km, w
ould
requ
ire 3
73 k
Wh
per d
ay.
A sh
uttle
serv
ice
on th
e go
lf re
sort
coul
d us
e la
rger
gol
f car
s, fo
r up
to 7
pas
seng
ers a
nd
driv
e on
fixe
d ro
utes
. The
se g
olf c
arts
are
als
o av
aila
ble
elec
trica
lly o
r gas
olin
e po
wer
ed.
Ano
ther
opt
ion
wou
ld b
e to
hav
e a
golf
cart
for e
very
hot
el ro
om. T
his w
ould
elim
inat
e th
e ne
ed fo
r shu
ttle
serv
ice,
as p
eopl
e ca
n dr
ive
thei
r ow
n ve
hicl
es a
roun
d th
e gr
ound
s. If
a
vehi
cle
per t
wo
pers
ons w
ere
assu
med
, at a
max
imum
cap
acity
of 5
12 g
uest
s, th
e ne
cess
ary
amou
nt o
f gol
f car
ts w
ould
be
256.
On
elec
trici
ty th
is w
ould
mea
n a
pow
er
usag
e of
1,9
89 k
Wh
per d
ay.
Impa
ct:
• 37
2.9
kWh
or 1
,989
kW
h pe
r day
.
49
• 6
Jobs
rent
1.1.
2.2.
7 C
ater
ing
faci
litie
s Th
e ca
terin
g fa
cilit
ies i
nclu
de th
e re
stau
rant
s, ba
rs, p
rivat
e ch
efs a
nd th
e br
eakf
ast
faci
litie
s. Th
e re
sort
will
off
er th
e op
tion
for a
priv
ate
chef
. Sup
pose
5%
of t
he g
uest
s (at
70%
oc
cupa
ncy)
will
requ
est s
uch
a se
rvic
e, th
is w
ill d
eliv
er 1
8 jo
bs. T
he g
uest
s in
the
cond
omin
ium
s hav
e a
kitc
hen
and
can
prep
are
thei
r ow
n m
eals
. N
ot a
ll gu
ests
will
use
din
ner a
t the
sam
e tim
e. If
it is
ass
umed
that
50%
of t
he g
uest
s will
us
e th
e re
stau
rant
faci
lity
at th
e sa
me
time,
the
max
imum
cap
acity
wou
ld b
e 15
6 gu
ests
. Th
is w
ill re
quire
15
jobs
in th
e ki
tche
n an
d 30
wai
ters
. The
re is
als
o a
need
for s
taff
ru
nnin
g th
e re
stau
rant
, whi
ch k
eep
track
of t
he in
vent
ory,
who
kee
p tra
ck o
f the
stoc
k an
d cl
eane
rs fo
r the
rest
aura
nts.
This
is a
ssum
ed to
add
an
addi
tiona
l 20
jobs
. The
kitc
hen
shou
ld b
e st
affe
d 24
-hrs
a d
ay, t
o al
low
for r
oom
serv
ice.
Thi
s mea
ns th
at th
e 15
jobs
sh
ould
be
tripl
ed to
allo
w fo
r 3-s
hifts
. Thi
s giv
es a
tota
l num
ber o
f kitc
hen
pers
onal
of 4
5.
A g
uide
line
for a
rest
aura
nt is
that
it ta
kes a
bout
4 m
2 per
gue
st. I
f hal
f of t
he g
uest
will
ar
rive
at th
e sa
me
time,
592
m2 o
f res
taur
ant s
pace
is n
eede
d. T
erra
ces a
re n
eede
d, a
s wel
l as
a se
para
te d
inni
ng, b
reak
fast
room
and
bar
. Eve
n th
ough
they
can
all
be se
rved
from
th
e sa
me
kitc
hen,
this
will
requ
ire a
dditi
onal
spac
e; 1
,200
m2 w
ill b
e re
serv
ed fo
r the
se
para
te c
ater
ing
faci
litie
s, 30
0 m
2 for t
he k
itche
n. A
n ad
ditio
nal 3
00 m
2 will
be
rese
rved
fo
r sto
rage
and
free
zers
. Thi
s mak
e th
e to
tal s
pace
use
d 1,
800
m2 .
Food
and
bev
erag
es w
ill h
ave
to b
e bo
ught
and
tran
spor
ted
to th
e re
sort.
A si
mila
r res
ort
alre
ady
in o
pera
tion
in th
e C
arib
bean
buy
s 20%
of i
ts p
rodu
cts l
ocal
ly a
nd a
roun
d 80
% is
im
porte
d. O
nly
Seaf
ood
and
som
e fr
uit a
nd v
eget
able
s are
bou
ght l
ocal
ly, a
s wel
l as s
ome
30%
of t
he b
ever
ages
. Mos
t of t
he m
ain
supp
lies a
re fl
own
in fr
om th
e U
SA. T
he to
tal
spen
ding
on
food
and
bev
erag
es is
aro
und
US$
2 m
illio
n a
year
, with
mos
t of t
he c
ost
bein
g tra
nspo
rt. A
ssum
ing
50%
of t
he c
osts
goe
s int
o tra
nspo
rt th
is le
aves
US$
1 m
illio
n sp
end
on th
e ac
tual
acq
uirin
g of
the
food
and
bev
erag
es. W
ith o
nly
20%
bou
ght l
ocal
ly
the
mon
ey sp
end
on th
e is
land
wou
ld o
nly
be U
S$ 2
00,0
00 a
yea
r. In
stea
d of
on
the
isla
nd
whe
re th
is si
mila
r res
ort i
s hou
sed,
Sta
tia d
oes n
ot p
rodu
ce fi
sh o
r any
subs
tant
ial
amou
nts o
f fru
it an
d ve
geta
bles
(alth
ough
a p
roje
ct h
as b
een
set u
p to
star
t pro
duci
ng th
e la
st tw
o).
If b
ough
t on
the
isla
nd th
e go
ods m
ay si
mpl
y be
del
iver
ed, b
ut if
by
boat
, a tr
uck
will
be
need
ed to
get
the
good
s fro
m th
e ha
rbou
r. It
may
be
nece
ssar
y to
incr
ease
the
amou
nt o
f
Loca
l pro
duct
s Th
ere
are
very
few
loca
l pro
duct
s bei
ng p
rodu
ced.
Th
is m
eans
that
the
reso
rt w
ill h
ave
to b
uy a
ll ca
terin
g pr
oduc
ts fr
om a
broa
d. B
y cr
eatin
g lo
cal
prod
ucts
add
ition
al jo
bs c
an b
e ge
nera
ted
and
mon
ey w
ill st
ay o
n th
e is
land
, ins
tead
of g
o ab
road
. A
noth
er o
ptio
n to
cre
ate
addi
tiona
l inc
ome
on th
e is
land
wou
ld b
e to
star
t a w
hole
sale
on
the
isla
nd.
A w
hole
sale
cou
ld c
ater
bot
h to
the
exis
ting
busi
ness
and
supe
rmar
kets
on
the
isla
nds a
s wel
l as
the
reso
rt. N
ext t
o ad
ditio
nal i
ncom
e fo
r the
is
land
a w
hole
sale
wou
ld a
lso
crea
te n
ew jo
bs. A
si
mila
r res
ort g
ets l
arge
par
ts o
f its
(fre
sh)
prod
ucts
from
the
USA
how
ever
, eve
n w
hen
who
lesa
les a
re a
vaila
ble
on n
earb
y is
land
s. It
wou
ld th
eref
ore
not b
e ce
rtain
that
a w
hole
sale
co
uld
coun
t on
a la
rge
part
of th
e pu
rcha
ses o
f a
reso
rt.
A b
ig o
ppor
tuni
ty c
ould
als
o be
fish
ery.
In th
e w
ater
s aro
und
the
isla
nd th
ere
is a
lot o
f fis
h.
Cur
rent
ly fi
sh is
bro
ught
in fr
om a
s far
aw
ay a
s Ta
iwan
, loc
al fi
sher
men
cou
ld c
atch
fres
h fis
h fo
r th
e re
sort,
but
als
o fo
r the
loca
l peo
ple.
O
n a
limite
d sc
ale,
agr
icul
ture
wou
ld a
lso
be
poss
ible
and
cou
ld su
pply
the
reso
rt w
ith fr
esh
prod
ucts
like
frui
t and
veg
etab
les.
A p
roje
ct is
cu
rren
tly u
nder
way
to st
art p
rodu
cing
on
a sm
all
scal
e; su
ch p
roje
cts s
houl
d be
supp
orte
d to
furth
er
impr
ove
the
econ
omy.
50
frei
ght c
apac
ity to
the
isla
nd. T
here
are
pla
ns to
star
t a m
ixed
frei
ght a
nd p
asse
nger
se
rvic
e to
the
isla
nd. T
his w
ould
be
a go
od o
ppor
tuni
ty fo
r fur
ther
impr
ovem
ent w
ithin
th
e pr
ogra
m o
f cre
atin
g a
self-
sust
aina
ble
isla
nd. B
y ha
ving
its o
wn
boat
serv
ice,
the
isla
nd is
no
long
er d
epen
dant
on
fore
ign
com
pani
es a
nd e
ver i
ncre
asin
g fr
eigh
t pric
es.
Als
o th
is w
ould
cre
ate
a lim
ited
num
ber o
f job
s and
wou
ld k
eep
the
mon
ey n
ow sp
end
on
fore
ign
com
pani
es o
n th
e is
land
. To
look
at t
he e
ffec
ts o
n th
e ha
rbou
r, w
hich
is th
e po
int o
f ent
ry fo
r virt
ually
all
frei
ght,
a ne
w sy
stem
bea
rer w
as a
dded
, “pr
ovid
e ha
rbou
r fac
ilitie
s”. T
his w
as a
dded
as 1
.1.1
.6.
The
kitc
hen
will
use
wat
er fo
r the
pre
para
tion
of fo
od a
nd to
cle
an. W
aste
will
be
liqui
d an
d so
lid. T
he w
ater
use
acc
ordi
ng to
an
aver
age
is 1
2gal
l per
per
son
per d
ay. [
IL12
] Thi
s is
45.
5 lit
res p
er p
erso
n pe
r day
. With
one
full
mea
l a d
ay p
er p
erso
n an
d tw
o sm
alle
r m
eals
(bre
akfa
st a
nd lu
nch)
, whi
ch w
ill b
e co
unte
d as
hal
f a m
eal e
ach,
2 m
eals
per
pe
rson
will
be
coun
ted.
Thi
s mea
ns o
ne p
erso
n us
es 9
1 lit
res o
f wat
er. T
his m
eans
a to
tal
of 5
0.2
m3 o
f wat
er u
sed
for c
ater
ing
purp
oses
on
a da
ily b
asis
. Sin
ce re
stau
rant
wat
er
incl
udes
wat
er u
sed
for t
he to
ilets
, it w
ill b
e as
sum
ed th
at 2
5% o
f the
wat
er u
sed
is fo
r the
to
ilet.
This
mak
es th
at 2
5%, o
r 12.
6 m
3 of t
he in
com
ing
wat
er c
an b
e gr
ey w
ater
, 37.
7 m
3 ne
eds t
o be
pot
able
. The
out
goin
g w
ater
will
be
37.7
m3 ‘g
rey’
and
12.
6 m
3 ‘bla
ck’
was
tew
ater
. Th
e so
lid w
aste
will
be
in th
e ra
nge
of o
ne lb
per
seat
per
day
. Eve
n th
ough
not
all
gues
ts
will
go
to e
at a
t the
rest
aura
nt, t
here
will
still
be
was
te, a
s the
y ha
ve to
eat
som
ewhe
re.
The
solid
was
te fo
r the
con
dom
iniu
ms i
s inc
lude
d in
the
figur
es fo
r the
stay
ing
faci
litie
s (1
.1.2
.2.4
.2),
so th
is le
aves
the
hote
l roo
ms.
With
3 m
eals
a d
ay, t
his w
ill b
e co
unte
d as
tw
o fu
ll m
eals
, so
2 lb
per
gue
st p
er d
ay, w
hich
, with
312
gue
sts,
give
s a to
tal o
f 624
lb/
day.
Thi
s is 2
27,8
00 lb
or 1
03.3
met
ric to
ns p
er y
ear.
103.
3 m
etric
tons
mea
ns 5
20 m
3 / ye
ar.
Ener
gy w
ill b
e re
quire
d fo
r airc
o, li
ghts
, etc
. In
the
kitc
hen
ener
gy w
ill b
e re
quire
d to
pr
epar
e fo
od. A
stud
y w
as p
erfo
rmed
in H
awai
i, w
hich
has
a so
mew
hat s
imila
r clim
ate,
w
hich
foun
d an
ene
rgy
use
of 7
5.5
kWh
per s
q fe
et p
er y
ear f
or a
rest
aura
nt. W
ith 5
92 m
2 , w
hich
is 6
,372
ft2 , t
he e
nerg
y us
e w
ill b
e 48
1,00
0 kW
h pe
r yea
r. Im
pact
: •
113
jobs
•
Wat
er re
quire
men
t: 38
m3 p
otab
le, 1
3 m
3 gre
y (p
er d
ay)
51
• W
aste
wat
er: 3
8 m
3 gre
y, 1
3 m
3 bla
ck (p
er d
ay)
• So
lid w
aste
: 520
m3 /
year
•
Ener
gy: 4
81,0
00 k
Wh/
yea
r •
Spac
e us
ed a
bout
1,8
00 m
2
1.1.
2.2.
8 C
onst
ruct
ion
Con
stru
ctio
n of
a si
mila
r res
ort o
n th
e ne
arby
isla
nd o
f Ang
uilla
will
take
3 y
ears
. At
Ang
uilla
the
mai
n co
ntra
ctor
is a
com
pany
from
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es. F
or th
e re
sort
at S
tatia
th
e co
ntra
ctor
will
als
o ha
ve to
be
from
off
the
isla
nd, s
ince
the
cont
ract
ors o
n th
e is
land
ha
ve n
o ex
perie
nce
and
do n
ot h
ave
the
capa
city
to h
andl
e pr
ojec
ts o
f thi
s siz
e. T
he lo
cal
com
pani
es c
an b
e hi
red
as su
b-co
ntra
ctor
for c
erta
in p
arts
of t
he jo
b.
In A
ngui
lla th
e w
orkf
orce
on
the
proj
ect c
an b
e di
vide
d be
twee
n th
e w
ork
on th
e go
lf co
urse
and
the
wor
k on
the
reso
rt. T
he c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e go
lf co
urse
, acc
ordi
ng to
Dr.
A.
Har
igga
n, o
f the
Ang
uilla
gov
ernm
ent,
is n
ot v
ery
labo
ur in
tens
ive
and
requ
ires a
larg
e de
al o
f hea
vy e
quip
men
t in
land
scap
ing
the
terr
ain.
50
Ang
uilli
ans d
o th
e w
ork,
with
one
of
f-is
land
supe
rvis
or.
The
cons
truct
ion
of th
e re
sort
villa
s is v
ery
labo
ur in
tens
ive.
On
Ang
uilla
ther
e ar
e 45
0 pe
rson
s wor
king
on
cons
truct
ion,
with
100
add
ition
al w
orke
rs to
be
adde
d so
on. O
f the
se
450,
300
are
loca
l res
iden
ts o
f Ang
uilla
. 150
per
sons
are
com
ing
from
the
CA
RIC
OM
re
gion
[IL1
3], w
hich
con
sist
s out
of a
larg
e gr
oup
of C
arib
bean
and
som
e so
uth
Am
eric
an
coun
tries
. The
se p
eopl
e ha
ve a
long
-term
resi
denc
e fo
r Ang
uilla
. The
100
add
ition
al
wor
kers
are
bro
ught
in o
n a
tem
pora
ry b
asis
from
the
Dom
inic
an R
epub
lic.
The
area
that
the
golf
reso
rt us
es o
n A
ngui
lla is
aro
und
115
hect
ares
(286
acr
es).
The
reso
rt on
Sta
tia c
ould
pot
entia
lly ta
ke 1
71 h
ecta
res a
t Ven
us B
ay a
nd 7
1 he
ctar
es a
t Ze
elan
dia,
alth
ough
mos
t lik
ely
the
reso
rt w
ill n
ot u
se a
ll th
is la
nd. A
ngui
lla is
look
ing
at
20 e
stat
e ho
mes
, 16-
ocea
nfro
nt v
illas
and
97
hote
l roo
ms.
For S
tatia
this
num
ber i
s 40
cond
omin
ium
s and
156
hot
el ro
oms.
The
cons
truct
ion
proj
ect a
t Sta
tia w
ill th
eref
ore
not
diff
er g
reat
ly fr
om th
e on
e on
Ang
uilla
, exp
ect f
or th
e m
ore
mou
ntai
nous
terr
ain,
whi
ch
will
add
som
e co
nstru
ctio
n ch
alle
nges
. The
am
ount
of c
onst
ruct
ion
pers
onal
cur
rent
ly
used
at A
ngui
lla is
take
n as
indi
cato
r for
the
amou
nt th
at w
ill b
uild
the
Stat
ia re
sort.
The
re
quire
d la
bour
for S
tatia
will
ther
efor
e al
so b
e ar
ound
50
for t
he g
olf c
ours
e an
d 45
0 fo
r th
e re
sort
cons
truct
ion.
Th
e co
nstru
ctio
n of
the
golf
cour
se w
ill ta
ke a
roun
d 2
year
s, w
ith o
n av
erag
e 50
peo
ple
wor
king
on
it. If
they
mak
e on
ave
rage
US$
12,
000
p.p.
the
inco
me
tax
will
be
US$
996
Miti
gatio
n re
quir
ed p
erso
nnel
Th
e re
quire
d 45
0-co
nstru
ctio
n w
orke
rs a
re n
ot
avai
labl
e on
the
isla
nd. E
ven
if 50
of t
he
unem
ploy
ed S
tatia
ns c
an b
e us
ed a
s con
stru
ctio
n w
orke
rs, t
here
are
still
abo
ut 3
50 c
onst
ruct
ion
wor
kers
requ
ired.
The
num
ber o
f wor
kers
can
be
redu
ced
in tw
o w
ays.
Firs
tly b
y ex
tend
ing
the
perio
d of
tim
e th
at th
e co
nstru
ctio
n is
allo
wed
to
take
, for
exa
mpl
e fr
om 2
yea
rs to
3 y
ears
, the
am
ount
of w
orke
rs n
eede
d m
ay w
ell g
o do
wn
from
450
to 3
00. A
ssum
ing
the
sam
e 10
0 co
nstru
ctio
n w
orke
rs a
nd u
nem
ploy
ed a
vaila
ble
on th
e is
land
s, th
is w
ould
onl
y le
ave
a re
quire
men
t for
200
fore
ign
wor
kers
. Thi
s alre
ady
assu
mes
that
the
golf
cour
se a
nd g
olf r
esor
t are
co
nstru
cted
afte
r eac
h ot
her a
nd n
ot a
t the
sam
e tim
e.
Furth
er, c
reat
ing
a pl
anni
ng b
ased
on
the
avai
labl
e pe
rson
nel,
it m
ay b
e po
ssib
le to
rear
rang
e th
e ph
asin
g of
con
stru
ctio
n in
such
a w
ay th
at fe
wer
pe
rson
nel i
s req
uire
d. T
his c
ould
per
haps
save
an
othe
r 10%
on
the
staf
f, le
avin
g 27
0 pe
rson
s re
quire
d to
bui
ld th
e re
sort.
170
peo
ple
wou
ld
have
to b
e br
ough
t in
to th
e is
land
. M
itiga
tion
hous
ing
pers
onne
l Th
e co
nstru
ctio
n pe
rson
nel f
rom
abr
oad
have
to
find
hous
ing
for t
he d
urat
ion
of th
e co
nstru
ctio
n pr
ojec
t. Si
nce
this
is te
mpo
rary
labo
ur, t
hey
will
no
t req
uire
a p
erm
anen
t hou
se a
nd w
ill m
ost
likel
y no
t brin
g fa
mili
es. F
or th
e re
sort
pers
onne
l
52
per p
erso
n. F
or 5
0 pe
rson
s thi
s will
ther
efor
e be
US$
49,
800
a ye
ar. O
ver a
con
stru
ctio
n pe
riod
of 2
yea
rs th
is re
sults
in U
S$ 9
9,60
0.
The
cons
truct
ion
of th
e go
lf re
sort
will
als
o ta
ke tw
o ye
ars;
how
ever
on
aver
age
450
peop
le w
ill b
e w
orki
ng o
n th
is p
roje
ct. I
f the
y ha
ve th
e sa
me
aver
age
inco
me,
this
will
re
sult
in a
tax
inco
me
of U
S$ 4
48,2
00 a
yea
r, so
for t
wo
year
s in
US$
896
,400
. A
ccor
ding
to th
e C
BS
[200
3] th
ere
are
102
peop
le w
orki
ng in
con
stru
ctio
n on
the
isla
nd
of S
tatia
. Nex
t to
the
cons
truct
ion
of th
e re
sort,
the
“nor
mal
” co
nstru
ctio
n of
hou
ses
wou
ld a
lso
cont
inue
. Not
all
102
peop
le w
ill th
eref
ore
be a
ble
to st
art w
orki
ng o
n th
e co
nstru
ctio
n of
the
reso
rt. S
uppo
se 5
0% o
f the
per
sonn
el c
an b
e se
t asi
de, t
hen
51 w
ould
be
ava
ilabl
e. T
his m
eans
the
golf
cour
se c
an p
oten
tially
be
build
by
Stat
ian
cont
ract
ors,
unde
r sup
ervi
sion
of a
fore
ign
cons
truct
ion
man
agem
ent,
for e
xam
ple
a co
nstru
ctio
n m
anag
er fo
r one
of t
he g
olf c
ours
e de
sign
firm
s. Fo
r the
con
stru
ctio
n of
the
reso
rt, th
ere
is
a sh
orta
ge o
f 400
peo
ple.
The
re a
re w
ays t
o re
duce
the
num
ber o
f peo
ple
need
ed fo
r the
co
nstru
ctio
n; th
ese
are
hand
led
in th
e m
itiga
tion
sect
ion
on th
e rig
ht. A
larg
e pa
rt of
the
cons
truct
ion
wor
kers
wou
ld h
owev
er h
ave
to b
e fo
und
abro
ad. T
hese
peo
ple
will
requ
ire
hous
ing
on th
e is
land
. Th
e co
ntra
ctor
will
hav
e to
pay
turn
over
tax.
Thi
s is 3
% o
ver t
he tu
rnov
er. I
t is h
ard
to p
ut
a pr
ice
tag
on th
e re
sort
on fo
reha
nd. T
he p
rice
can
seve
rely
diff
er fr
om o
ne re
sort
to th
e ot
her,
depe
ndin
g on
the
qual
ity a
nd lu
xury
leve
l. Th
e re
sort
at S
t Kitt
s cos
t aro
und
US$
10
0 m
illio
n. T
he re
sort
at A
ngui
lla is
said
to c
ost a
roun
d U
S$ 3
00 m
illio
n. In
the
first
ca
se th
e po
tent
ial t
urno
ver t
ax w
ould
be
US$
3 m
illio
n. In
the
2nd c
ase
it w
ould
be
arou
nd
US$
9 m
illio
n.
Ther
e is
als
o a
tax
over
the
prof
it th
at th
e co
ntra
ctor
wou
ld m
ake;
this
is a
per
cent
age
of
34,5
%. I
n ca
se o
f a 5
% p
rofit
on
the
tota
l cos
t, th
e pr
ofit
wou
ld b
e 5
to 1
5 m
illio
n do
llars
. Th
e pr
ofit
tax
wou
ld th
en b
e U
S$ 1
,7 to
5,2
mill
ion.
Th
e to
tal t
ax in
com
e fr
om c
onst
ruct
ion
for t
he g
over
nmen
t cou
ld th
eref
ore
be U
S$ 5
,7 –
15
,2 m
illio
n do
llar o
ver 4
yea
rs o
f con
stru
ctio
n. B
ecau
se th
e am
ount
of t
ax is
sign
ifica
nt,
ther
e w
ill b
e ne
gotia
tions
bet
wee
n th
e go
vern
men
t and
the
inve
stor
s/ c
ontra
ctor
abo
ut th
e am
ount
of t
ax to
be
paid
. It w
ill m
ost l
ikel
y re
sult
in a
fixe
d su
m b
eing
pai
d th
at is
su
bsta
ntia
l, bu
t als
o su
bsta
ntia
lly lo
wer
then
the
calc
ulat
ed a
mou
nts.
To
look
at t
he e
ffec
ts o
n th
e ha
rbou
r, w
hich
will
be
the
poin
t of e
ntry
for a
ll fr
eigh
t, a
new
sy
stem
solu
tion,
“pr
ovid
e ha
rbou
r fac
ilitie
s” w
as a
dded
(1.1
.1.6
), as
par
t of t
he in
crea
se
ther
e is
a re
quire
men
t of a
bout
165
apa
rtmen
ts. I
f th
ese
coul
d be
con
stru
cted
firs
t, pr
ior t
o th
e st
art
of c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e re
sort,
the
pers
onne
l fro
m
abro
ad c
ould
use
thes
e ho
uses
. Ano
ther
opt
ion
is
to b
ring
in b
arra
cks a
nd h
ouse
the
pers
onne
l in
thes
e, n
ear t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
yard
. The
firs
t opt
ion
shou
ld b
e st
imul
ated
how
ever
, bec
ause
it w
ill
brin
g in
add
ition
al in
com
e fo
r the
isla
nd
(esp
ecia
lly if
the
hous
es a
re fi
nanc
ed a
nd o
wne
d by
loca
l peo
ple)
.
53
serv
ices
solu
tion.
1.2
Isla
nd p
rom
otio
n m
ater
ial
The
golf
reso
rt w
ill sp
end
a lo
t of m
oney
on
adve
rtisi
ng. N
ext t
o pr
omot
ing
the
reso
rt its
elf,
it w
ill a
lso
prom
ote
the
isla
nd, w
hich
can
hav
e a
posi
tive
effe
ct o
n th
e to
uris
m
indu
stry
on
the
isla
nd.
A g
ood
exam
ple
of th
e pr
omot
iona
l cap
abili
ties o
f a re
sort
is th
e Sa
ndal
s res
ort,
on S
t. Lu
cia,
whi
ch is
pro
mot
ing
the
reso
rt an
d th
e is
land
with
com
mer
cial
s on
CN
N. O
n A
ngui
lla th
e go
vern
men
t is n
ot p
artic
ipat
ing
in th
e pr
omot
ion
and
adve
rtise
men
t on
the
reso
rt, o
ther
then
pro
mot
ing
it vi
a th
eir w
ebsi
te a
nd th
e w
ebsi
te o
f the
tour
ism
boa
rd.
The
budg
et fo
r pro
mot
iona
l act
iviti
es, l
ike
adds
on
TV, t
he ra
dio,
pap
ers a
nd m
agaz
ines
by
the
reso
rt fa
r exc
eed
the
budg
et th
at th
e is
land
cou
ld e
ven
have
to p
rom
ote
itsel
f.
Impa
ct:
• Li
kely
incr
ease
in to
uris
m, a
lso
outs
ide
of th
e re
sort.
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d
1.4
Incr
ease
inha
bita
nts
The
num
ber o
f peo
ple
that
wou
ld h
ave
to c
ome
and
wor
k on
the
reso
rt fr
om o
utsi
de th
e is
land
is a
bout
330
. Sin
ce th
ey w
ill in
clud
e pa
rtner
s and
chi
ldre
n, th
e to
tal s
ize
of th
e gr
oup
will
be
arou
nd 4
90, i
nclu
ding
75
child
ren.
The
pre
fere
nce
wou
ld b
e to
attr
act
Stat
ians
that
left
the
isla
nd d
ue to
the
unav
aila
bilit
y of
wor
k or
car
eer o
ppor
tuni
ties.
The
requ
ired
amou
nt o
f hou
sing
is a
s fol
low
s:
Impa
ct:
• 16
5 si
ngle
hom
es ->
165
peo
ple
• 12
4 fa
mily
hom
es ->
322
peo
ple
(of w
hich
75
are
child
ren)
. Nex
t to
an in
crea
se in
the
num
ber o
f hou
ses a
nd p
eopl
e, th
ere
will
als
o be
an
incr
ease
in
the
dem
and
for s
choo
ls, h
ealth
car
e, e
lect
ricity
, gro
cerie
s, et
c. A
s ind
icat
ed a
bove
, the
re
will
be
an a
dditi
onal
75
child
ren
on th
e is
land
, whi
ch w
ill in
crea
se th
e de
man
d fo
r sc
hool
s.
Hea
lth c
are
is h
andl
ed in
1.1
.1.3
. Ele
ctric
ity u
se o
f a h
ouse
is a
roun
d 5,
914
kWh
/ yea
r in
Cal
iforn
ia p
er h
ouse
hold
. Sin
ce th
e cl
imat
e in
Cal
iforn
ia is
not
that
diff
eren
t, th
e sa
me
usag
e co
uld
be e
xpec
ted
here
. For
a y
ear a
nd 2
89 h
ouse
hold
s thi
s mea
ns a
pow
er
requ
irem
ent o
f 1,7
10,0
00 k
Wh/
yea
r, or
4,7
00 k
Wh/
day
.
Hou
sing
A
ccor
ding
to 1
.4.1
.4 th
ere
is a
pot
entia
l nee
d fo
r 16
5 ap
artm
ents
or s
ingl
e pe
rson
hou
sing
and
a
furth
er n
eed
for 1
24 h
ouse
s for
fam
ilies
. Bec
ause
St
atia
ns li
ving
abr
oad
are
an im
porta
nt g
roup
that
is
bei
ng fo
cuse
d on
, the
act
ual n
eed
for h
ousi
ng
will
be
low
er. A
num
ber o
f Sta
tians
livi
ng o
ff
isla
nd a
lread
y ha
s a h
ouse
on
Stat
ia. N
o re
cord
s ar
e ke
pt a
bout
the
amou
nt o
f hou
ses t
hat a
re
empt
y or
the
amou
nt o
f Sta
tians
livi
ng a
broa
d th
ough
. Th
e go
lf co
urse
will
pro
babl
y at
firs
t attr
act a
la
rge
num
ber o
f ‘si
ngle
’ em
ploy
ees.
They
will
re
quire
apa
rtmen
ts. W
hen
they
are
stay
ing
on th
e is
land
for a
long
er ti
me
they
may
wan
t to
mov
e to
fa
mily
hou
sing
. The
dem
and
for a
partm
ents
may
th
eref
ore
be g
ettin
g lo
wer
, whi
le th
e de
man
d fo
r ho
uses
may
go
up. I
t wou
ld th
eref
ore
be ju
stifi
ed
to c
reat
e ho
uses
in th
e fir
st p
lace
and
acc
ept t
hat
54
Impa
ct:
• 4,
700
kWh/
day
. ho
usin
g w
ill n
ot c
ompl
etel
y fit
the
first
in
habi
tant
s req
uire
men
ts, o
r to
mak
e th
e ap
artm
ent b
uild
ings
flex
ible
. The
flex
ibili
ty
mea
ns th
at th
e ap
artm
ents
shou
ld b
e ea
sy to
re
conf
igur
e in
to m
ulti
room
apa
rtmen
ts, s
uita
ble
for m
ore
then
one
per
son.
1.4.
1 R
ecru
it pe
ople
off
is
land
O
f the
530
jobs
that
are
pre
dict
ed to
com
e in
to e
xist
ence
with
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f the
re
sort,
330
will
hav
e to
be
fille
d by
peo
ple
not c
urre
ntly
livi
ng o
n St
atia
. The
se p
eopl
e w
ill re
quire
a h
ome,
or a
partm
ent o
n th
e is
land
. For
330
jobs
the
num
ber o
f peo
ple
will
be
high
er, b
ecau
se o
f fam
ilies
and
chi
ldre
n. 4
87 p
eopl
e is
an
estim
ated
num
ber o
f peo
ple
who
may
cam
e to
the
isla
nd a
s a c
onse
quen
ce o
f the
gol
f res
ort.
Im
pact
: •
Look
for S
tatia
ns fi
rst
• 33
0 Jo
bs fo
r peo
ple
off-
isla
nd
• 49
0 pe
ople
com
ing
to th
e is
land
in to
tal
Rec
ruiti
ng p
eopl
e A
16%
incr
ease
in p
opul
atio
n on
the
isla
nd is
ex
pect
ed. T
he e
ffec
t thi
s has
is b
oth
posi
tive
and
nega
tive.
Pla
nnin
g th
eir a
rriv
al in
adv
ance
can
m
itiga
te n
egat
ive
effe
cts l
ike
a sh
orta
ge o
f ho
usin
g. B
uild
ing
sust
aina
bly
can
parti
ally
redu
ce
othe
r eff
ects
like
an
incr
ease
d de
man
d fo
r pow
er.
The
eff
ects
the
addi
tiona
l peo
ple
have
are
de
scrib
ed in
this
repo
rt; m
itiga
tion
mea
sure
s will
be
giv
en p
er e
ffec
t.
1.
4.1.
1 Fi
nd p
eopl
e 33
0 pe
ople
nee
d to
be
foun
d of
f-is
land
. Pre
fera
bly
thes
e w
ould
be
Stat
ians
livi
ng o
ff th
e is
land
. A p
rimar
y ta
rget
gro
up w
ould
be
Stat
ians
who
had
to m
igra
te o
ff th
e is
land
be
caus
e of
a la
ck o
f wor
k, b
ut w
ant t
o re
turn
. No
reco
rds a
re b
eing
kep
t abo
ut th
e am
ount
of
Sta
tians
livi
ng a
broa
d. Im
mig
ratio
n an
d em
igra
tion
data
is a
vaila
ble.
Thi
s sho
ws o
ver
the
last
10
year
s tha
t 438
Sta
tians
left
the
isla
nd a
nd 5
27 re
turn
ed to
Sta
tia. T
his i
s not
a
com
plet
e fig
ure,
as S
tatia
ns g
oing
for e
xam
ple
to th
e U
SA w
ill u
sual
ly re
mai
n re
gist
ered
in
Sta
tia.
The
CB
S in
the
Net
herla
nds o
nly
track
s the
num
ber o
f peo
ple
from
the
Dut
ch A
ntill
es
and
Aru
ba. I
n 20
04 a
tota
l of 1
30,5
38 p
eopl
e fr
om th
e D
utch
Ant
illes
and
Aru
ba w
ere
livin
g in
the
Net
herla
nds.
The
num
ber d
oes n
ot se
para
te b
etw
een
the
popu
latio
ns o
f the
si
x is
land
s. Th
e la
rges
t gro
up h
owev
er is
the
peop
le fr
om C
urac
ao, w
here
a la
rge
unem
ploy
men
t has
mot
ivat
ed p
eopl
e to
imm
igra
te to
the
Net
herla
nds.
This
gro
up is
said
to
be
abou
t 70%
of a
ll th
e pe
ople
from
the
Dut
ch A
ntill
es a
nd A
ruba
livi
ng in
the
Net
herla
nds.
This
is 9
1,37
6 pe
ople
and
leav
es 3
9,16
2 fo
r the
oth
er is
land
s. To
div
ide
this
nu
mbe
r a v
ery
roug
h es
timat
e w
ould
be
to lo
ok a
t the
size
of t
he to
tal p
opul
atio
n pe
r is
land
and
ass
ume
the
perc
enta
ge o
f peo
ple
livin
g on
that
isla
nd c
ompa
red
to th
e to
tal o
f pe
ople
is a
n in
dica
tion
for h
ow th
e gr
oup
in th
e N
ethe
rland
s is d
ivid
ed. T
he to
tal
popu
latio
n of
the
Dut
ch A
ntill
es a
nd A
ruba
, but
with
out C
urac
ao is
146
,948
[CB
S20
03]
Fin
ding
peo
ple
It is
ass
umed
that
aro
und
655
Stat
ians
are
livi
ng in
th
e N
ethe
rland
s. A
larg
e pa
rt of
them
will
still
be
at sc
hool
or a
re a
lread
y on
a p
ensi
on. F
rom
thos
e w
ho a
re a
ble
to w
ork
at th
e re
sort,
not
all
will
w
ant t
o re
turn
to S
t. Eu
stat
ius,
beca
use
they
hav
e bu
ild a
live
in th
e N
ethe
rland
s, or
hav
e fo
und
a go
od jo
b, e
tc. I
f 5%
wou
ld b
e w
illin
g to
retu
rn
that
wou
ld fi
ll 20
jobs
. Ass
umin
g an
othe
r 80
Stat
ians
can
retu
rn fr
om th
e ot
her i
slan
ds o
f the
N
ethe
rland
s Ant
illes
, the
USA
and
oth
er
coun
tries
, 100
add
ition
al jo
bs c
ould
be
fille
d by
St
atia
ns.
This
wou
ld le
ave
230
jobs
to b
e fil
led
by n
on-
Stat
ians
. The
une
mpl
oym
ent o
n th
e ne
arby
is
land
s, es
peci
ally
St M
aarte
n, is
hig
h en
ough
to
prov
ide
even
all
empl
oyee
s for
the
golf
reso
rt. S
t. M
aarte
n is
hig
hly
mul
ti cu
ltura
l, a
larg
e gr
oup
of
55
peop
le. T
he n
umbe
r of p
eopl
e in
the
sam
e ye
ar is
2.4
98 [C
BS
2003
], w
hich
giv
es S
tatia
a
perc
enta
ge o
f 1.7
%.
This
per
cent
age
from
39,
162
peop
le w
ould
giv
e an
est
imat
ed 6
65
Stat
ians
livi
ng in
the
Net
herla
nds.
This
is h
owev
er p
urel
y ba
sed
on th
e ab
ove-
men
tione
d as
sum
ptio
ns. A
ssum
ing
thes
e pe
ople
are
of a
ll ag
es, o
nly
arou
nd 5
0% w
ould
be
at a
n ag
e w
here
they
cou
ld w
ork
at th
e re
sort.
Of t
hese
330
Sta
tians
, it i
s a q
uest
ion
how
man
y ar
e w
illin
g to
leav
e th
e N
ethe
rland
s and
thei
r cur
rent
job
to c
ome
back
to S
tatia
, no
num
ber
is a
vaila
ble,
if 5
% is
ass
umed
, abo
ut 2
0 St
atia
ns w
ould
be
retu
rnin
g to
the
isla
nd. T
he
Net
herla
nds h
as a
big
app
eal t
o th
e N
ethe
rland
s Ant
illes
bec
ause
of t
he ti
es b
etw
een
the
two
coun
tries
and
the
poss
ibili
ties f
or e
duca
tion.
The
oth
er is
land
s of t
he D
utch
Ant
illes
, ot
her n
earb
y is
land
s and
the
USA
als
o ha
ve re
lativ
ely
larg
e gr
oups
of S
tatia
ns. F
rom
ta
lks w
ith M
r. W
. Ber
kel i
t can
be
assu
med
that
the
USA
has
at l
east
a si
mila
r am
ount
of
Stat
ians
, fig
ures
from
the
Dut
ch A
ntill
es a
nd o
ther
nea
rby
isla
nds a
re u
nkno
wn.
If it
wer
e as
sum
ed th
at a
sim
ilar a
mou
nt (2
0 pe
rson
s eac
h) o
f Sta
tians
wou
ld b
e av
aila
ble
from
the
USA
, St M
aarte
n an
d 40
from
oth
er c
ount
ries a
nd is
land
s (fo
r exa
mpl
e C
urac
ao, S
t M
aarte
n, S
t Kitt
s), a
n ad
ditio
nal 8
0 w
ould
be
avai
labl
e, m
akin
g th
e to
tal a
mou
nt o
f av
aila
ble
Stat
ians
from
out
side
the
isla
nds,
arou
nd 1
00.
For t
he re
mai
ning
jobs
the
focu
s sho
uld
shift
to p
eopl
e fr
om th
e ot
her D
utch
Ant
illea
n is
land
s. Th
e ne
arby
isla
nds o
f St M
aarte
n en
Sab
a ha
ve m
ore
or le
ss th
e sa
me
cultu
re so
th
e cu
ltura
l im
pact
of p
eopl
e co
min
g fr
om th
ese
isla
nds w
ill b
e m
inim
al. T
he
unem
ploy
men
t on
Saba
, acc
ordi
ng to
the
CB
S [2
003]
, is 3
9 pe
ople
; the
une
mpl
oym
ent
on S
t Maa
rten
in 2
003
was
3.4
33 p
eopl
e. T
his m
eans
that
a sm
all p
art o
f the
une
mpl
oyed
on
St M
aarte
n w
ould
alre
ady
be e
noug
h to
fill
the
jobs
for t
he g
olf r
esor
t. Im
pact
: •
530
tota
l job
s del
iver
ed b
y th
e re
sort
• 20
0 jo
bs fi
lled
by S
tatia
ns o
n th
e is
land
•
100
jobs
fille
d by
Sta
tians
off
the
isla
nd
• 23
0 ad
ditio
nal p
eopl
e re
quire
d
the
unem
ploy
ed w
ill b
e pe
ople
from
the
surr
ound
ing
isla
nds,
it ca
n be
exp
ecte
d th
at
porti
ons o
f the
em
ploy
ees o
f the
reso
rt w
ill
ther
efor
e be
from
Dom
inic
a, th
e D
omin
ican
re
publ
ic, G
uyan
a, e
tc. S
t. Eu
stat
ius i
s alre
ady
mul
ti et
hnic
, with
resi
dent
s fro
m a
ll of
thes
e lo
catio
ns, c
hina
and
the
USA
and
Eur
ope.
The
ai
m sh
ould
be
to g
et a
s man
y St
atia
ns a
nd
resi
dent
s in
the
Dut
ch A
ntill
es to
wor
k at
the
reso
rt, o
ther
gro
ups w
ill h
owev
er m
ost l
ikel
y al
so
be n
eede
d to
get
eno
ugh
empl
oyee
s.
1.4.
1.2
Ext
ra c
lass
room
s To
det
erm
ine
the
impa
ct o
n sc
hool
s, in
terv
iew
s wer
e co
nduc
ted
at tw
o sc
hool
s, w
ith a
n in
form
al c
onve
rsat
ion
at a
third
. The
two
form
al in
terv
iew
s too
k pl
ace
at th
e G
wen
daly
n va
n Pu
tten
scho
ol, a
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
and
the
Gol
denr
ock
Elem
enta
ry sc
hool
, a sc
hool
fo
r prim
ary
educ
tion.
75 a
dditi
onal
chi
ldre
n m
ean
that
ther
e w
ill a
lso
be a
n in
crea
se in
the
dem
and
for e
duca
tion.
The
scho
ol sy
stem
on
Stat
ia is
sim
ilar t
o th
e D
utch
syst
em. W
ith
prim
ary
scho
ol fr
om th
e ag
e of
4 to
11
and
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
from
12
to a
roun
d 16
(the
hi
ghes
t edu
catio
n is
HA
VO
, whi
ch ta
kes 5
yrs,
so to
17)
. On
the
isla
nd th
ere
are
323
pers
ons a
ge 0
to 9
and
465
age
10
to 1
9. A
ssum
ing
thes
e st
uden
ts a
re e
qual
ly d
ivid
ed o
ver
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d
56
the
ages
and
are
repr
esen
tativ
e fo
r the
chi
ldre
n co
min
g to
the
isla
nd, t
he im
pact
for t
he
scho
ols c
an b
e ca
lcul
ated
. Ano
ther
ass
umpt
ion
is th
at c
hild
ren
over
the
age
of 1
6 w
ill n
ot
be c
omin
g to
Sta
tia w
ith th
eir p
aren
ts b
ecau
se th
ere
is n
o sc
hool
ing
avai
labl
e.
In to
tal t
here
are
323
chi
ldre
n be
twee
n 0
and
9. T
hey
have
to g
o to
scho
ol w
hen
they
turn
4,
so 6
0% o
f the
chi
ldre
n ar
e in
prim
ary
scho
ol, w
hich
mea
ns 1
94 in
tota
l. Th
ere
are
465
child
ren
aged
10
to 1
9. P
rimar
y sc
hool
is u
p to
the
age
of 1
1, so
that
mea
ns 2
0% o
f thi
s gr
oup
is in
prim
ary
scho
ol; 9
3 in
tota
l. Th
is m
eans
that
at t
he m
omen
t the
re a
re a
bout
287
ch
ildre
n in
prim
ary
scho
ol. F
rom
12
to 1
6 is
the
perio
d fo
r sec
onda
ry sc
hool
, whi
ch
mea
ns 4
0% o
f 465
, whi
ch is
186
stud
ents
. O
f the
tota
l gro
up o
f 602
chi
ldre
n be
twee
n 0
and
16 li
ving
on
the
isla
nd, 1
86 g
o to
se
cond
ary
scho
ol, 2
87 g
o to
prim
ary
scho
ol. W
ith 7
5 ch
ildre
n be
twee
n th
e ag
e of
0 a
nd
16 c
omin
g to
the
isla
nd, t
his w
ill a
dd, u
sing
this
sam
e pa
rtitio
n, 2
3 ch
ildre
n at
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
and
36
at p
rimar
y sc
hool
. O
n th
e se
cond
ary
scho
ol n
o ef
fect
s are
exp
ecte
d. T
he 2
3 st
uden
ts c
an b
e ha
ndle
d by
the
curr
ent n
umbe
r of t
each
ers a
nd b
y m
akin
g ch
ange
s to
the
scho
ol ti
met
able
any
ext
ra
clas
ses c
an b
e ac
com
mod
ated
in th
e pr
esen
t cla
ssro
oms.
Fo
r the
prim
ary
scho
ol th
e ef
fect
s are
als
o sm
all.
Rec
ently
a 3
rd p
rimar
y sc
hool
was
ad
ded
on th
e is
land
, tak
ing
som
e st
uden
ts o
f the
oth
er tw
o. O
n th
e go
lden
rock
el
emen
tary
scho
ol th
e nu
mbe
r of s
tude
nts w
ent d
own
from
ove
r 170
to 1
46 a
t the
m
omen
t. Th
is m
eans
at t
his s
choo
l alo
ne th
e ca
paci
ty is
read
ily a
vaila
ble
to ta
ke a
t lea
st
24 st
uden
ts.
One
of t
he p
robl
ems t
hat t
he sc
hool
s hav
e is
that
the
fund
ing
has t
o co
me
from
the
gove
rnm
ent.
The
gove
rnm
ent a
t the
mom
ent h
as a
larg
e de
ficit
and
thus
can
not s
pend
a
lot o
f mon
ey o
n th
e sc
hool
s. W
ith th
e in
crea
sed
gove
rnm
ent i
ncom
e, m
ore
mon
ey w
ould
be
ava
ilabl
e fo
r sch
ools
, whi
ch c
ould
incr
ease
the
qual
ity.
Impa
ct:
• 36
chi
ldre
n at
prim
ary
scho
ol
• 23
chi
ldre
n at
seco
ndar
y sc
hool
1.4.
1.3
Ext
ra st
aff a
t sc
hool
s It
is n
ot e
xpec
ted
that
the
scho
ols r
equi
re a
dditi
onal
staf
f due
to th
e in
crea
se in
stud
ents
.
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d
57
Impa
ct:
• N
one
1.
4.1.
4 Pr
ivat
e ho
uses
It
is a
ssum
ed th
at 5
0% o
f the
peo
ple
who
are
wor
king
at t
he re
sort
and
golf
cour
se a
re
sing
le. T
hey
will
be
com
ing
to th
e is
land
alo
ne a
nd n
eed
hous
ing
for o
ne p
erso
n. T
he
othe
r gro
up w
ill b
e fa
mili
es. I
n 20
03 th
e nu
mbe
r of p
eopl
e liv
ing
on th
e is
land
was
2,4
98
(cur
rent
ly 3
,100
), w
ith 9
65 h
ouse
hold
s. Th
is m
eans
the
aver
age
hous
ehol
d co
nsis
ts o
ut o
f 2.
59 p
eopl
e. F
urth
er it
is a
ssum
ed th
at 5
0% o
f the
fam
ilies
will
hav
e bo
th a
dults
and
the
othe
r 50%
will
hav
e on
e ad
ult w
orki
ng a
t the
reso
rt. T
his w
ill re
sult
in 1
65 si
ngle
s and
16
5 pe
ople
with
fam
ilies
. Of t
he g
roup
with
fam
ilies
50%
, so
82 p
eopl
e, h
ave
both
adu
lts
wor
king
in th
e re
sort.
Thi
s gro
up h
as a
size
of 1
07 p
eopl
e, 2
5 of
whi
ch a
re c
hild
ren.
The
ot
her 5
0% o
f the
fam
ilies
has
onl
y on
e ad
ult w
orki
ng a
t the
reso
rt, re
sulti
ng in
a g
roup
si
ze o
f 215
peo
ple,
50
of w
hich
are
chi
ldre
n.
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
St. E
usta
tius H
ousi
ng F
ound
atio
n th
ere
will
not
be
any
prob
lem
s co
nstru
ctin
g th
e ho
uses
. At t
he m
omen
t the
re a
re p
lans
for c
onst
ruct
ing
arou
nd 5
0 ho
uses
by
the
Hou
sing
Fou
ndat
ion.
The
gov
ernm
ent i
s als
o co
nstru
ctin
g ho
usin
g. It
is e
xpec
ted
that
the
curr
ent w
aitin
g lis
t of 5
0 pe
ople
that
are
look
ing
for h
ousi
ng w
ill g
o do
wn
to a
su
rplu
s of 2
5 ho
uses
. Th
ere
are
no p
robl
ems e
xpec
ted
in th
e am
ount
of l
and
that
is a
vaila
ble.
An
apar
tmen
t bu
ildin
g fo
r 12
apar
tmen
ts c
ould
take
abo
ut 2
5 x
40 m
eter
s (90
0 m
2 ). A
sing
le h
ouse
co
uld
be a
bout
10
x 15
m (1
50 m
2 ). Th
is m
eans
that
the
hous
ing
alon
e w
ould
take
abo
ut
15,3
75 m
2 in a
partm
ents
and
23,
250
m2 in
fam
ily h
ouse
s. Th
e re
quire
d ro
ads w
ould
use
ab
out 6
m in
wid
th, a
nd a
roun
d 1
km lo
ng (t
o co
ver a
ll th
e ho
usin
g). T
his w
ould
add
an
addi
tiona
l 6,0
00 m
2 . It i
s the
refo
re e
stim
ated
that
hou
sing
will
take
at l
east
4.5
hec
tare
s or
abou
t 11
acre
’s.
Cur
rent
ly a
hou
sing
pro
ject
is g
oing
on
at W
hite
Wal
l, bu
t als
o th
ere
is a
lso
land
ava
ilabl
e or
cur
rent
ly b
eing
use
d to
con
stru
ct h
ouse
s at L
odi (
enou
gh sp
ace
for 2
5 ap
artm
ents
), co
mpa
gnie
(50
acre
s), g
rove
l (60
acr
es) a
nd th
e En
glis
h qu
arte
r (71
0 ac
res)
. Gro
vel i
s lo
cate
d ne
ar th
e re
sort,
whi
ch w
ould
be
idea
l in
term
s of t
rave
lling
dis
tanc
e fo
r the
em
ploy
ees.
Hav
ing
the
hous
ing
at W
hite
wal
l can
pot
entia
lly c
ause
traf
fic p
robl
ems,
as a
ll tra
ffic
goi
ng fr
om W
hite
wal
l to
the
reso
rt ha
s to
pass
thro
ugh
Ora
njes
tad.
Fur
ther
mor
e th
is is
the
long
est d
ista
nce
hous
ing
can
be p
lace
d aw
ay fr
om th
e re
sort,
mak
ing
Whi
te
wal
l not
the
mos
t fav
oura
ble
loca
tion.
Th
e St
. Eus
tatiu
s Hou
sing
Fou
ndat
ion
is w
illin
g an
d ab
le to
fina
nce
the
cons
truct
ion
of
Con
sum
ptio
n Th
e am
ount
of w
aste
that
the
addi
tiona
l hou
sing
pr
oduc
es is
sign
ifica
nt. B
ecau
se n
o re
cycl
ing
or
was
te re
duct
ion
prog
ram
s exi
st o
n th
e is
land
, m
itiga
ting
the
amou
nt o
f was
te is
not
pos
sibl
e.
Mor
e ab
out t
he e
ffec
ts o
f the
was
te o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t in
2.5
Hou
sing
Th
e ho
usin
g ca
n be
pro
vide
d by
the
hous
ing
foun
datio
n. A
s lon
g as
they
hav
e a
guar
ante
e th
at
the
reso
rt w
ill b
e co
nstru
cted
. The
hou
sing
can
be
finan
ced
by th
e ho
usin
g fo
unda
tion.
A
lim
ited
amou
nt o
f hou
sing
shou
ld b
e av
aila
ble
befo
re st
art o
f con
stru
ctio
n, to
allo
w fo
reig
n co
nstru
ctio
n w
orke
rs to
live
on
the
isla
nd (a
lso
see
1.1.
2.2.
8).
On
near
by re
sorts
staf
f hou
sing
for e
x-pa
ts
(peo
ple
from
abr
oad
wor
king
on
the
reso
rt) is
av
aila
ble
on th
e re
sort
grou
nds.
This
cou
ld b
e do
ne fo
r the
reso
rt on
St.
Eust
atiu
s as w
ell,
how
ever
the
reve
nue
from
thes
e ho
uses
will
then
go
to th
e re
sort.
If h
ousi
ng is
pro
vide
d lo
cally
, for
ex
ampl
e by
the
hous
ing
foun
datio
n, th
e m
oney
w
ill st
ay o
n th
e is
land
.
58
the
hous
es (g
ettin
g lo
ans f
rom
ban
ks).
The
thin
g th
ey w
ould
nee
d fr
om th
e re
sort
how
ever
is
a g
uara
ntee
that
the
hous
es w
ill b
e fil
led
at le
ast f
or 8
0%. T
o ha
ve th
e ho
uses
read
y at
th
e sa
me
time
the
reso
rt op
ens,
they
wou
ld n
eed
abou
t 3 y
ears
adv
ance
not
ifica
tion.
Th
e w
ater
for t
he c
urre
nt h
ouse
s on
Stat
ia is
take
n fr
om th
e ra
inw
ater
. Thi
s is s
tore
d in
a
cist
ern
and
used
for a
ll so
urce
d in
stea
d of
drin
k w
ater
, for
whi
ch b
ottle
d w
ater
is u
sed.
Th
is is
a su
stai
nabl
e sy
stem
, apa
rt fr
om th
e w
ater
bot
tles,
whi
ch a
re n
ot re
cycl
ed b
ut
thro
wn
away
ont
o th
e du
mp.
W
aste
will
be
prod
uced
in q
uant
ities
of a
bout
500
kg
per p
erso
n pe
r yea
r. W
ith 4
87
peop
le, t
here
will
be
245,
000
kg o
f was
te p
er y
ear.
On
aver
age
an m
3 of w
aste
wei
ghs
abou
t 200
[IL9
]. Th
is m
akes
for a
yea
rly w
aste
pro
duct
ion
of 1
,220
m3
The
hous
es re
quire
a p
hone
and
inte
rnet
con
nect
ion,
just
like
the
reso
rt ne
eds a
pho
ne a
nd
inte
rnet
con
nect
ion.
For
this
reas
on ‘p
rovi
de te
leco
mm
unic
atio
n’ w
as a
dded
as f
unct
ion
0.6.
1.3.
Im
pact
: •
165
sing
le h
omes
-> 1
65 p
eopl
e •
124
fam
ily h
omes
-> 3
22 p
eopl
e (o
f whi
ch 7
5 ar
e ch
ildre
n).
1.
4.2
Edu
catio
n m
inim
um fo
r im
mig
ratio
n
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
St. E
usta
tius T
ouris
m D
evel
opm
ent F
ound
atio
n th
ere
is a
larg
e ch
ance
th
at p
eopl
e fr
om n
earb
y is
land
s, w
illin
g to
wor
k fo
r law
wag
es, w
ill b
e at
tract
ed b
y th
e pr
ojec
t. If
man
y of
them
find
a jo
b at
the
reso
rt, th
e ef
fect
s for
Sta
tians
may
be
grea
tly
redu
ced;
thes
e pe
ople
may
send
mos
t mon
ey b
ack
to th
eir f
amili
es o
n th
e ot
her i
slan
ds.
The
low
er in
com
e an
d th
e m
oney
dis
appe
arin
g fr
om th
e is
land
will
dec
reas
e th
e ta
x in
com
es a
nd th
e un
empl
oym
ent o
n th
e is
land
may
not
dro
p.
Miti
gatio
n lo
w c
ost w
orke
rs
The
gove
rnm
ent s
houl
d ha
ve a
rese
rved
atti
tude
ag
ains
t im
mig
ratio
n fr
om p
eopl
e w
ho a
re n
ot
livin
g on
the
Net
herla
nds A
ntill
es. E
mpl
oyee
s fr
om o
utsi
de th
e N
ethe
rland
s Ant
illes
will
mos
t lik
ely
turn
out
to b
e ne
cess
ary,
but
car
e sh
ould
be
take
n th
at th
ey d
o no
t tak
e th
e bu
lk o
f the
jobs
and
th
at th
e pe
ople
from
the
Net
herla
nds A
ntill
es m
iss
out.
2.0
Sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent
The
maj
or w
orry
for t
his s
ectio
n, su
stai
nabl
e de
velo
pmen
t, is
the
solid
and
liqu
id w
aste
. O
n th
e is
land
ther
e ar
e no
pro
cess
ing
plan
ts a
vaila
ble
for e
ither
of t
hem
. Sol
id w
aste
is
dum
ped
as is
in a
land
fill;
liqui
d w
aste
is d
ispo
sed
mai
nly
by so
cal
led
cess
pool
s, w
hich
m
eans
the
drai
npip
e en
ds in
a h
ole
in th
e gr
ound
, the
was
tew
ater
ent
ers t
he g
roun
d di
rect
ly. S
eptic
tank
s are
use
d at
a li
mite
d nu
mbe
r of l
ocat
ions
. Eve
n if
they
are
use
d, th
ey
still
dra
in in
to th
e gr
ound
. For
bot
h so
rts o
f was
te, t
he re
sort
wou
ld h
ave
to c
reat
e its
ow
n
Solid
was
te
The
reso
rt ca
n pa
rtial
ly re
duce
the
solid
was
te th
at
it ha
s to
disp
ose
of, f
or e
xam
ple
by su
pply
ing
thei
r ow
n bo
ttled
pot
able
wat
er fr
om th
e re
vers
e os
mos
is p
lant
in g
lass
bot
tles t
hat a
re re
usab
le.
The
rem
aini
ng a
mou
nt o
f was
te w
ill h
owev
er st
ill
59
inst
alla
tion
to b
e su
stai
nabl
e.
Two
spec
ies o
f ani
mal
s hav
e to
be
take
n in
to a
ccou
nt. F
irstly
the
Igua
na, w
hich
is li
ving
in
Ven
us B
ay a
nd in
fact
mos
t of t
he n
orth
ern
hills
are
a. It
is e
ndan
gere
d sp
ecie
; on
the
isla
nd th
ere
are
som
e 42
5 Ig
uana
’s. B
ecau
se th
ey li
ve in
and
feed
off
the
trees
, cle
arin
g th
e tre
es fo
r a g
olf c
ours
e is
a p
oten
tial d
ange
r to
thes
e re
ptile
s. N
o pr
oble
ms a
re e
xpec
ted
thou
gh if
the
reso
rt is
pla
ced
at V
enus
Bay
and
the
golf
cour
se a
t Zee
land
ia. I
t may
als
o in
crea
se th
e ap
peal
for t
he g
olf r
esor
t hav
ing
igua
nas o
n th
e gr
ound
s of t
he re
sort.
H
avin
g th
e re
sort
at V
enus
Bay
and
the
cour
se a
t Zee
land
ia w
ould
als
o be
ben
efic
ial f
or
the
Sea
turtl
es. Y
oung
sea
turtl
es n
eed
dark
ness
to fi
nd th
eir w
ay to
the
beac
h. H
avin
g a
golf
cour
se a
t Zee
land
ia w
ill e
nsur
e da
rkne
ss a
t nig
ht. I
t will
als
o cr
eate
a q
uiet
en
viro
nmen
t for
the
adul
t tur
tles t
o co
me
asho
re a
nd la
y th
eir e
ggs.
It is
pos
sibl
e to
use
the
beac
h fo
r tou
rism
as w
ell a
s sea
turtl
e ne
stin
g. P
eopl
e si
tting
and
w
alki
ng o
n th
e be
ach
will
pos
e no
thre
at to
the
nest
s. Si
nce
the
sea
turtl
es u
se th
e be
ach
at
nigh
t, an
d pe
ople
dur
ing
the
day,
this
will
not
con
flict
eith
er. C
reat
ing
a ba
rrie
r in
the
sea,
fo
r exa
mpl
e w
ith re
ef b
alls
, will
not
onl
y m
ake
swim
min
g po
ssib
le, b
ut w
ill a
ctua
lly
incr
ease
the
size
of t
he b
each
by
abou
t 15m
due
to p
reve
ntio
n of
ero
sion
. A to
p la
yer o
f w
hite
sand
can
be
adde
d fo
r vis
ual a
ppea
l. M
akin
g to
uris
ts a
war
e of
the
envi
ronm
ent a
nd th
e pr
esen
ce o
f sea
turtl
es a
nd ig
uana
’s c
an
decr
ease
the
nega
tive
impa
ct, a
s peo
ple
will
kno
w w
hat n
ot to
do
(like
litte
ring
on th
e be
ach)
. Com
mer
cial
use
of t
he b
each
will
als
o m
ean
it w
ill b
e cl
eane
d fr
om w
aste
com
ing
in fr
om th
e se
a; th
is is
cur
rent
ly n
ot b
eing
don
e an
d po
ses a
n eq
ually
larg
e ris
k fo
r the
tu
rtles
. Fr
om th
e la
ndsi
de e
rosi
on is
als
o pl
ayin
g a
role
. Rai
nwat
er c
an, a
fter h
eavy
rain
, rai
n do
wn
Zeel
andi
a an
d er
ode
the
beac
h. T
his c
ause
s dee
p tre
nche
s in
the
beac
h an
d po
tent
ially
allo
ws s
eaw
ater
, dur
ing
high
seas
, to
ente
r fur
ther
on
the
land
, cre
atin
g ev
en
mor
e er
osio
n. T
he sa
nd th
at e
nter
s the
wat
er in
this
way
cou
ld p
oten
tially
har
m th
e re
efs,
whe
n er
osio
n is
stop
ped
this
wou
ld th
eref
ore
also
be
bene
ficia
l for
the
reef
s. B
y st
orin
g th
e ra
inw
ater
in a
n irr
igat
ion
pond
, the
wat
er is
no
long
er fl
owin
g ov
er th
e be
ach,
thus
elim
inat
ing
the
eros
ion.
The
wat
er c
an n
ow b
e us
ed fo
r irr
igat
ion
purp
oses
, pr
ovid
ing
a fr
ee w
ater
sour
ce fo
r the
gol
f cou
rse.
By
crea
ting
wat
er c
hann
els f
rom
the
surr
ound
ing
area
to th
e irr
igat
ion
pond
, ero
sion
of t
he su
rrou
ndin
g ar
ea c
an b
e pr
even
ted
in c
ase
trees
and
bus
hes n
eed
to b
e re
mov
ed a
nd e
ven
mor
e w
ater
will
be
avai
labl
e fo
r
be si
gnifi
cant
and
hav
e a
sign
ifica
nt e
ffec
t on
the
envi
ronm
ent.
Liqu
id w
aste
Th
e liq
uid
was
te c
an b
e cl
eane
d ef
fect
ivel
y by
ru
nnin
g it
thro
ugh
a th
ree-
stag
e se
ptic
tank
, fo
llow
ed b
y a
reed
land
(act
ing
as a
bio
logi
c fil
ter)
. Thi
s sol
utio
n w
ill n
eed
the
coop
erat
ion
of
the
gues
ts, a
s che
mic
als b
eing
flus
hed
thro
ugh
the
sink
or t
oile
t can
dam
age
the
reed
land
. If
impl
emen
ted
succ
essf
ully
this
syst
em w
ill
how
ever
redu
ce th
e im
pact
of t
he li
quid
was
te to
a
less
then
sign
ifica
nt e
ffec
t.
60
irrig
atio
n. R
eef d
amag
e, c
ause
d by
sand
reac
hing
the
reef
, can
als
o be
redu
ced
whe
n an
irr
igat
ion
pond
is c
onst
ruct
ed.
The
Ven
us B
ay a
rea
is c
urre
ntly
pro
tect
ed u
nder
the
stat
us o
f ‘un
ique
land
scap
e’. O
n th
e ba
sis o
f the
law
ther
e ar
e no
reas
ons w
hy a
per
mit
coul
d be
giv
en fo
r bui
ldin
g in
this
are
a.
Ther
efor
e a
law
cha
nge
will
be
requ
ired,
whi
ch e
ither
allo
ws “
sust
aina
ble
deve
lopm
ent”
as
bas
is fo
r a p
erm
it to
bui
ld o
r whi
ch re
mov
es th
e st
atus
of p
rote
cted
are
a fr
om V
enus
B
ay.
Soci
ally
, sus
tain
abili
ty is
ach
ieve
d by
pro
mot
ing
Stat
ians
to c
ome
back
and
wor
k at
the
golf
reso
rt. S
tatia
ns a
re u
sed
to li
ving
on
the
isla
nd a
nd m
ay h
ave
depa
rted
beca
use
no
wor
k w
as a
vaila
ble.
The
y w
ill h
ave
the
leas
t tro
uble
ble
ndin
g in
with
the
curr
ent
popu
latio
n an
d sh
are
the
sam
e be
lieve
s and
val
ues.
It w
ill a
lso
mea
n th
at fa
mili
es c
an g
et
toge
ther
and
live
toge
ther
. Im
pact
: •
For s
ea tu
rtle
nest
ing
the
beac
h sh
ould
be
clea
n of
tras
h •
Dur
ing
the
nest
ing
seas
on th
ere
shou
ld b
e no
vis
ible
ligh
ts fr
om th
e la
ndsi
de.
• A
gol
f cou
rse
at Z
eela
ndia
, with
the
golf
reso
rt at
Ven
us B
ay w
ill p
reve
nt h
atch
lings
to
mov
e in
land
inst
ead
of to
the
sea,
bec
ause
a g
olf c
ours
e do
es n
ot h
ave
to b
e lit
up
at
nigh
t. •
Peop
le w
alki
ng a
nd si
tting
on
the
beac
h w
ill d
o no
dam
age
to th
e eg
gs
Sea
turtl
es u
se th
e be
ach
at n
ight
; peo
ple
usua
lly d
o no
t use
the
beac
h at
nig
ht.
• R
emov
al o
f tre
e’s a
nd b
ushe
s will
incr
ease
the
flow
of w
ater
and
ther
efor
e po
tent
ially
in
crea
se th
e er
osio
n.
• La
w c
hang
e re
quire
d to
use
the
land
scap
e pr
otec
ted
Ven
us B
ay a
rea
• Lo
ss o
f a h
ikin
g ar
ea to
loca
ls a
nd n
on-g
olf r
esor
t tou
rist
• A
ltera
tions
in a
uni
que
land
scap
e ar
ea
• M
ake
tour
ists
aw
are
of th
e en
viro
nmen
t and
ther
eby
redu
ce th
e ne
gativ
e im
pact
. •
For i
guan
a pr
otec
tion,
gol
f res
ort a
t Ven
us B
ay, g
olf c
ours
e at
Zee
land
ia.
• A
gol
f cou
rse
at V
enus
Bay
wou
ld b
e a
maj
or th
reat
to th
e ig
uana
. •
Fam
ilies
can
stay
toge
ther
•
Littl
e so
cial
or c
ultu
ral c
hang
e
2.1
Prot
ect s
ea tu
rtle
ST
ENA
PA h
as in
dica
ted
that
the
Zeel
andi
a be
ach
area
is a
nes
ting
grou
nd fo
r sea
turtl
es.
Law
pro
tect
s sea
turtl
es, m
akin
g th
at it
is fo
rbid
den
to h
ave
a Se
a tu
rtle
in p
osse
ssio
n, o
r ta
ke it
or k
ill it
. It i
s als
o ill
egal
to d
amag
e or
des
troy
turtl
e ne
sts o
r to
take
sea
turtl
e eg
gs
Miti
gatio
n im
pact
on
Sea
Turt
les
Sea
turtl
es a
nd u
se o
f the
bea
ch fo
r tou
rism
can
go
toge
ther
. The
re a
re tw
o ef
fect
s tha
t nee
d
61
or h
atch
lings
from
thei
r nes
t. Th
e in
tern
atio
nal l
aws p
rote
ctin
g th
e tu
rtles
are
the
CIT
ES
treat
y, w
hich
is m
ostly
cen
tred
arou
nd m
ovin
g th
e an
imal
s, th
e U
NEP
SPA
W, w
hich
is a
pr
otec
tion
treat
y be
twee
n se
vera
l Car
ibbe
an n
atio
ns a
nd th
e In
ter A
mer
ican
Con
vent
ion
for t
he p
rote
ctio
n an
d co
nser
vatio
n of
Sea
Tur
tles (
IAC
).
In a
leaf
let a
bout
turtl
e pr
otec
tion,
seve
ral t
hrea
ts a
re m
entio
ned.
The
se in
clud
e th
e tra
nsfo
rmat
ion
of a
nes
ting
beac
h in
to a
recr
eatio
nal b
each
. In
this
cas
e “c
oast
al
deve
lopm
ent,
light
s, no
ise,
pol
lutio
n, b
each
dri
ving
and
gen
eral
har
assm
ent c
an c
hase
tu
rtle
s aw
ay”
[Ste
napa
, sea
turtl
e le
afle
t]. A
s a si
mpl
e so
lutio
n, e
duca
tion
and
prot
ectio
n ar
e m
entio
ned.
Whe
n pe
ople
stic
k to
the
rule
s, re
crea
tion
and
turtl
e pr
otec
tion
can
go
hand
in h
and.
Ano
ther
thre
at to
the
turtl
es is
pos
ed b
y tra
sh. T
he a
nim
als s
ee th
is a
s foo
d an
d it
can
also
ob
stru
ct n
estin
g gr
ound
s and
trap
em
ergi
ng h
atch
lings
. A si
mpl
e so
lutio
n w
ould
be
to
keep
the
beac
h cl
ean
of li
tter a
nd la
rger
obj
ects
, not
to d
rive
on th
e be
ach
or d
ump
any
toxi
ns a
s oil
or p
estic
ides
. A
ccor
ding
to S
TEN
APA
it is
pos
sibl
e to
use
the
beac
h fo
r bot
h re
crea
tiona
l pur
pose
s and
fo
r sea
turtl
e ne
stin
g. A
lso
see
1.1.
2.1.
Im
pact
: •
For s
ea tu
rtle
nest
ing
the
beac
h sh
ould
be
clea
n of
tras
h •
Dur
ing
the
nest
ing
seas
on th
ere
shou
ld b
e no
vis
ible
ligh
ts fr
om th
e la
ndsi
de.
• A
gol
f cou
rse
at Z
eela
ndia
, with
the
golf
reso
rt at
Ven
us B
ay w
ill p
reve
nt h
atch
lings
to
mov
e in
land
inst
ead
of to
the
sea,
bec
ause
a g
olf c
ours
e do
es n
ot h
ave
to b
e lit
up
at
nigh
t. •
Peop
le w
alki
ng a
nd si
tting
on
the
beac
h w
ill d
o no
dam
age
to th
e eg
gs
• Se
a tu
rtles
use
the
beac
h at
nig
ht; p
eopl
e us
ually
do
not u
se th
e be
ach
at n
ight
.
miti
gatio
n, w
hich
is th
e lig
htin
g ne
ar th
e be
ach.
Th
is sh
ould
be
min
imiz
ed d
urin
g th
e ne
stin
g se
ason
. Als
o th
e w
aste
on
the
beac
h sh
ould
be
min
imiz
ed. T
he fi
rst c
an b
e ac
hiev
ed b
y ad
just
ing
the
loca
tion
of th
e go
lf re
sort.
By
havi
ng th
e go
lf co
urse
at Z
eela
ndia
and
the
reso
rt at
Ven
us B
ay
the
light
s can
be
min
imiz
ed a
roun
d th
e be
ach
at
nigh
t.
2.1.
1 L
ight
ing
setu
p H
atch
lings
, whi
ch a
re th
e Se
a tu
rtles
that
are
just
com
ing
out o
f the
egg
s, ar
e us
ing
the
light
refle
ctin
g of
the
sea
to fi
nd th
eir w
ay to
the
wat
er. I
f the
re a
re a
ny b
right
ligh
ts o
n th
e la
ndsi
de, t
hey
will
mov
e th
ere.
Dur
ing
the
nest
ing
seas
on th
is m
eans
that
ligh
ts
shou
ld b
e se
tup
in su
ch a
way
that
they
are
not
vis
ible
from
the
beac
h.
By
havi
ng th
e go
lf re
sort
at V
enus
Bay
and
the
golf
cour
se a
t Zee
land
ia, l
ight
pol
lutio
n at
Ze
elan
dia
will
be
kept
at a
min
imum
, bec
ause
the
golf
cour
se w
ill n
ot b
e lit
up
at n
ight
.
Ligh
ts n
ear t
he b
each
To
pro
tect
the
youn
g ha
tchl
ings
from
mov
ing
in
the
wro
ng d
irect
ion
(they
are
mov
ing
tow
ards
the
light
that
is re
flect
ed fr
om th
e O
cean
) the
ligh
ts
near
the
beac
h sh
ould
be
min
imiz
ed a
t nig
ht. B
y ha
ving
the
golf
reso
rt at
Ven
us B
ay a
nd th
e go
lf co
urse
at Z
eela
ndia
, lig
ht p
ollu
tion
at Z
eela
ndia
w
ill b
e ke
pt a
t a m
inim
um, b
ecau
se th
e go
lf
62
Impa
ct:
• A
gol
f cou
rse
at Z
eela
ndia
, with
the
golf
reso
rt at
Ven
us B
ay w
ill p
reve
nt h
atch
lings
to
mov
e in
land
inst
ead
of to
the
sea,
bec
ause
a g
olf c
ours
e do
es n
ot h
ave
to b
e lit
up
at
nigh
t.
cour
se w
ill n
ot b
e lit
up
at n
ight
.
2.1.
2 E
gg p
rote
ctio
n W
heth
er Z
eela
ndia
bea
ch is
mad
e su
itabl
e fo
r sw
imm
ing
or re
mai
ns a
s is,
it ca
n be
ex
pect
ed th
at to
uris
t will
use
the
beac
h. C
urre
ntly
the
beac
h is
mos
tly d
eser
ted,
but
with
a
reso
rt ho
usin
g ov
er 5
00 to
uris
ts, t
his m
ay w
ell c
hang
e.
Peop
le w
alki
ng o
r sitt
ing
on th
e be
ach
will
not
do
dam
age
to th
e ne
sts (
acco
rdin
g to
ST
ENA
PA).
The
adul
t sea
turtl
es c
ome
asho
re a
t nig
ht to
lay
thei
r egg
s and
the
hatc
hlin
gs
are
com
ing
out a
t nig
ht a
s wel
l for
thei
r trip
bac
k in
to th
e se
a. T
he b
each
will
usu
ally
not
be
use
d by
tour
ists
dur
ing
the
nigh
t. To
be
sure
the
beac
h, d
urin
g th
e ne
stin
g se
ason
, co
uld
be c
lose
d of
f dur
ing
the
nigh
t. Im
pact
: •
Peop
le w
alki
ng a
nd si
tting
on
the
beac
h w
ill d
o no
dam
age
to th
e eg
gs
• Se
a tu
rtles
use
the
beac
h at
nig
ht; p
eopl
e us
ually
do
not u
se th
e be
ach
at n
ight
.
Egg
pro
tect
ion
To p
rote
ct th
e se
a tu
rtle
eggs
veh
icle
s on
the
beac
h sh
ould
be
prev
ente
d. W
alki
ng o
r lyi
ng o
n th
e be
ach
is n
o pr
oble
m.
2.2
Info
rm to
uris
t ab
out e
nvir
onm
ent
Acc
ordi
ng to
the
a le
afle
t abo
ut tu
rtle
prot
ectin
g, p
rovi
ding
info
rmat
ion
to th
e to
uris
ts
abou
t the
sea
turtl
es o
r the
igua
na’s
can
redu
ce li
tterin
g an
d ha
rmfu
l beh
avio
ur. T
his w
ill
decr
ease
the
nega
tive
impa
ct th
at to
uris
ts h
ave.
Im
pact
: •
Mak
e to
uris
ts a
war
e of
the
envi
ronm
ent a
nd th
ereb
y re
duce
the
nega
tive
impa
ct.
Info
rmat
ion
prog
ram
M
ake
tour
ists
aw
are
of th
e sp
ecia
l wild
life
in th
e ar
ea a
nd e
xpla
in h
ow th
ey c
an d
ecre
ase
thei
r im
pact
on
them
. Thi
s cou
ld b
e in
the
form
of
info
rmat
ion
boar
ds, l
eafle
ts a
nd w
arni
ng si
gns.
2.3
Prot
ect i
guan
a ST
ENA
PA in
dica
tes t
hat t
he A
ntill
ean
igua
na, l
ivin
g on
the
north
ern
part
of th
e is
land
, is
enda
nger
ed. W
hen
youn
g it
lives
mos
tly o
n th
e gr
ound
, adu
lts sp
end
mos
t of t
heir
time
in
trees
. The
y fe
ed o
n le
aves
and
frui
ts/ v
eget
able
s tha
t can
be
foun
d in
the
trees
. Th
e sp
ecie
is e
ndan
gere
d m
ostly
due
to fr
ee ro
amin
g go
ats a
nd th
e di
sapp
earin
g of
its
habi
tat d
ue to
tour
ism
dev
elop
men
t. Th
ey li
ve m
ostly
in th
e N
orth
ern
hills
. Acc
ordi
ng to
th
e la
test
est
imat
es th
ere
are
som
e 42
5 ig
uana
’s li
ving
on
the
isla
nd. V
enus
Bay
is o
ne o
f th
e m
ajor
livi
ng a
reas
for t
hese
rept
iles.
No,
or v
ery
few
, igu
ana’
s can
be
foun
d at
Ze
elan
dia.
A
gol
f cou
rse
at Z
eela
ndia
wou
ld d
o lit
tle d
amag
e to
the
Igua
na’s
or a
ny o
ther
spec
ie. F
or
Miti
gatio
n im
pact
on
Igua
na
For t
he Ig
uana
the
trees
are
impo
rtant
. As l
ong
as
the
trees
can
, to
a la
rge
exte
nd, b
e ke
pt, t
here
will
be
no
dang
er to
the
Igua
na. F
or th
is re
ason
it
wou
ld b
e ad
visa
ble
to c
reat
e th
e go
lf co
urse
at
Zeel
andi
a, a
s it w
ill re
quire
ext
ensi
ve la
ndsc
apin
g.
The
reso
rt co
uld
then
be
built
in V
enus
Bay
. R
evie
win
g th
e cu
rren
t situ
atio
n in
Ven
us B
ay, t
he
chan
ce th
at a
sign
ifica
nt n
umbe
r of t
rees
hav
e to
be
rem
oved
is sm
all.
63
igua
na p
rote
ctio
n it
wou
ld b
e be
st if
the
golf
reso
rt is
bui
ld a
t Ven
us B
ay, w
hile
the
golf
cour
se is
con
stru
cted
at Z
eela
ndia
. Th
e ig
uana
is p
rote
cted
bot
h by
isla
nd le
gisl
atio
n an
d by
the
wor
ld c
onse
rvat
ion
Uni
on
(IU
CN
). Im
pact
: •
For i
guan
a pr
otec
tion,
the
golf
reso
rt sh
ould
be
plac
ed in
Ven
us B
ay a
nd th
e go
lf co
urse
in Z
eela
ndia
. •
A g
olf c
ours
e in
Ven
us B
ay w
ould
be
a m
ajor
thre
at to
the
igua
na.
2.
3.1
Prot
ect t
rees
To
pro
tect
the
igua
na fr
om e
xtin
ctio
n it
is im
porta
nt to
pro
tect
the
trees
they
use
for
feed
ing.
Igua
na’s
can
mix
per
fect
ly w
ith th
e sm
all h
otel
bui
ldin
gs, a
s lon
g as
a la
rge
part
of th
e tre
es c
an b
e sa
ved.
Acc
ordi
ng to
STE
NA
PA it
wou
ld b
e no
pro
blem
to h
ave
the
golf
reso
rt (th
e ho
tel p
art)
in V
enus
Bay
. It w
ould
be
a pr
oble
m if
the
area
is c
ompl
etel
y la
ndsc
aped
and
tree
s rem
oved
for t
he p
urpo
se o
f bui
ldin
g a
golf
cour
se.
Impa
ct:
• G
olf c
ours
e at
Zee
land
ia, r
esor
t at V
enus
Bay
wou
ld g
ive
an a
ccep
tabl
e im
pact
on
the
igua
na’s
•
Gol
f cou
rse
in V
enus
Bay
wou
ld b
e a
maj
or th
reat
to th
e ig
uana
.
See
2.3
2.4
Att
ract
Sta
tian
wor
kers
A
ccor
ding
to S
TEB
A, a
ttrac
ting
Stat
ians
, eith
er th
ose
livin
g on
the
isla
nd a
t the
mom
ent,
or th
ose
that
had
to m
ove
away
or s
taye
d ab
road
afte
r the
ir st
udy
due
to a
lack
of j
obs,
will
ass
ist t
o m
inim
ize
the
nega
tive
impa
ct o
n th
e so
ciet
y. T
he la
rge
posi
tive
effe
ct w
ould
be
that
it w
ould
ena
ble
fam
ilies
to st
ay c
lose
r tog
ethe
r. N
ext t
o th
at, S
tatia
ns sh
are
the
sam
e cu
ltura
l bac
kgro
und
and
will
find
it e
asie
r to
fit in
to th
e so
ciet
y on
the
isla
nd a
gain
. Im
pact
: •
Fam
ilies
can
stay
toge
ther
•
Littl
e so
cial
or c
ultu
ral c
hang
e Th
e is
land
at t
he m
omen
t is a
lread
y m
ulti
cultu
ral/
mul
ti et
hnic
; the
re a
re si
gnifi
cant
po
pula
tions
from
Chi
na, G
uyan
a, th
e D
omin
ican
repu
blic
, the
oth
er D
utch
Ant
illes
, the
U
SA a
nd E
urop
eans
on
the
isla
nd.
Miti
gatio
n at
trac
ting
Stat
ian
wor
kers
Si
nce
it is
not
sure
that
ther
e ar
e en
ough
Sta
tians
w
illin
g to
retu
rn to
Sta
tia to
fill
all j
obs,
othe
r gr
oups
shou
ld a
lso
be lo
oked
at.
A g
ood
sour
ce o
f w
orke
rs w
ould
be
the
near
by is
land
of S
t Maa
rten.
Th
is is
land
is a
lso
part
of th
e N
ethe
rland
s Ant
illes
an
d th
eref
ore
will
shar
e so
me
of th
e sa
me
cultu
re
and
hist
ory.
A st
udy
in 2
003,
by
the
cent
ral
bure
au o
f sta
tistic
s, sh
owed
une
mpl
oym
ent o
f 3.
433
peop
le (1
7.5%
). Th
is m
eans
that
if n
ot
enou
gh S
tatia
ns a
re a
vaila
ble
to w
ork
at th
e go
lf co
urse
, a p
art o
f the
une
mpl
oyed
at S
t. M
aarte
n or
Sa
ba c
an fi
nd w
ork.
The
re a
re m
ore
then
eno
ugh
unem
ploy
ed to
be
able
to fi
ll th
e jo
bs w
ithou
t the
64
Dat
a fr
om th
e is
land
s cen
sus b
urea
u sh
ows t
hat o
ver t
he la
st 1
0 ye
ars,
438
Stat
ians
hav
e le
ft th
e is
land
, prim
arily
to th
e N
ethe
rland
s and
to th
e ot
her i
slan
ds o
f the
Dut
ch A
ntill
es.
This
figu
re m
ay n
ot b
e co
mpl
ete,
as f
or e
xam
ple
Stat
ians
mov
ing
to th
e U
SA u
sual
ly st
ay
writ
ten
in o
n St
atia
. The
num
ber o
f Sta
tians
who
com
e ba
ck to
the
isla
nd in
the
last
10
year
s is 5
27. I
t is m
ostly
unk
now
n w
here
they
cam
e fr
om. T
he e
mig
ratio
n an
d im
mig
ratio
n fig
ures
can
ther
efor
e no
t tel
l a lo
t abo
ut th
e nu
mbe
r of S
tatia
ns li
ving
abr
oad,
ot
her t
hen
that
this
num
ber d
ecre
ased
by
89 in
the
last
10y
rs.
need
for p
eopl
e fr
om e
lsew
here
. Hav
ing
peop
le
from
the
two
othe
r win
dwar
d is
land
s com
ing
to
Stat
ia e
nsur
es th
at th
e ne
gativ
e So
cial
impa
ct, d
ue
to c
ultu
ral d
iffer
ence
s is l
imite
d.
2.5
Dis
char
ge o
f was
te
Was
te o
n th
e is
land
of S
t. Eu
stat
ius i
s cur
rent
ly n
ot ta
ken
care
of i
n a
sust
aina
ble
way
. So
lid w
aste
is d
umpe
d in
a la
ndfil
l, bu
t ine
ffec
tive
man
agem
ent o
f the
was
te fl
ows m
eans
th
at it
regu
larly
pile
s up
arou
nd th
e la
ndfil
l. Th
ere
are
plan
s to
upgr
ade
the
solid
was
te
faci
litie
s, by
intro
duci
ng w
aste
sepa
ratio
n, b
ut so
far t
his h
as n
ot h
appe
ned.
Ef
fluen
t wat
er fr
om h
ouse
s is n
ot c
olle
cted
cen
trally
or p
ut th
roug
h a
sew
age
treat
men
t pl
ant.
Mos
t hou
ses h
ave
a ce
sspo
ol, w
hich
is h
ole
in th
e gr
ound
whe
re th
e se
wag
e is
du
mpe
d. D
ue to
the
poro
us so
il, th
e w
aste
will
flow
dow
n in
to th
e gr
ound
and
gr
ound
wat
er. T
here
are
onl
y ve
ry li
mite
d ho
uses
that
hav
e a
sept
ic ta
nk. E
ven
the
sept
ic
tank
ove
rflo
ws d
irect
ly in
to th
e gr
ound
. Sep
tic ta
nks a
re n
ot e
mpt
ied,
nor
or t
here
any
fa
cilit
ies t
o do
so. T
his m
eans
that
eff
ectiv
ely
all t
he se
wag
e w
ill d
isap
pear
into
the
grou
nd. T
his i
nclu
des a
ny c
hem
ical
s (Fo
r exa
mpl
e th
e po
pula
r cle
anin
g m
ean,
chl
orid
e)
bein
g flu
shed
thro
ugh
the
toile
t or s
ink.
Thi
s is a
hig
hly
unsu
stai
nabl
e so
lutio
n an
d po
tent
ially
has
ver
y ne
gativ
e co
nseq
uenc
es fo
r the
soil
and
grou
ndw
ater
qua
lity.
See
2.5.
1 an
d 2.
5.2
2.5.
1 D
isch
arge
eff
luen
t w
ater
Ef
fluen
t wat
er fr
om h
ouse
s is n
ot c
olle
cted
cen
trally
or p
ut th
roug
h a
sew
age
treat
men
t pl
ant.
Mos
t hou
ses h
ave
a ce
sspo
ol, o
nly
a fe
w h
ave
a se
ptic
tank
. Bot
h dr
ain
into
the
grou
nd. S
eptic
tank
s are
not
em
ptie
d, n
or o
r the
re a
ny fa
cilit
ies t
o do
so. T
his m
eans
that
ef
fect
ivel
y al
l the
sew
age
will
dis
appe
ar in
to th
e gr
ound
. Thi
s inc
lude
s any
che
mic
als
bein
g flu
shed
thro
ugh
the
toile
t or s
ink.
Thi
s is a
hig
hly
unsu
stai
nabl
e so
lutio
n an
d po
tent
ially
has
ver
y ne
gativ
e co
nseq
uenc
es fo
r the
soil
and
grou
ndw
ater
qua
lity.
A
s sus
tain
able
is d
efin
ed a
s som
ethi
ng th
at is
abl
e to
be
cont
inue
d in
defin
itely
with
out a
si
gnifi
cant
neg
ativ
e im
pact
on
the
envi
ronm
ent o
r its
inha
bita
nts,
this
solu
tion
can
not b
e se
en a
s sus
tain
able
. The
impa
ct o
n th
e en
viro
nmen
t, es
peci
ally
the
cont
amin
atio
n of
the
grou
nd a
nd th
e gr
ound
wat
er, c
an b
e la
rge.
The
gro
undw
ater
is c
urre
ntly
bei
ng u
sed
as
drin
king
wat
er fo
r cat
tle. T
he q
ualit
y is
acc
epta
ble,
alth
ough
con
tain
ing
a hi
gh a
mou
nt o
f m
iner
als (
due
to th
e vo
lcan
ic n
atur
e of
the
isla
nd).
The
grou
ndw
ater
als
o re
ache
s the
sea
thou
gh, w
here
it c
an p
oten
tially
hur
t the
env
ironm
ent a
nd p
ose
a th
reat
for t
he sa
fety
of
Dis
char
ge o
f eff
luen
t wat
er
In th
eory
a th
ree-
stag
e se
ptic
tank
with
an
over
flow
into
a re
ed la
nd c
an fi
lter b
lack
wat
er to
a
qual
ity w
here
it c
an b
e re
turn
ed in
to th
e en
viro
nmen
t.
Ther
e ar
e ho
wev
er re
stric
tions
to th
is sy
stem
, for
ex
ampl
e th
e us
e of
che
mic
als (
for c
lean
ing
the
toile
ts, e
tc) c
an d
amag
e th
e re
ed fi
eld.
If su
ch a
sy
stem
is c
hose
n bi
odeg
rada
ble-
clea
ning
pro
duct
s sh
ould
be
used
and
not
ices
shou
ld b
e gi
ven
to
tour
ists
not
to fl
ush
chem
ical
s thr
ough
the
toile
t or
sink
.
65
drin
king
wat
er.
The
only
was
tew
ater
that
the
reso
rt pr
oduc
es is
the
blac
k w
ater
; the
gre
y w
ater
can
be
reus
ed. B
lack
wat
er p
rodu
ctio
n is
37
m3 p
er d
ay.
Impa
ct:
• N
o av
aila
ble
sew
age
purif
icat
ion
plan
ts o
n th
e is
land
•
Stan
dard
solu
tion
(sew
age
tank
with
ove
rflo
w to
the
soil)
is n
ot a
dequ
ate
for s
ewag
e pu
rific
atio
n an
d w
ill c
onta
min
ate
grou
nd, g
roun
dwat
er a
nd p
ossi
bly
the
seaw
ater
ar
ound
the
isla
nd.
2.
5.2
Dum
p so
lid w
aste
Th
e re
sort
will
pro
duce
solid
was
te a
t an
estim
ated
am
ount
of a
roun
d 1,
105.
7 m
3 / ye
ar.
The
490
addi
tiona
l peo
ple
livin
g on
the
isla
nd, a
ccor
ding
to 1
.4.1
.4, w
ill c
reat
e 1,
220
m3 /
year
. So
the
tota
l add
ition
al w
aste
flow
will
be
arou
nd 2
,300
m3 /
year
. Tha
t is a
n ar
ea o
f ro
ughl
y 34
by
34m
, 2m
hig
h. T
he la
ndfil
l at t
he c
urre
nt ra
te o
f was
te p
rodu
ctio
n is
ex
pect
ed to
last
no
mor
e th
en 5
yea
rs, a
ccor
ding
to M
r. Ti
mbe
r fro
m th
e D
iens
t Ope
nbar
e w
erke
n. B
ecau
se n
o so
rting
or r
ecyc
ling
of th
e w
aste
take
s pla
ce th
e w
aste
flow
is m
uch
larg
er th
en it
cou
ld b
e. T
here
is n
o se
para
tion
of th
e w
aste
and
the
grou
ndw
ater
. C
hem
ical
s and
oil
rem
ains
can
flow
dow
n to
the
grou
ndw
ater
and
flow
into
the
sea.
Thi
s ca
n ca
use
cont
amin
atio
n of
the
wat
er a
roun
d th
e is
land
. It h
as th
e po
tent
ial t
o ha
rm th
e se
a lif
e, m
ake
the
wat
er m
ore
expe
nsiv
e to
con
vert
into
drin
king
wat
er, o
r eve
n m
ake
it un
fit fo
r thi
s pur
pose
. Unc
lean
wat
er c
an a
lso
hurt
tour
ism
in g
ener
al.
Impa
ct:
• N
o av
aila
ble
sust
aina
ble
solid
was
te p
roce
ssin
g so
lutio
ns o
n th
e is
land
•
A w
aste
dum
p is
ava
ilabl
e; sp
ace
at c
urre
nt lo
catio
n w
ill ru
n ou
t in
5 ye
ars,
the
dum
p po
sses
a th
reat
to g
roun
dwat
er a
nd th
e en
viro
nmen
t.
Solid
was
te m
itiga
tion
Plan
s alre
ady
exis
t for
priv
atiz
ing
the
was
te
gath
erin
g an
d pr
oces
sing
. By
priv
atiz
ing
the
thou
ght i
s tha
t the
priv
ate
com
pany
will
find
way
s to
recy
cle
thos
e pa
rts o
f the
was
te th
at d
eliv
er
mon
ey. I
t will
pre
vent
a la
rge
part
of th
e w
aste
(f
or e
xam
ple
gree
n w
aste
, gla
ss, e
tc.)
from
end
ing
up a
t the
dum
p.
Ther
e ar
e so
me
othe
r sim
ple
mea
sure
s, w
hich
may
sa
ve a
lot o
f was
te th
ough
. For
exa
mpl
e w
orki
ng
out a
dep
osit
syst
em o
n th
e w
ater
bot
tles.
Bec
ause
no
drin
king
wat
er is
ava
ilabl
e fr
om th
e ta
p, m
any
peop
le d
rink
bottl
ed w
ater
. The
(pla
stic
) bot
tles a
ll en
d up
at t
he d
ump
or a
re th
row
n aw
ay e
lsew
here
on
the
isla
nd.
Cha
rgin
g m
oney
from
isla
nds r
esid
ents
bas
ed o
n th
e am
ount
of w
aste
that
is p
rodu
ced
can
pote
ntia
lly a
lso
save
a lo
t of w
aste
.
2.7
Ero
sion
pre
vent
ion
Eros
ion
of th
e be
ach,
acc
ordi
ng to
STE
NA
PA, i
s a m
ajor
pro
blem
. Ero
sion
is ta
king
pla
ce
both
from
the
side
of t
he la
nd a
nd fr
om th
e se
a. E
rosi
on fr
om th
e se
a ca
n be
stop
ped
with
re
ef b
alls
, see
1.1
.2.1
. Thi
s has
the
adde
d ad
vant
age
that
the
beac
h w
ill g
row
by
abou
t 15
m a
nd sw
imm
ing
will
be
poss
ible
.
Prev
ent e
rosi
on
For t
he c
onst
ruct
ion
of th
e go
lf co
urse
a la
rge
part
of th
e ve
geta
tion
that
can
cur
rent
ly b
e fo
und
at th
e Ze
elan
dia
area
will
hav
e to
be
rem
oved
. Bec
ause
th
e bu
shes
and
tree
s are
hol
ding
bac
k th
e w
ater
,
66
Eros
ion
from
the
land
is c
ausi
ng d
eep
trenc
hes i
n th
e be
ach,
as w
ell a
s fur
ther
in th
e w
ater
, cre
atin
g da
nger
ous u
nder
tow
s. In
cas
e tre
es a
nd b
ushe
s are
rem
oved
at Z
eela
ndia
th
e er
osio
n ca
n in
crea
se. N
ext t
o da
mag
ing
the
beac
h, th
e sa
nd th
at th
e w
ater
car
ries a
way
ca
n po
tent
ially
als
o da
mag
e th
e re
efs,
furth
er in
the
wat
er.
Col
lect
ing
the
wat
er fr
om th
e la
ndsi
de c
an st
op th
is fo
rm o
f ero
sion
. The
add
ed a
dvan
tage
is
that
the
wat
er c
an b
e us
ed fo
r irr
igat
ion
purp
oses
. Im
pact
: •
Rem
oval
of t
ree’
s and
bus
hes w
ill in
crea
se th
e flo
w o
f rai
nwat
er to
the
sea
and
ther
efor
e po
tent
ially
incr
ease
the
eros
ion.
rem
ovin
g th
em w
ill in
crea
se th
e am
ount
of r
unof
f w
ater
and
ther
efor
e in
crea
se e
rosi
on p
robl
ems a
t Ze
elan
dia.
By
stor
ing
the
wat
er in
an
infil
tratio
n po
nd, b
efor
e it
reac
hes t
he b
each
, it c
anno
t cre
ate
eros
ion
dam
age.
Rep
lant
ing
new
bus
hes a
nd tr
ees
arou
nd th
e go
lf co
urse
will
als
o m
itiga
te e
rosi
on.
2.7.
1 U
se e
xist
ing
land
scap
e B
y m
inim
izin
g la
ndsc
apin
g, th
e ar
ea w
ill k
eep
its o
rigin
al sh
ape
and
rain
wat
er w
ill b
e he
ld b
ack,
inst
ead
of fl
ow d
irect
ly to
the
sea.
The
hill
s aro
und
the
area
and
the
Zeel
andi
a ar
ea it
self
can
pote
ntia
lly c
olle
ct a
lot o
f rai
nwat
er. B
y cr
eatin
g an
irrig
atio
n la
ke a
nd
chan
nelli
ng w
ater
from
the
surr
ound
ing
area
into
the
lake
, wat
er c
an b
e st
ored
for
irrig
atio
n pu
rpos
es a
nd a
t the
sam
e tim
e it
can
be p
reve
nted
that
wat
er fl
ows o
ver t
he
beac
h in
to th
e se
a, c
ausi
ng e
rosi
on.
Impa
ct:
• U
sing
the
land
scap
e an
d in
stal
ling
an ir
rigat
ion
pond
and
som
e ch
anne
ls m
akes
it
poss
ible
to c
olle
ct ir
rigat
ion
wat
er, w
hile
bea
ch e
rosi
on is
stop
ped
by c
olle
ctin
g th
e w
ater
bef
ore
it re
ache
s the
bea
ch, i
nste
ad o
f let
ting
it ru
n ov
er th
e be
ach
and
into
the
sea.
See
2.7.
1
2.7.
2 U
se e
xist
ing
flora
C
urre
ntly
larg
e pa
rts o
f Zee
land
ia a
re c
over
ed w
ith b
ushe
s and
som
e tre
es; m
ost o
f the
se
are
thor
n bu
shes
, whi
ch a
re g
row
ing
all o
ver t
he is
land
. The
y ar
e no
t pro
tect
ed o
r en
dang
ered
. The
y do
how
ever
use
wat
er a
nd w
ill k
eep
som
e of
the
rain
wat
er fr
om
flow
ing
to a
nd o
ver t
he b
each
. Whe
n th
ey a
re re
mov
ed, t
he w
ater
will
flow
dow
n in
the
dire
ctio
n of
the
beac
h fa
ster
and
in la
rger
qua
ntiti
es, i
ncre
asin
g th
e er
osio
n of
the
beac
h.
Impa
ct:
• Po
tent
ially
cle
arin
g tre
es a
nd b
ushe
s can
cau
se w
ater
to ru
n do
wn
to th
e se
a fa
ster
, ta
king
with
it th
e so
il an
d th
us c
reat
ing
eros
ion.
By
limiti
ng th
e am
ount
of c
lear
ing,
or
repl
antin
g an
d ch
anne
lling
the
wat
er d
own
to th
e irr
igat
ion
pond
, thi
s can
be
prev
ente
d.
See
2.7.
1
67
2.8
Cha
nge
(env
iron
men
tal)
law
V
enus
and
Ven
us B
ay a
re p
rote
cted
are
as, a
mon
g ot
her s
ectio
ns o
f the
Nor
ther
n pa
rt of
th
e is
land
. Arti
cle
5 an
d 6
of th
e ‘is
land
regu
latio
n pr
otec
tion
faun
a an
d flo
ra’ g
ive
this
pr
otec
tion.
Arti
cle
5 st
ates
that
a re
gion
or p
art o
f the
isla
nd c
an b
e cl
assi
fied
as u
niqu
e la
ndsc
ape.
Arti
cle
6 de
term
ines
that
a re
gion
app
oint
ed in
arti
cle
5 ca
n on
ly b
e ch
ange
d fo
r the
reas
ons o
f: en
dang
ered
traf
fic sa
fety
, the
safe
ty o
f priv
ate
belo
ngin
gs o
r sci
entif
ic
rese
arch
. Im
pact
: •
Law
cha
nge
requ
ired
to u
se th
e la
ndsc
ape
prot
ecte
d V
enus
Bay
are
a •
Loss
of a
hik
ing
area
to lo
cals
and
non
-gol
f res
ort t
ouris
t •
Alte
ratio
ns in
a u
niqu
e la
ndsc
ape
area
Cha
nge
law
Th
e cu
rren
t law
blo
cks d
evel
opm
ent i
n V
enus
B
ay. A
n ex
empt
ion
of th
e la
w c
anno
t be
prov
ided
fo
r any
reas
on th
at a
gol
f cou
rse
with
fit u
nder
. Th
e is
land
gov
ernm
ent w
ill h
ave
to c
hang
e th
e la
w to
mak
e de
velo
pmen
t pos
sibl
e. T
here
are
two
poss
ible
solu
tions
for c
hang
ing
the
law
. The
firs
t on
e is
to e
limin
ate
the
prot
ecte
d st
atus
of V
enus
B
ay, a
s gra
nted
in a
rticl
e 5
of th
e ‘is
land
re
gula
tion
prot
ectio
n flo
ra a
nd fa
una’
. Ano
ther
op
tion
is c
hang
ing
artic
le 6
by
incl
udin
g ‘e
cono
mic
and
soci
al d
evel
opm
ent’
as re
ason
for
gran
ting
an e
xem
ptio
n. T
o di
min
ish
wor
ries a
bout
th
e im
pact
, in
artic
le 6
ther
e ca
n al
so b
e in
clud
ed
‘sus
tain
able
eco
nom
ic a
nd so
cial
dev
elop
men
t’.
This
will
mak
e su
re th
at th
e re
ques
ting
party
has
th
ough
t abo
ut a
nd c
an p
rove
the
sust
aina
bilit
y of
th
e pr
ojec
t. Th
is a
lso
ensu
res t
hat t
he a
rea
is n
ot
spoi
led,
but
can
be
used
for t
he re
ason
of s
ocia
l an
d ec
onom
ical
dev
elop
men
t. Th
e la
w h
as b
een
crea
ted
by th
e lo
cal g
over
nmen
t an
d th
eref
ore
can
also
be
chan
ged
by th
e lo
cal
gove
rnm
ent.
Whe
n th
ey a
re c
onvi
nced
that
the
golf
reso
rt pr
ojec
t will
be
bene
ficia
l for
the
isla
nd
they
will
cha
nge
this
law
.
2.9
Rem
ote
loca
tion
To m
aint
ain
the
peac
eful
‘lai
dbac
k’ a
ppea
ranc
e of
the
isla
nd, t
he g
olf r
esor
t sho
uld
be
‘sep
arat
ed’ f
rom
the
mos
t inh
abite
d pa
rt is
land
. The
loca
tion
at V
enus
Bay
and
Zee
land
ia
is p
erfe
ct fo
r thi
s pur
pose
. Ven
us B
ay c
anno
t be
seen
from
Ora
njes
tad
or th
e ho
uses
on
the
Vol
cano
, Zee
land
ia is
als
o in
a v
alle
y, w
hich
obs
truct
s the
vie
w to
it fr
om m
ost o
f the
is
land
. For
the
peop
le o
n th
e is
land
this
mea
ns th
at th
e pr
ojec
t will
not
be
very
vis
ible
. In
Zee
land
ia th
ere
are
only
5 to
6 h
ouse
s and
an
aban
done
d an
d ru
inou
s hot
el a
t Ze
elan
dia.
The
hot
el is
in su
ch a
bad
stat
e th
at it
can
not b
e us
ed a
nym
ore
and
will
hav
e to
be
dem
olis
hed.
The
hou
ses a
re m
ostly
bui
lt to
the
side
of v
alle
y at
Zee
land
ia, w
hich
m
akes
that
they
shou
ld n
ot b
e in
the
way
for g
olf c
ours
e co
nstru
ctio
n. D
urin
g th
ede
sign
Miti
gatio
n cu
rren
t hou
ses Z
eela
ndia
D
epen
ding
on
the
final
des
ign
of th
e go
lf co
urse
, it
may
be
nece
ssar
y to
rem
ove
hous
es. I
n ca
se th
is
shou
ld h
appe
n, th
e go
lf re
sort
has a
neg
ativ
e im
pact
for t
hese
hou
se o
wne
rs, i
n th
e se
nse
that
th
ey m
ay lo
ose
thei
r hom
e. T
hey
shou
ld o
bvio
usly
be
wel
l com
pens
ated
, eith
er fi
nanc
ially
or b
y pr
ovid
ing
a si
mila
r hou
se in
a d
iffer
ent l
ocat
ion
on th
e is
land
or b
oth.
68
of th
e go
lf co
urse
this
will
hav
e to
bec
ome
clea
r if t
he h
ouse
s are
not
in th
e w
ay o
f a g
ood
desi
gn. I
n al
l cas
es a
rran
gem
ents
will
hav
e to
be
mad
e w
ith th
e ho
use
owne
rs, b
ecau
se
thei
r hou
ses m
ay e
nd u
p en
circ
led
by th
e go
lf re
sort.
If a
ny h
ouse
s sho
uld
get i
n th
e w
ay
of a
goo
d go
lf co
urse
they
may
hav
e to
be
rem
oved
. Th
e ro
ad fr
om th
e ai
rpor
t to
the
loca
tion
of th
e re
sort
does
not
pas
s thr
ough
Ora
njes
tad,
on
ly a
cou
ple
of h
ouse
s will
be
affe
cted
by
addi
tiona
l tra
ffic
.
Hou
ses i
n th
e Ze
elan
dia
area
will
see
an in
crea
se
in v
alue
, but
may
als
o se
e a
dete
riora
ting
view
and
a
limite
d am
ount
of n
oise
pol
lutio
n. T
hese
cas
es
shou
ld b
e in
divi
dual
ly re
view
ed a
nd w
here
ap
prop
riate
, com
pens
atio
n m
ay b
e gi
ven.
3.0
Incr
ease
go
vern
men
t inc
ome
Impa
ct:
• D
irect
inco
me:
US$
8,0
00,0
00
• R
oom
tax:
US$
2,9
00,0
00
• Tu
rnov
er ta
x: U
S$ 4
30,0
00
• Pr
ofit
tax:
US$
3,7
00,0
00
• La
nd le
ase:
US$
710
,000
•
Wag
e ta
x: U
S$ 2
90,0
00
• In
dire
ct in
com
e: U
S$ 9
4,50
0 •
Prof
it ta
x (3
4,5%
): U
S$ 7
3,50
0 •
Turn
over
tax
(1%
): U
S$ 2
1,00
0 •
Tota
l ext
ra ta
x in
com
e go
vern
men
t: U
S$ 8
,100
,000
•
Som
e ta
xes (
mai
nly
prof
it ta
x) a
nd th
e la
nd le
ase
cost
may
be
wai
ved,
furth
er
inve
stig
atio
n is
requ
ired
to re
sear
ch th
e be
st so
lutio
n fo
r the
gov
ernm
ent t
o at
tract
and
st
imul
ate
inve
stor
s, bu
t stil
l get
a g
ood
inco
me
from
the
reso
rt (f
or e
xam
ple
by u
se o
f PP
P). W
hen
prof
it ta
x an
d th
e la
nd le
ase
wou
ld b
e w
aive
d, th
e go
vern
men
t tax
in
com
e w
ould
go
dow
n to
US$
3,4
00,0
00 (N
Af.
6,12
0,00
0), w
hich
obv
ious
ly is
su
bsta
ntia
lly lo
wer
and
als
o st
ill le
aves
the
gove
rnm
ent w
ith a
bud
get d
efic
it.
• Ex
pect
ed re
duct
ion
in ‘s
ocia
l job
s’ a
t the
gov
ernm
ent
3.1
Incr
ease
tax
inco
me
Gov
ernm
ent i
ncom
e is
incr
ease
d by
way
of t
axes
and
inco
me
from
land
use
. A
ccor
ding
to th
e ST
EBA
, Ven
us B
ay b
elon
gs c
ompl
etel
y to
the
gove
rnm
ent.
They
go
vern
men
t pre
fers
the
use
of a
long
-term
leas
e co
ntra
ct in
stea
d of
selli
ng th
e gr
ound
. Th
e la
nd le
ase
rate
is N
af 0
.35
per m
2 . Acc
ordi
ng to
the
“Dom
ein”
(dom
ain)
off
ice
the
Ven
us B
ay a
rea
has a
surf
ace
of 4
24 a
cre’
s, or
172
hec
tare
s. Th
is in
clud
es m
ost o
f the
su
rrou
ndin
g hi
lls a
s wel
l. A
ssum
ing
that
the
reso
rt w
ill w
ant t
he re
nt th
e w
hole
are
a of
V
enus
Bay
, the
inco
me
is U
S$ 6
02,0
00 p
er y
ear.
Ze
elan
dia
is p
artia
lly o
wne
d by
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nd p
artia
lly p
rivat
ely
owne
d by
an
Am
eric
an g
roup
. The
priv
atel
y ow
ned
piec
e is
100
acr
es, o
r 40.
5 he
ctar
es. T
he la
nd p
rice
Tax
wai
ver
A ta
x w
aive
r, ev
en if
‘onl
y’ fo
r the
firs
t 10
year
s, w
ill c
ost t
he g
over
nmen
t a lo
t of i
ncom
e. F
urth
er
rese
arch
shou
ld b
e pe
rfor
med
to m
etho
ds b
y w
hich
the
gove
rnm
ent c
an p
rom
ote
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f a g
olf r
esor
t, bu
t will
not
loos
e m
ore
then
hal
f of t
he in
com
e. T
his m
ay b
e po
ssib
le b
y pa
rtici
patin
g as
inve
stor
(for
exa
mpl
e by
brin
ging
in th
e la
nd) a
nd b
y ot
her f
orm
s of
publ
ic p
rivat
e pa
rtner
ship
(PPP
).
69
is a
max
imum
of a
roun
d U
S$ 6
per
m2 , w
hich
wou
ld re
sult
in a
tota
l cos
t of t
he la
nd o
f U
S$ 2
,430
,000
.The
tota
l Zee
land
ia a
rea
is 7
1.5
hect
ares
, whi
ch m
eans
the
rem
aini
ng
piec
e th
at c
an b
e re
nted
from
the
gove
rnm
ent i
s 31
hect
ares
, whi
ch w
ould
resu
lt in
rent
al
cost
s of U
S$ 1
08,5
00 p
er y
ear.
The
inco
me
from
land
rent
al fo
r the
gov
ernm
ent i
s US$
710
,500
ann
ually
. Nex
t to
that
th
e A
mer
ican
ow
ned
piec
e w
ill c
ost t
he g
olf r
esor
t US$
2,4
30,0
00.
Ther
e ar
e a
num
ber o
f tax
es:
• R
oom
tax
is a
rais
ed o
ver t
he h
otel
and
oth
er ro
om re
ntal
pric
es. I
t is a
7%
tax
over
th
e pr
ice
char
ged
for t
he ro
om.
• Tu
rnov
er ta
x is
3%
ove
r any
spen
ding
; it i
s non
-ded
uctib
le a
nd w
ill b
e ch
arge
d ev
ery
time
mon
ey is
spen
t.
• A
pro
fit ta
x is
rais
ed o
ver t
he p
rofit
that
a b
usin
ess m
akes
; it i
s 34,
5% o
f the
pro
fit.
With
sim
ilar r
esor
ts, t
he ro
om p
rices
star
t at U
S$ 2
00, w
ith a
stan
dard
rate
of U
S$ 6
95
and
high
er ra
tes u
p to
US$
1,0
95 p
er n
ight
. Ass
umin
g a
60%
occ
upan
cy a
t the
stan
dard
ra
te, t
he ro
om ta
x in
com
e w
ould
be
.6 (o
ccup
ancy
) * 5
52 (g
uest
s) /
2 (p
er ro
om) *
695
(r
ate)
* 0
.07
(tax)
= U
S$ 8
,050
per
day
. Per
yea
r thi
s wou
ld b
e U
S$ 2
,900
,000
. Th
ere
is a
3%
turn
over
tax
on a
ny sp
endi
ng. I
t is e
stim
ated
that
the
golf
cour
se, a
fter t
he
2nd y
ear,
will
star
t gen
erat
ing
abou
t US$
5.5
mill
ion
reve
nue.
Thi
s mea
ns th
at th
ere
is a
ta
x in
com
e of
US$
165
,000
ove
r thi
s am
ount
. For
the
reso
rt th
is m
eans
3%
ove
r at l
east
th
e ro
om in
com
e. A
ssum
ing
60%
occ
upan
cy, t
he tu
rnov
er fr
om th
e ro
om re
nt a
lone
w
ould
be
(.6 *
156
* 6
95 *
0.0
3 *
365)
US$
712
,000
. Th
e ac
tual
am
ount
wou
ld h
owev
er b
e hi
gher
, as t
he h
otel
gue
sts w
ill sp
end
mon
ey o
n dr
inks
and
din
er a
nd o
ther
act
iviti
es a
s wel
l. A
ssum
ing
this
to b
e U
S$ 2
00 p
er d
ay (a
si
mila
r res
orts
cha
rge
US$
194
for a
mea
l pla
n), t
he a
dditi
onal
tax
(turn
over
) inc
ome
wou
ld b
e (.6
occ
upan
cy *
156
room
s * 2
per
sons
* 2
00 sp
endi
ng/ d
ay *
0.0
3 ta
x *
365
days
) US$
410
,000
. Th
e to
tal t
urno
ver t
ax w
ould
ther
efor
e be
US$
1,2
90,0
00. T
he to
tal a
mou
nt fi
rst g
oes t
o th
e na
tiona
l gov
ernm
ent i
n C
urac
ao. A
third
then
com
es b
ack
to th
e is
land
, res
ultin
g in
an
inco
me
of U
S$ 4
30,0
00 fo
r the
isla
nd.
The
empl
oyee
s nee
d to
pay
tax
over
thei
r inc
ome.
With
an
aver
age
wag
e of
US$
12,
000,
th
eav
erag
ean
nual
inco
me
tax
wou
ldbe
US$
670
pery
ear.
Fora
tota
lof4
30jo
bs(1
00
Kee
ping
the
mon
ey o
n th
e is
land
Th
e m
ajor
ity o
f sha
reho
lder
s or i
nves
tors
for t
he
reso
rt w
ill b
e fo
reig
n. T
his m
eans
that
a lo
t of t
he
mon
ey th
e re
sort
gene
rate
s will
als
o go
abr
oad.
Th
e ch
alle
nge
for t
he g
over
nmen
t and
the
priv
ate
sect
or w
ould
be
to k
eep
as m
uch
of th
e m
oney
on
the
isla
nd. O
ne w
ay to
do
this
is to
mak
e su
re
thos
e to
uris
t fac
ilitie
s and
attr
actio
ns a
re o
wne
d an
d op
erat
ed b
y lo
cal e
ntre
pren
eurs
and
not
by
the
reso
rt. F
or e
xam
ple
if th
e re
sort
wou
ld o
ffer
boa
t re
ntal
, the
inco
me
wou
ld g
o to
the
reso
rt an
d th
e m
oney
wou
ld g
o to
fore
ign
inve
stor
s. If
a lo
cal
com
pany
wou
ld o
ffer
boa
t ren
tal,
the
mon
ey
wou
ld st
ay w
ith th
e lo
cal c
ompa
ny a
nd th
us o
n th
e is
land
. Thi
s las
t situ
atio
n is
muc
h be
tter f
or th
e is
land
. The
gov
ernm
ent s
houl
d pr
omot
e th
e st
artu
p of
tour
ism
rela
ted
faci
litie
s and
attr
actio
ns
for t
he to
uris
m se
gmen
t tha
t the
gol
f cou
rse
aim
s fo
r. If
add
ition
al a
ttrac
tions
and
serv
ices
can
spar
k th
e gu
ests
to sp
end
anot
her U
S$10
0 pe
r per
son
per
day,
this
wou
ld in
turn
over
tax
alon
e ad
d U
S$20
5.00
0 (a
ssum
ing
a 60
% o
ccup
ancy
of t
he
reso
rt). I
f thi
s mon
ey st
ays o
n th
e is
land
, the
ec
onom
y in
crea
ses w
ith U
S$ 1
2 m
illio
n. If
10%
of
this
is p
rofit
, the
pro
fit ta
x in
com
e fo
r the
go
vern
men
t wou
ld in
crea
se w
ith U
S$ 4
20.0
00.
Add
ition
al e
xpen
ses
It w
as in
dica
ted
ther
e w
ould
be
addi
tiona
l cos
ts
for n
urse
s and
a d
octo
r and
for r
oads
. The
road
s ar
e a
one-
time
inve
stm
ent,
they
will
nee
d so
me
mai
nten
ance
ove
r the
yea
rs, b
ut th
e im
pact
is n
ot
sign
ifica
nt. T
he h
ospi
tal,
whe
n it
is e
xpen
ded,
will
re
quire
add
ition
al m
oney
. Mos
t of i
t will
hav
e to
co
me
from
the
patie
nts a
nd in
sura
nce
com
pani
es
how
ever
. With
mor
e pa
tient
s, th
eco
st o
f car
e
70
the
aver
age
annu
al in
com
e ta
x w
ould
be
US$
670
per
yea
r. Fo
r a to
tal o
f 430
jobs
(100
pe
rson
s are
alre
ady
assu
med
to h
ave
a jo
b, so
are
alre
ady
payi
ng th
is ta
x) th
is m
eans
a
tax
inco
me
of U
S$ 2
90,0
00 p
er y
ear.
A
ccor
ding
to th
e fe
asib
ility
stud
y fo
r the
gol
f cou
rse,
the
prof
it fo
r the
cou
rse
alon
e w
ould
be
arou
nd U
S$ 3
.85
mill
ion
in fu
ll op
erat
ion
(fro
m th
e 3rd
yea
r of o
pera
tion)
. With
a
larg
er tu
rnov
er, t
he p
rofit
of t
he re
sort
coul
d be
dou
ble
that
am
ount
, aro
und
US$
7
mill
ion.
The
tota
l of t
he tw
o to
geth
er w
ould
then
be
arou
nd U
S$ 1
0,85
0,00
0 pe
r yea
r. Th
e pr
ofit
tax
is 3
4.5%
, whi
ch c
omes
to U
S$ 3
,700
,000
per
yea
r. Th
e sp
in-o
ff e
ffec
ts, l
ike
incr
ease
d sp
endi
ng o
n th
e is
land
by
the
new
inha
bita
nts w
ill
have
rela
tivel
y lit
tle e
ffec
t on
the
tax
inco
me
com
pare
d w
ith th
e am
ount
s tha
t the
reso
rt is
br
ingi
ng in
. Sup
pose
1/3
rd o
f the
inco
me
is b
eing
spen
t on
the
isla
nd, 5
30 p
eopl
e w
ill
spen
d U
S$ 2
.12
mill
ion.
The
turn
over
tax
(3%
) ove
r tha
t am
ount
is U
S$ 6
3,60
0, o
f w
hich
1%
goe
s to
the
loca
l gov
ernm
ent.
Nex
t to
this
, the
shop
s will
pro
babl
y be
abl
e to
ge
t a h
ighe
r pro
fit a
nd w
ill g
et a
hig
her t
urno
ver.
If th
ey m
ake
a 10
% p
rofit
ove
r the
US$
2.
12 m
illio
n th
e pr
ofit
tax
(34.
5%) i
ncom
e w
ill in
crea
se b
y U
S$ 7
3,14
0. S
o ro
ughl
y th
e in
crea
se in
tax
inco
me
due
to th
e in
crea
se sp
endi
ng b
y th
e em
ploy
ees o
n th
e is
land
will
be
aro
und
US$
94,
500.
Th
ere
will
als
o be
a n
umbe
r of c
osts
, for
exa
mpl
e th
e co
sts o
f put
ting
dow
n ro
ads f
or th
e ne
w h
ouse
s and
the
cost
of e
xpan
ding
the
hosp
ital a
nd th
e w
ages
for a
doc
tor a
nd n
urse
s. Se
e m
itiga
tion
unde
r add
ition
al e
xpen
ses.
It is
als
o im
porta
nt to
revi
ew h
ow th
e im
pact
is sh
ared
of t
he st
akeh
olde
rs. T
he b
ulk
of th
e in
com
e of
the
reso
rt w
ill g
o to
the
inve
stor
s. Th
e to
tal i
ncre
ase
in g
over
nmen
t inc
ome,
not
ye
t tak
ing
into
acc
ount
tax
holid
ays,
exem
ptio
ns, o
r oth
er a
rran
gem
ents
, is a
roun
d U
S$ 7
m
illio
n. N
ext t
o th
e ta
x th
ere
is a
lso
a U
S$ 7
10,0
00 la
nd re
ntal
inco
me.
The
tota
l inc
ome
of th
e go
vern
men
t cou
ld th
eref
ore
be U
S$ 7
.7 m
illio
n a
year
. The
bud
get d
efic
it of
the
isla
nd c
urre
ntly
is U
S$ 6
.1 m
illio
n, w
hich
mea
ns th
e go
lf re
sort
can
deliv
er e
noug
h m
oney
to m
ake
the
isla
nd se
lf su
stai
nabl
e.
To a
ttrac
t inv
esto
rs so
me
tax
exem
ptio
ns o
r tax
hol
iday
s will
hav
e to
be
gran
ted
or o
ther
ar
rang
emen
ts to
redu
ce th
e co
st fo
r the
reso
rt w
ill h
ave
to b
e m
ade.
The
opt
ions
of
wai
ving
the
prof
it ta
x an
d th
e la
nd re
ntal
hav
e be
en m
entio
ned.
Thi
s wou
ld c
ost t
he
gove
rnm
ent a
yea
rly a
mou
nt o
f US$
4.4
mill
ion,
or m
ore
then
hal
f the
am
ount
that
they
co
uld
rece
ive.
shou
ld n
ot h
ave
to g
o up
, due
to sc
ale
adva
ntag
es;
the
cost
may
act
ually
go
dow
n. T
he im
pact
of
addi
tiona
l cos
t will
ther
efor
e be
less
then
si
gnifi
cant
.
71
Nex
t to
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nd th
e in
vest
ors,
anot
her l
arge
par
t of t
he in
com
e go
es to
the
530
peop
le w
ho c
an fi
nd a
job
at th
e re
sort
and
will
ther
efor
e no
w b
e ab
le to
supp
ort
them
selv
es a
nd p
lay
an im
porta
nt ro
le in
the
isla
nds e
cono
my.
The
tota
l inc
ome
from
th
ese
empl
oyee
s, at
an
aver
age
inco
me
of U
S$ 1
2,00
0, w
ill b
e U
S$ 6
.36
mill
ion.
Fo
r the
peo
ple
curr
ently
livi
ng o
n th
e is
land
, 200
peo
ple
(Abo
ut 6
% o
f the
pop
ulat
ion)
w
ill fi
nd a
job
with
the
golf
reso
rt. T
he re
mai
ning
jobs
will
go
to p
eopl
e w
ho a
re n
ot
curr
ently
livi
ng o
n th
e is
land
. For
the
peop
le o
n th
e is
land
not
get
ting
a jo
b w
ith th
e re
sort
the
prim
ary
adva
ntag
e w
ill b
e an
incr
ease
in g
over
nmen
t inc
ome,
whi
ch w
ill
enab
le to
gov
ernm
ent t
o ex
ecut
e pr
ojec
t tha
t it a
re b
enef
icia
l for
all,
but
can
not b
e ex
ecut
ed a
t the
mom
ent d
ue to
mon
ey sh
orta
ge, l
ike
impr
ovin
g th
e ro
ads,
the
harb
or, t
he
airp
ort,
etc.
Ano
ther
adv
anta
ge fo
r the
m c
an e
xist
if th
ey st
art t
o pr
ovid
e th
eir o
wn
faci
litie
s or s
ervi
ces f
or th
e gu
ests
. 3.
2 D
ecre
ase
unem
ploy
men
t Th
e un
empl
oym
ent r
ate
on th
e is
land
of S
t. Eu
stat
ius,
in 2
003,
was
8.5
% [C
BS
2003
]. Fr
om th
e av
aila
ble
1,13
4 ec
onom
ical
ly a
ctiv
e pe
ople
in th
e po
pula
tion,
this
mea
ns th
at
ther
e ar
e 96
une
mpl
oyed
. Th
e re
sort
will
hav
e th
e fo
llow
ing
impa
ct:
Impa
ct:
• Ef
fect
ivel
y re
duci
ng u
nem
ploy
men
t on
the
isla
nd to
a fi
gure
nea
r 0, i
n th
eory
ev
eryb
ody
who
doe
s not
hav
e a
job
on th
e is
land
now
can
find
wor
k w
ith th
e re
sort.
•
Dec
reas
ing
or so
lvin
g th
e hi
dden
une
mpl
oym
ent,
incr
easi
ng th
e ef
ficie
ncy
of
busi
ness
/ gov
ernm
ent.
• St
atia
ns o
n is
land
cur
rent
ly u
nem
ploy
ed a
nd fi
ndin
g a
job:
94.
•
Tota
l num
ber o
f Sta
tians
on
isla
nd fi
ndin
g a
golf
reso
rt re
late
d jo
b at
the
golf
reso
rt:
200.
•
255
sing
le h
omes
-> 2
55 p
eopl
e •
191
fam
ily h
omes
-> 4
95 p
eopl
e (o
f whi
ch 1
13 a
re c
hild
ren)
. •
1,74
8 m
3 of s
olid
was
te p
rodu
ctio
n an
nual
ly
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d
3.2.
1 A
ttra
ct u
nem
ploy
ed
Stat
ians
It
is h
ard
to fi
nd a
real
num
ber o
f une
mpl
oyed
peo
ple
on S
t. Eu
stat
ius.
The
labo
ur o
ffic
e on
ly tr
acks
thos
e th
at a
re re
gist
ered
with
the
offic
e an
d ha
ve n
o jo
b. A
t the
end
of 2
005
the
num
ber o
f peo
ple
who
wer
e no
t em
ploy
ed a
nd w
ritte
n in
with
the
labo
ur o
ffic
e w
as
15. W
hen
aske
d fo
r an
estim
ate
the
labo
ur o
ffic
e in
dica
ted
the
real
num
ber o
f un
empl
oyed
is p
roba
bly
arou
nd 3
0. If
the
unde
rem
ploy
men
t is t
aken
into
this
num
ber
rises
to 4
5 pe
ople
. Und
erem
ploy
men
t mea
ns p
eopl
e ha
ve a
job,
but
for l
ess h
ours
then
No
miti
gatio
n re
quire
d.
72
they
are
ava
ilabl
e an
d w
ant t
o w
ork.
Th
e un
empl
oym
ent r
ate
on S
t. Eu
stat
ius i
n 20
03, a
ccor
ding
to th
e C
entra
l Bur
eau
of
Stat
istic
s, w
as 8
.5%
[CB
S 20
03].
From
the
avai
labl
e 1,
134
econ
omic
ally
act
ive
peop
le in
th
e po
pula
tion,
this
mea
ns th
at th
ere
wer
e 96
peo
ple
unem
ploy
ed.
Bot
h th
e un
der e
mpl
oym
ent a
nd th
e un
empl
oym
ent a
re n
ot re
cord
ed. T
he
unde
rem
ploy
men
t may
be
rela
tivel
y hi
gh. T
he g
over
nmen
t for
exa
mpl
e ha
s hire
d pe
ople
on
a so
cial
bas
is, w
here
by th
ey h
ave
a fu
ll tim
e jo
b, b
ut o
nly
wor
k se
vera
l hou
rs a
day
. At
the
slau
ghte
rhou
se th
ere
are
also
jobs
that
hav
e se
vera
l ful
l tim
e w
orke
rs w
ho a
re o
nly
requ
ired
to w
ork
an h
our a
day
. By
incr
easi
ng th
e ef
ficie
ncy
of p
erso
nnel
, the
num
ber o
f av
aila
ble
jobs
with
cur
rent
bus
ines
ses w
ill d
ecre
ase,
incr
easi
ng th
e am
ount
of p
eopl
e fr
om
the
isla
nd th
at c
an w
ork
with
the
golf
reso
rt. B
ecau
se h
idde
n un
empl
oym
ent i
s by
defin
ition
not
vis
ible
, it i
s har
d to
giv
e an
indi
catio
n ho
w m
any
peop
le th
is c
once
rns.
A
figur
e of
10%
, whi
ch is
104
per
sons
from
the
1,03
8 pe
ople
cur
rent
ly e
mpl
oyed
, wou
ld
mos
t pro
babl
y no
t be
an o
vers
tate
men
t, so
this
wou
ld in
crea
se th
e nu
mbe
r of S
tatia
ns
curr
ently
livi
ng o
n th
e is
land
who
wou
ld b
e ab
le to
get
a jo
b at
the
Gol
f res
ort t
o 20
0. T
he
rem
aini
ng p
erso
nnel
wou
ld h
ave
to c
ome
from
out
side
the
isla
nd. F
or th
is g
roup
see
1.4.
Im
pact
: •
Effe
ctiv
ely
redu
cing
une
mpl
oym
ent t
o 0
• D
ecre
asin
g or
solv
ing
the
hidd
en u
nem
ploy
men
t, in
crea
sing
the
effic
ienc
y of
bu
sine
ss/ g
over
nmen
t. •
Num
ber o
f une
mpl
oyed
find
ing
a jo
b at
the
reso
rt: 9
4.
• To
tal n
umbe
r of S
tatia
ns o
n th
e is
land
abl
e to
find
wor
k du
e to
gol
f res
ort:
200.
3.2.
2 T
rain
ing
prog
ram
B
ecau
se th
e pe
ople
cur
rent
ly u
nem
ploy
ed m
ay h
ave
little
or n
o ex
perie
nce
in th
e fie
ld o
f ho
spita
lity,
cle
anin
g, m
aint
enan
ce, e
tc, t
rain
ing
will
be
requ
ired.
Tra
inin
g w
ill n
orm
ally
be
don
e by
the
reso
rt ch
ain
and
will
mos
t lik
ely
take
pla
ce o
ff-is
land
. Tra
inin
g is
an
impo
rtant
par
t to
mat
ch th
e un
empl
oyed
with
the
new
jobs
.
Une
mpl
oyed
do
not f
it re
sort
nee
d B
y su
pply
ing
train
ing
to th
e un
empl
oyed
Sta
tians
lo
okin
g fo
r a jo
b at
the
reso
rt th
ey c
an b
e m
ade
to
fit th
e jo
b de
scrip
tions
they
can
per
form
at t
he
reso
rt.
3.3 Alternative projects A project does not have to be executed, the simplest alternative to doing a program or project like making the island less dependant on the Netherlands, or creating a golf resort is to do nothing (0-option). Another alternative for the golf course, fitting the same program goal of making the island more self-sustainable is eco-tourism. These two alternatives will be discussed in more detail. 3.3.1 0-option The 0-option is the option of not executing a project. This option reviews what will happen when no projects are executed. A zero options does not exclude development There are already, outside this program, plans for projects that will most likely become reality, regardless of the program to improve the self-sustainability of the island. This option has been briefly described in the feasibility study for the golf course. Tourism at the moment is mainly limited to dive tourists. There are currently around 71 rooms available on the island; the largest hotels only have 20 rooms, making it difficult to organize group travel (for larger groups). In a 0-option, only limited hotel capacity will be added, at most 50 rooms. With no other facilities or attractions being constructed these rooms will most likely attract divers, perhaps allowing organized dive trips to the island. When the occupancy rate is around 70% annually and people stay around 1 week on average, there will be an additional 1,825 people coming to the island annually. For the transport to and from the island this means 5 passengers per day in each direction on top of the current amount of passengers. This will most likely not be enough to maintain the current Caribbean Sun connection to San Juan and St. Kitts. With 50 rooms and a less luxurious hotel then a 5-star+ facility would be, the number of employees will be limited to around 25. The prices will also be lower then can be charged for a resort, similar (but smaller) hotels on the island charge around US$ 150 per night. With such a room price, the annual income of the 50-room hotel, at 70% occupancy rate, would be around US$ 1,916,250 per year. Room tax, which is income for the government, would be around US$ 134,000. A 10% profit over this amount would give US$ 66,000 profit tax and a 1% turnover tax would give an additional income of US$ 19,500. Assuming the hotel would be placed on the Caribbean side of the island, it can be connected to the water plant and getting electricity from the net should be no problem either. The Harbour expansion plans, including a marina would still continue. A boat link to St. Maarten, St. Kitts and Saba is planned and will continue to be looked at independently of any other project. In conclusion the zero option will have the following effects: • Increasing the hotel room capacity to around 120 rooms. • Making organized (dive) tourism possible. • Reducing unemployment. • Slight increase government income, around US$ 220,000. • High chance of loss of the Caribbean Sun airline connection to San Juan and St Kitts. • Harbour expansion, including marina. • Possible boat connection to St. Maarten, Saba and St. Kitts
74
3.3.2 Eco-tourism option The Eco-tourism option will be a development happening next to the 0-option. The 0-option is the development that is likely to happen independent of the program. The program level goals for the program are a self-sustainable island, supporting business, sustainable development and increase government income. Like golf, eco-tourism is a “booming” business. Current activities for eco-tourism on the island are hiking and diving, other activities need to be developed, like lodging, horse riding, mountain climbing (white wall), yachting, etc. The big difference with the golf course project is the budget of tourists that are attracted. On the nearby island of Saba there is an eco-lodging hotel, which has 11 cabins, for 4 persons per cabin. This hotel charges around US$ 85 per night, per cabin. Suppose 50 ecotourism lodges were placed on the island, this would allow 200 tourists to stay. At a 70% occupancy rate, the average amount of tourists would 140. If on average 3 people share a lodge, the amount of lodges taken will be 46. At US$ 85 a night, this will result in US$ 3,910 per night, or US$ 1.427.150 per year. A 7% room tax would give a government income of US$ 99,900. A 10% profit over this amount would give US$ 49,000 profit tax and a 1% turnover tax would give an additional income of US$ 14,500. The lodges do not necessarily have to offer electricity, depending on their location; a kitchen may be required as well as water. The eco-lodges on Saba have a restaurant on the ground where people can have lunch and dinner. 50 lodges, for 4 persons on average, would make organized (group) ecotourism travel possible. With 140 people staying on average a week, the amount of transport to and from the island that is needed would be 20 seats per day, in each direction. This would most likely be sufficient to keep the current Caribbean Sun connection to San Juan and St Kitts. The number of employees required for the ecotourism hotel will probably be limited, the eco-lodges will most likely have to be cleaned by the guests and the service level required will be low. One, or more, restaurants would require staff; say around a 15 person staff for the restaurant and a 5 person staff to run the hotel. Next to the eco-hotel, there would be attractions, like the cliff (white wall) climbing, horse riding and yachting that would require personnel. The increase in diving may also create a number of new jobs for dive instructors. The amount of additional jobs created in this way is hard to predict, but it is assumed it will be around 14. The total amount of additional jobs would therefore be 34. To get the same number of employees that a golf resort can deliver (630), at least 925 eco-lodges would be required. At 70% occupancy this would mean 2590 tourists are required to be on the island (on average). At this size, the government would receive around US$3,000,000 in additional tax income per year. The sustainability of this option is high; eco-tourism is a growing market and is expected to keep growing as people become more aware of their impact of the environment. The negative impact of ecotourism is very small and sustainable. An eco-resort will not be able to spend as much on marketing as a large golf resort. The importance of marketing can be seen at Nevis, this island was put on the map by the Four Seasons resort. The Harbour expansion plans, including a marina would still continue. A boat link to St. Maarten, St. Kitts and Saba is planned and will continue to be looked at independent of any other project.
75
In conclusion the eco-tourism option will have the following effects: (Assuming the construction of 50 lodges, of a similar time to those at the nearby island of Saba) • Creating eco-lodges on the island, which can accommodate a maximum of 200 persons • Creating tourists attractions like climbing, hiking, yachting, additional diving opportunities, horse
riding, etc. • With an average 70% occupancy of the eco-resort the Caribbean Sun connection will most likely
remain. Eco-tourist will most likely have no problems with the comfort of the current Winair connection.
• Reducing the unemployment by an estimated 34 jobs • Around US$ 163,000 tax income for the government
76
4 Conclusions and recommendations 4.1 Remaining impact and mitigation measures 4.1.1 Transportation Transportation to St. Eustatius relies heavily on aircraft. There are two airlines serving the island, with four destinations; St. Maarten, St. Kitts, San Juan and Saba, only the first three offer connections to other destinations. The aircraft between St. Maarten and St. Eustatius are not of the comfort that would be required to transport upscale tourists, more comfortable aircraft would be required. A larger aircraft, for example one from Caribbean Sun (Dash 8) operating twice a day on this route would give an additional 36 seats (each way) to St Maarten and would also solve the comfort problems. These flights should be scheduled around the arriving and departing American and European flights. When the flights from San Juan to St. Maarten would no longer operate via St Kitts, this would give another capacity increase of around 34 seats. In total these two measures would add 70 seats. It is estimated that currently about 45 seats are open on a daily basis, in total around 110 seats will be required on busy days (Saturday/ Sunday). Making the San Juan to St Eustatius flight a direct one and changing two flights to St Maarten to a Dash 8 will give the required airlift. Schedules for flights should be more closely matched around the flights to the USA and Europe, as at the moment waiting times for connecting flights can be up to 4 or 5 hours. Guests travelling from the USA can transfer at San Juan, possibly with better connection times. A boat service is being looked at between Statia and the islands of St Maarten, Saba and St. Kitts. It will most likely not be used by guests coming in from the USA or Europe, however pending the schedule can be used for day, or short trips from these islands to the golf resort. Resort guests can also do daytrips to other islands in the area using the boat service. A boat can take around 80 passengers and will take 1hr 30min from St. Maarten to St. Eustatius. A boat service between Statia and St Kitts will mitigate the effects of a loss of the flights between these two islands if the San Juan flight is operating directly to and from St. Eustatius. Without having the check-inn time at the airport, a boat connection may not take much longer then the aircraft, probably around an hour. Extending the airport apron may stimulate arrivals of private turboprops and jets. Research would have to be done to determine the demand for these kinds of flights to the island and the amount of aircraft that would have a stay over period at the airport. When transportation uses combustion engines this can create noise pollution and use non-renewable energy. For both transit service between the resort and the city, airport or harbour and transportation on the resort grounds, electrical carts should be used. Preferably the carts will be powered by use of wind energy. This would create a 0-emission and “green” transport across the course and to the course. Similar transport is already in use for a long time at the Swiss mountain town of Zermatt, although here powered by water energy. They are being used to transport people as well as cargo to the upscale facilities. Using electric carts will increase the status of the resort as a “green resort”. With consumers becoming more aware of the environmental impact they have, this can be a key selling point. Remaining negative impact; No significant negative effects expected 4.1.2 Additional activities and services Currently the island is not oriented to up-class tourism. There are no other specific facilities or services for this group. By not having any facilities for these people, like a couple of good restaurants, guided tours, boat rental, boat tours, etc, additional money that can potentially be obtained will be wasted. So to mitigate this effect, additional tourism facilities, for example those previously mentioned, should be created.
77
When local companies and not the resort provide activities and services, the money spend by tourists will stay on the island. This will be beneficial for the economy and also increase tax income for the government. Services could be upscale restaurants, activities like Para-sailing, surfing, jet ski rental, boat rental, boat trips, diving, etc. When a resort is created the government should promote, perhaps with tax measures or subsidies, the creation of these facilities as keeping as much of the tourists money on the island is important for the economy. There are very few local products being produced. This means that the resort will have to buy all catering products from abroad. By creating local products additional jobs can be generated and money will stay on the island, instead of go abroad. Another option, to create additional income on the island, would be to start a wholesale. A wholesale could cater both to the existing business and supermarkets on the islands as well as the resort. Next to additional income for the island a wholesale would also create new jobs. A big opportunity for local products could be fishery. In the waters around the island there is a lot of fish. Currently fish is brought in from as far away as Taiwan, local fishermen could catch fresh fish for the resort, but also for the local people. On a limited scale, agriculture may also be possible and could supply the resort with fresh products as well. Remaining negative impact: When no additional activities are created, potential guests may select another island that offers a similarly luxurious golf resort, but because of the islands itself or the activities it provides offers that little more then St. Eustatius can currently offer. Adding additional activities like mentioned above therefore are important, if done by the resort the money will go the resort chain and the investors, for the island it would therefore be better if local persons start offering additional services and attractions aimed at the upper class tourists. Adding the above-mentioned services will create even more jobs and will keep additional money on the island. 4.1.3 Irrigation & Water The golf course uses most of the water that a golf resort requires. To prevent water being wasted the golf course should have a fine meshed drainage system. This water should drain back into the storage tank for re-use. Creating any form of open water storage will mean a lot of loss due to evaporation. The yearly average evaporation is around 2160mm. This means that the less water surface there is, the better. Water storage ponds should therefore be created as deep as possible, to get the most amount of storage with the least amount of water surface. There are some worries about using a reverse osmosis plant. The salinity of the ocean is normally around 34,500 PPM (Parts per Million). Due to the use of reverse osmosis plants, at some places in the Middle East the salinity has gone up as high as 40,000 PPM. This can potentially hurt the sea life. Since the Sea and especially the coral are major tourist attractions for the island, care should be taken not to damage it in this way. The first three measures that can be taken are all intended to reduce the amount of water that is required. These mitigation measures are: • Selecting the Seashore Paspalum grass instead of the commonly used Bermuda grass, 34% water
and electricity cost can be saved. • The yearly savings from an irrigation pond with rainwater are 5 – 8% • Water for the toilet can be supplied by rainwater and by collecting and reusing water from the
shower and sink. Another measure can be taken to reduce the effect, which is to discharge the effluent water of the RO-Plant at a place where there is a large enough current to disperse the water containing the higher salt percentage:
78
• Discharging the effluent water of the RO-plant using a tube to such a location where the current
will disperse the water of a large area will mitigate the potential negative effect of salinity build-up.
Therefore the water will have to be pumped to Venus Bay. Because the amount of water needed at the Zeelandia (golf course) side is much larger, the RO-plant should be placed here. This will save on the amount of water that has to be transported. The water in Venus Bay should be stored at least 10 m above the highest facility there, this way the water distribution at Venus Bay can be a free flow system. No pumps will be required in that case. By using a more drought resistant grass specie, Seashore Paspalum instead of the more common Bermuda grass, 37.5% water can be saved. This is, on a yearly basis, 117,100 m3. This will not just save water (and thus cost), but also means a smaller RO-plant can be constructed, which will cost less and the usage of electricity will be lower. Further the amount of reverse osmosis water will be reduced, thus decreasing the potential problems with build-up of salt around the island. Remaining negative impact: The required amount of water for a golf course remains high. Because no natural fresh water is available on the island, reverse osmosis is always required. When the outlet for the reverse osmosis plant is placed at a point where the water is quickly dispersed there should be no significant remaining effect. 4.1.4 Land use The amount of land occupied by the resort is significant, but cannot be mitigated. The northern sub-sector should be kept reachable. This can be done by creating a new route over the hills, or allowing everybody to enter the pass between Venus Bay and Zeelandia and thus the grounds of the golf resort. This is not uncommon, at least during the day resorts located on St Maarten also allow non-guests on their grounds. Remaining impact: The resort will use around 4% of the total surface area of the island. Since large parts are already built-on area, or not suitable for construction, the area of land that would be suitable for other projects will be reduced by more then this 4%. With a high certainty there are however no projects that at the same location would be more beneficial to the island. The loss of land available for other projects remains significant however. 4.1.5 Electricity The electricity usage of a resort is very high. Some large energy consumers are the air-conditioning and the heating of water for the tap or the shower. During most times of the year air-conditioning will be required; the electricity usage for this cannot be mitigated. The bulk of the water to be heated will be shower water. This water does not have to be boiling hot, most people will take a shower with water no warmer then around 40 degrees at most. To save on electricity, a solar boiler could provide the water for the shower. A 9m2 catchment area solar boiler costs about EUR10.558 to install1. In the Netherlands such a system can save around 3500 – 4000kWh/ year on electricity per one family household2, or on average 4 persons. With 552 guests in the resort, this comes down, assuming the lower number of 3500kwh/ year, to a 483.000kWh saving per year. This means total electricity savings of about US$ 972,000. The total cost of installing water boilers would be US$ 1.9 million. That makes the use of solar boilers have a return on investment time of less than two years.
1 http://iwssolar.ch/pages/solarthermik/sunrise2000/sunrise2000.html 2 http://www.solar.ch/Solar-Boiler_System/Solar_Boiler.htm
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To reduce the environmental impact and especially the use of diesel fuels and the emissions it causes, renewable energy sources could be used. Possible sources are wind, solar and wave energy. Since solar and wave energy are highly expensive, wind energy would be the most affordable solution. Using data gathered in Friesland, the Netherlands, four wind turbines could power the resort at moments when sufficient wind is available. An additional two would be needed as backup due to maintenance and breakdowns. 6 windmills could power the resort, backed up with 2 or 3 generators. This setup has a payback time of over 10 years. Remaining negative impact: Even when windmills would be used, which is questionable seeing that they do not pay back very fast, significant amounts of non-renewable fuels are required to power the resort and course. Windmills could help to provide the resort with a “green” image and can possibly reduce the requirement for non-renewable energy by 50 to 75%. 4.1.6 Housing There is a potential need for 165 apartments or single person housing and a further need for 124 houses for families. Because Statians living abroad are an important group that is being focused on, the actual need for housing will be lower. A number of Statians living off island already has a house on Statia. No records are kept about the amount of houses that are empty or the amount of Statians living abroad though. The golf course will probably at first attract a large number of ‘single’ employees. They will require apartments. When they are staying on the island for a longer time they may want to move to family housing. The demand for apartments may therefore be getting lower, while the demand for houses may go up. It would therefore be justified to create houses in the first place and accept that housing will not completely fit the first inhabitants requirements, or to make the apartment buildings flexible. The flexibility means that the apartments should be easy to reconfigure into multi room apartments, suitable for more then one person. This requirement can be taken into account during the design process of the apartments at little or no extra cost. The housing can be provided by the housing foundation, as long as they have a guarantee that the resort will be constructed. The housing can also be financed by the housing foundation. On nearby resorts staff housing for ex-pats (people from abroad working on the resort) is available on the resort grounds. This could be done for the resort on St. Eustatius as well, however the revenue from these houses will then go to the resort. If housing is provided locally, for example by the housing foundation, the money will stay on the island. Remaining negative impact: When enough houses are constructed, the increase in inhabitants will not pose any problems, they will be able to move to the island and work at the resort. Even though a lot of extra houses need to be built, the negative effect will be less then significant. 4.1.7 Finding and recruiting people A 16% increase in population on the island is expected. The effect this has is both positive and negative. Planning their arrival in advance can mitigate negative effects like a shortage of housing. Building sustainably can partially reduce other effects like an increased demand for power. It is assumed that around 655 Statians are living in the Netherlands. A large part of them will still be at school or are already on a pension. From those who are able to work at the resort, not all will want to return to St. Eustatius, because they have build a live in the Netherlands, have a good job they do not want to resign from, etc. If 5% would be willing to return that would fill 20 jobs. Assuming another 80 Statians can return from the other Netherlands Antilles and the USA and other countries, 100 additional jobs could be filled by Statians.
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This would leave 230 jobs to be filled by non-Statians. The unemployment on the nearby islands, especially St Maarten, is high enough to provide even all employees for the golf resort. St. Maarten is highly multi cultural, a large group of the unemployed will be people from the surrounding islands, it can be expected that portions of the employees of the resort will therefore be from Dominica, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, etc. St. Eustatius is already multi ethnic, with residents from all of these locations, China and the USA and Europe. The aim should be to get as many Statians and residents of the Dutch Antilles to work at the resort, other groups will however most likely also be needed to get enough employees. By supplying training to the unemployed Statians, looking for a job at the resort, they can be made to fit the job descriptions they can perform at the resort. The government should have a reserved attitude against immigration from people who are not living on the Netherlands Antilles. Employees from outside the Netherlands Antilles will most likely turn out to be necessary, but care should be taken that they do not take the bulk of the jobs and that the people from the Netherlands Antilles and Statia especially, do not miss out. Remaining negative impact: No significant negative effects are expected due to the increase in population if mainly people originally from Statia and from the nearby islands of St Maarten and Saba find jobs at the resort. 4.1.8 Construction The construction personnel from abroad will have to find housing for the duration of the construction project. Since this is temporary labour, they will not require a permanent house and will most likely not bring families. For the resort personnel there is a requirement of about 165 apartments. The construction personnel can use these same apartments. They will have to be ready before the first personnel from abroad is brought in though. Another option is to bring in barracks and house the personnel in these, near the construction yard. The first option should be stimulated however, because it will bring in additional income for the island (especially if the houses are financed and owned by local people). The required 450-construction workers are not available on the island. Even if 50 of the unemployed Statians can be used as construction workers, there are still about 350 construction workers required. The number of workers can be reduced in two ways. Firstly by extending the period of time that the construction is allowed to take, for example from 2 years to 3 years, the amount of workers needed may well go down from 450 to 300. Assuming the same 100 construction workers and unemployed available on the islands, this would only leave a requirement for 200 foreign workers. This already assumes that the golf course and golf resort are constructed after each other and not at the same time. Further, creating a planning based on the available personnel, it may be possible to rearrange the phasing of construction in such a way that fewer personnel is required. This could perhaps save another 10% on the staff, leaving 270 persons required to build the resort. 170 people would have to be brought in to the island. Remaining negative impact: By default a construction project is temporary, any negative effects will therefore also be temporary. Temporary negative effects could be materials that have to be moved over the island from the harbour to Zeelandia and Venus Bay and noise pollution will most likely occur. No significant permanent negative effects are expected. 4.1.9 Environmental effects Sea turtles and use of the beach for tourism can go together. There are two effects that need mitigation, which is the lighting near the beach and littering on the beach. The first should be minimized during
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the nesting season by adjusting the location of the golf resort. By having the golf course at Zeelandia and the resort at Venus Bay the lights can be minimized around the beach at night. By installing some litter bins on the beach and putting up signs to explain why it is important not to litter the amount of littering can be reduced. To maintain a clean beach for the guests it is also important to clear rubble originating from the sea. A clean beach is as much in the interest of the resort and its guests as it is to Stenapa and the Sea turtles. To protect the sea turtle eggs, vehicles on the beach should be prevented. Walking or lying on the beach is no problem. Littering and damaging of nests could also be reduced by making tourists aware of the special wildlife in the area and explain how they can decrease their impact on them. This could be in the form of information boards, leaflets and warning signs. For the Iguana the trees are important. As long as the trees can, to a large extend, be kept, there will be no danger to the Iguana. For this reason it would be advisable to create the golf course at Zeelandia, as it will require extensive landscaping. The resort could then be built in Venus Bay. Reviewing the current situation in Venus Bay, the chance that a significant number of trees have to be removed is small. To lay out the golf course a large part of the fruit trees that can currently be found at the Zeelandia area have to be removed. Because the trees are currently holding back the water, removing them will increase the amount of runoff water and therefore increase the erosion problems at Zeelandia. By storing the water, short of the beach, in an infiltration pond the water will not reach Zeelandia beach, where it can do damage and this will have the added advantage that the water can be used for irrigation purposes and not be lost. Herbicides will enter the groundwater and can flow to the sea. Here they can affect the sea life, like the coral and the sea turtles. There are a couple of measures that can be taken to prevent the herbicides to reach the sea. Firstly, according to STENAPA, the stronger the herbicides are, the faster they degrade. By a good drainage system, as mentioned in 1.1.2.2.5.4 the herbicides that enter the ground and are not used by the grass will be caught. During periods of rainfall the herbicides could runoff with the surface water. This water should also be collected and send to the irrigation pond or storage tank. A strong herbicide will break down in just about 2 days. For the construction of the golf course a large part of the vegetation that can currently be found at the Zeelandia area will have to be removed. Because the bushes and trees are holding back the water, removing them will increase the amount of runoff water and therefore increase erosion problems at Zeelandia. By storing the water in an infiltration pond, before it reaches the beach, it cannot create erosion damage. Replanting new bushes and trees around the golf course will also mitigate erosion. Remaining negative impact: With the above measures, no significant negative effects for the environment are expected. 4.1.10 Law change The current law blocks development in Venus Bay. An exemption of the law cannot be provided for any reason that a golf course with fit under. The island government will have to change the law to make development possible. There are two possible solutions for changing the law. The first one is to eliminate the protected status of Venus Bay, as granted in article 5 of the ‘island regulation protection flora and fauna’. Another option is changing article 6 by including ‘economic and social development’ as reason for granting an exemption. To diminish worries about the impact, in article 6 there can also be included ‘sustainable economic and
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social development’. This will make sure that the requesting party has thought about and can prove the sustainability of the project. This also ensures that the area is not spoiled, but can be used for the reason of social and economical development. The law has been created by the local government and therefore can also be changed by the local government. They have indicated that when they are convinced that the golf resort project will be beneficial for the island they will change this law. Remaining negative impact: If the law is changed then no negative impact remains, if the law is left unchanged then the effect is very significant, with the current law, no construction can take place in Venus Bay and no exemption can be granted for construction based upon this law. 4.1.11 Effects on current owners Depending on the final design of the golf course, it may be necessary to remove houses. In case this should happen, the golf resort has a negative impact for these house owners, in the sense that they loose their home. They should obviously be well compensated, either financially or by providing a similar house in a different location on the island or both. Houses in the Zeelandia area will see an increase in value, but may also see a deteriorating view and a limited amount of noise pollution. These cases should be individually reviewed and where appropriate, compensation may be given. Remaining negative impact: If houses need to be removed, this is a negative impact for the families involved. Should this be required then this is a significant remaining negative impact. 4.1.12 Economical effects A tax waiver, even if ‘only’ for the first 10 years, will cost the government a lot of income. Further research should be performed to methods by which the government can promote the development of a golf resort, but will not loose more then half of the income tax income, which is what a tax waiver would cause. A possibility may be that the government is participating as investor (for example by bringing in the land) and by other forms of public private partnership (PPP). The majority of shareholders or investors for the resort will be foreign. This means that a lot of the money the resort generates will also go abroad. The challenge for the government and the private sector would be to keep as much of the money on the island. One way to do this is to make sure those tourist facilities and attractions are owned and operated by local entrepreneurs and not by the resort. For example if the resort would offer boat rental, the income would go to the resort and the money would go to foreign investors. If a local company would offer boat rental, the money would stay with the local company and thus on the island. This last situation is much better for the island. The government should promote the start-up of tourism related facilities and attractions for the tourism segment that the golf course aims for. If additional attractions and services can spark the guests to spend another US$ 100 per person per day, this would in turnover tax alone add US$ 205,000 (assuming a 60% occupancy of the resort). If this money stays on the island, the economy increases with US$ 12 million. If 10% of this is profit, the profit tax income for the government would increase with US$ 420,000. There are very few local products being produced. This means that the resort will have to buy all catering products from abroad. By creating local products additional jobs can be generated and money will stay on the island, instead of go abroad. Another option to create additional income on the island would be to start a wholesale on the island. A wholesale could cater both to the existing business and supermarkets on the islands as well as the
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resort. Next to additional income for the island a wholesale would also create new jobs. A similar resort gets large parts of its (fresh), up to 80%, products from the USA however. It would therefore not be certain that a wholesale could count on a large part of the purchases of a resort. A big opportunity could also be fishery. In the waters around the island there is a lot of fish. Currently fish is brought in from as far away as Taiwan, local fishermen could catch fresh fish for the resort, but also for the local people. On a limited scale, agriculture would also be possible and could supply the resort with fresh products like fruit and vegetables. A project is currently underway to start producing on a small scale; such projects should be supported to further improve the economy. There will be additional cost for laying roads to and around the new houses for personnel. They are an onetime investments, although they will requires some maintenance over the years. The impact is not significant though. With more patients, the hospital will see increased income. Remaining negative impact: No significant remaining effects 4.1.13 Waste Plans already exist for privatizing the waste gathering and processing. By privatizing it is expected that the private company will find ways to recycle those parts of the waste that deliver money. It will potentially prevent a large part of the waste (for example green waste, glass, etc.) from ending up at the dump. The resort can partially reduce the solid waste that it has to dispose of, for example by supplying their own bottled potable water from the reverse osmosis plant in glass bottles that are reusable. The remaining amount of waste will however still be significant and have a significant effect on the environment. For the liquid waste a three-stage septic tank with an overflow into a reed land can filter black water to a quality where it can be returned into the environment. There are however restrictions to this system, for example the use of chemicals (for cleaning the toilets, etc) can damage the reed field. If such a system is chosen biodegradable-cleaning products should be used and notices should be given to tourists not to flush chemicals through the toilet or sink. If implemented successfully this system will however reduce the impact of the liquid waste to a less then significant effect. Remaining negative impact: If the three-stage septic tank, reed field and the measures to prevent chemicals to be flushed down are implemented successfully this system will reduce the impact of the liquid waste to a less then significant effect. For the solid waste some of the measures above can soften the impact. There will however be a significant increase in waste, which will put additional pressure on an already non-sustainable system. The additional waste is a significant negative effect for the environment and due to non-sustainable handling at the dump also a threat for the health of the people on the island. 4.2 Requirements review At the start of the project a number of requirements for the golf resort project were gathered and constraints were set. With the whole project reviewed, the mitigation measures determined and the remaining impact known, the final question is whether the project meets the requirements set at the start of the impact analysis. This can be confirmed by checking the constraints that were set at the start of the project. If the project stays within the set constraints, it meets the requirements.
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When this is done, it is determined that, taking into account the mitigation measures, the project does not meet all requirements. The attractions (0.5.3), including accommodations (0.1.1) and the required energy that has to be provided (0.6.1.2) are running into problems with sustainability. There are no plans or mitigation measures that can effectively solve the waste management problem. This means that over the coming 50 years waste will likely remain to be handled in a non-sustainable way. Diesel generators, using non-renewable energy, deliver the electricity. Economically the requirement was to increase the income of the government by NAf. 11 million per year (0.2.1), thus solving the budget deficit. When tax and or land lease waivers are given this requirement cannot be met. Further investigation, for example into PPS constructions, has to be done to review if these constructions can for fill this requirement. The government has no plans to stop or discourage ‘low cost’ workers from nearby islands to enter St. Eustatius by setting any limits, for example one on education minimums (0.3.1 and 0.7.2.2). This was part of the requirement to maximize the number of Statian and other Dutch Antilleans getting a job at the resort. Requirement 0.7.2.1.1.4 states that potable, safe and clean water should be available to the employees of the golf resort. There is no water main on St. Eustatius and the private houses and apartments for new employees are therefore most likely build with a rainwater catchment system. All requirements not mentioned above are met by the golf course project.
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4.3 Golf Resort versus alternative projects The golf course is a project within a program. The program is attempting to make the island more self-sustainable and less dependant on, mostly, the Netherlands. While this document focuses mainly on the golf resort project and its impacts, two other alternatives were reviewed for their main impact features. The first option is always not to execute a project at all. The result of that would be an expected increase of hotel capacity by around 50 rooms in the next years, mainly for dive tourism. The creation of this hotel capacity will most likely not be enough to keep the Caribbean Sun airlines flight to St. Kitts and San Juan. A 50-room hotel, at 70% occupancy and at US$ 150 a night (average) would create a room tax alone of US$ 134,138. Most likely it will be get a tax exemption for other taxes for about 10 years. The hotel would deliver some jobs, how many really depends on the service that the hotel will want to deliver. The second option is to create an ecological resort, comparable to Saba, but larger. Eco tourism, like golf tourism, is a rapidly growing market. If 50 eco-lodges would be created, there would be space for 200 tourists. This would be a large enough market to keep the Caribbean Sun airlines connection. At a cheaper US$ 85 per cabin per night, the room tax income would only be around US$ 100,000 per year. For this facility as well tax exemption for the other taxes are expected for about 10 years. The eco-resort would deliver around 34 jobs. The golf resort will consist of 156 rooms, and 40 condominiums. In total this gives capacity for 552 guests on the island. These guests would be willing to pay substantially higher prices per night. Even at a moderate price level of US$ 695 per night, the yearly income due to the taxes for the government could be around US$ 7.8 million. More realistically the resort and the government will negotiate about the amount of money the resort has to pay. In the worst case the resort will get a full exemption for the profit tax and the land lease, which leaves a tax income of US$ 3.4 million. A public private partnership may be a solution to reduce the load on the golf resort, but still give the government a good income from the resort. The Caribbean Sun airlines connection would most definitely stay; in fact the increased requirement for transport may spark more frequent or more direct flights and larger aircraft to operate to the island. The project would create around 530 jobs. The resort would create a large amount of waste, at the moment waste is not handled in a sustainable way and there is no reason to assume that this will change if the golf resort is build. This means that a substantial additional amount of waste will be dumped on the island, posing an ever-growing risk at contaminating the ground water and water around the island. The resort will use a large amount of electricity. Windmills can partially create the required amount of energy, but it is unlikely that the resort will install windmills, due to the long payback time. The resort therefore will likely use a large amount of non-renewable energy. The land use of a golf resort is very large as well; it will use Venus Bay and most of the Zeelandia area. Finally a big potential negative effect could be way the income is distributed. There are no services and facilities aimed at the upscale tourism market; currently they are more aimed at the dive-tourism and eco-tourism segment. This gives the risk that the golf resort will decide to run all the services and facilities by themselves. Virtually all the money spent by the guests will then go to the resort and therefore to the foreign investors. When facilities and services are provided by local people the impact on the economy of the island will be much larger, as the money is kept on the island. The island government should focus on this point, as the question about the amount of impact that the resort will have very much depends on the amount of money that can be kept on the island by providing services and facilities to resort tourists, independent of the resort itself. From the three projects, the golf course creates by far the largest economical impact. With 530 jobs, it would be the largest employer on the island, potentially reducing the unemployment to a figure near 0. The golf resort will also have the largest negative effects, mainly in the fields of waste management,
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non-renewable electricity and the high land use. The direct (tax and land lease) and indirect effect of the golf course far exceeds to other two projects. The economy off the island will get a boost from tourism, especially if also local people start providing attractions and services to the golf resort tourists. When no cuts would be made in the amount of tax that the golf resort needs to pay, this project does succeed in achieving the program goal of creating a self-sustainable island, for which US$ 6.1 million in tax income is required. The likely exemptions will however in the worst case bring the income back to US$ 3.4 million, in which case the project brings the budget deficit of the government back by about 55%. The other projects both deliver only around US$ 56,000, which is negligible compared to the budget deficiency. A PPP construction should be found that would increase the government’s income above the worst-case scenario of giving an exemption of profit tax and land lease for the first 10 years, preferably in such a way that the income for the government would be around the required US$ 6.1 million.
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Literature & references Books and papers: Blokvoort, R. and Tiggeloven, T. (2005). Feasibility study, First salute golf course St. Eustatius. Enschede: Stichting ABC Advies. CBS (2003). The Netherlands Antilles, statistical orientation. Willemstad (Curacao): CBS. Henderson, R., Parmerlee, J., Powel, R. (2005). ‘Reptiles and Amphibians of the Dutch Caribbean - St Eustatius, Saba and St Maarten’. St. Eustatius: Stenapa. STEBA (2004). Economic development program 2004 – 2007. St. Eustatius: STEBA. Internet: • Nature & Environmental Policy Plan, Netherlands Antilles 2004 - 2007:
[IL1] http://www.mina.vomil.an/Beleid/main.html • Basisbegrippen windenergie (Basic concepts wind energy)
[IL2] http://home.wxs.nl/~windsh/basics.html • Wavegen – Tidal energy
[IL3] http://www.wavegen.com/ • Case study Environmental Management System
[IL4] http://www.jhta.org/eastproject_main2.htm • Solar boilers
[IL5] http://iwssolar.ch/pages/solarthermik/sunrise2000/sunrise2000.html [IL6] http://www.solar.ch/Solar-Boiler_System/Solar_Boiler.htm
• Duurzaam toerisme, ecokamer (Sustainable tourism; eco chamber) [IL7] http://www.mina.vomil.an/Archive/nieuwsbrief-99sep.html#ecokamer
• Waste generation and quantities [IL8] http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/WasteChar/WasteGenRates/Service.htm [IL9] http://www.boxmeer.nl/documenten/PDF/Toelichting_aanvraagformulier_Wm_industrieel.pdf [IL10] http://www.ciwmb.ca.gov/WasteChar/WasteGenRates/Residential.htm
• Day Spa information [IL11] http://www.woodhousefranchises.com/
• Water usage
[IL12] http://www.duffcompany.com/tips/SizingSoftners.pdf • Environmental law:
[IL13] http://www.caricomlaw.org
• Electricity powered vehicles [IL14] http://vtpi.org/evben.pdf
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Appendix I – Functions to system solutions:
Number Functions Hidden Evident Frill
Attributes (Must have, Want to have, Ignore) Constraints System solutions
0.1.1 Provide accommodation (for golf resort)
E Attributes: Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), complete (I), 5-star+ (M), Sustainable (M) Provide accommodation facilities for the golf resort of a quality that is to be expected of a golf resort with a 5-star+ rating that is sustainable over a period of at least 50 years. Constraints: • 5-star+ • Sustainable for a minimum of 50 years
System solution: • 5-star+ hotel [1.1.2.2.4.1] • 5-star+ condominiums [1.1.2.2.4.2]
0.1.2 Provide eating facilities (for golf resort)
E Attributes: Luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (W), theme (I), high quality (M), good choice (W), fine drinks (W) Provide eating facilities for the golf resort of a high quality, which means the option to select from different facilities and providing a high standard (5-star+ quality). Constraints: • Full catering facilities • High quality
System solution: • Catering facilities [1.1.2.2.7]
0.1.3 Provide health care facilities (for golf resort)
E Attributes: Personal (I), luxurious (I), service (W), basic healthcare service (M) Provide medical care, which is able to give basic healthcare and first aid and make sure arrangements are in place to be able to quickly transport clients to the islands or other nearby hospitals. Constraints: • Ability to provide basic health care • Ability to provide first aid • Agreements with local hospital • Agreements with other hospitals and transport services
System solution: • Doctors office [1.1.1.3.1] • Hospital/ Airlift agreements [1.1.1.3.3]
0.1.4 Create golf resort E Attributes: 18-holes (M), challenging (W), using landscape (I), nice views (I), luxurious (W), discreet (W), two-stories (I), theme (I), high quality (W), good choice (I),
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fine drinks (W), service (M), Low water usage (M), Renewable water source (W), Sustainable (M) Create a golf resort with a minimum of 18 holes, which is woman friendly, has a high service level, meaning a golf shop, practice drive range and putting greens and has pro’s in house as well as a restaurant and clubhouse. Finally it has to be sustainable over a period of at least 50 years. Constraints: • 18-holes or more • Golf shop • Practice driving range, putting greens • Pro’s in house • Restaurant • Clubhouse • Sustainable for 50yrs or more
System solution: • 18-hole golf course [1.1.2.2.5] • Golf shop [1.1.2.2.5.1] • Driving range [1.1.2.2.5.2.1] • Putting greens [1.1.2.2.5.2.2] • Restaurant & Clubhouse [1.1.2.2.5.3] • Water plant [1.1.1.2]
0.2.1 Increase tax revenues H Attributes: Airport tax (M), Income tax (M), Tourist tax (M) Increase the tax incomes resulting from the airport, income and tourist tax. Constraints: • Increase revenue from taxes, preferably up to or above current budget
deficit (NAf. 11 million).
System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1] • Support current businesses [1.0] • Create new businesses [1.0] • Island promotion material [1.2]
0.2.2 Decrease unemployment H Attributes: Statians (M), hidden unemployment (Government) (W), Sustainable (M) Decrease unemployment by getting Statian people to work for the golf course or for the companies that will be started or grow due to the golf resort’s existence Constraints: • Decrease unemployment, no amount set • Make sure this happens in a sustainable way so in 50yrs there is still a
decreased unemployment due to this project.
System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1]
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• Support current businesses [1.0] • Create new businesses [1.0] • Island promotion material [1.2]
0.3.1 Increase inhabitants H Attributes: Statians living abroad (M), United States (W), Europe (W), not low cost countries like the Dominica (I), Sustainable (M) Increase the number of people living on the island by creating jobs to attract Statians living abroad and make sure the increase in inhabitants is in a sustainable way, which means that the increase will still be there in 50yrs. Constraints: • Growth should mainly come from Statians living abroad supplemented by
people from the Dutch Antilles and nearby islands. • Limit the amount of “low cost” workers by setting education limit for
immigration • Make sure this happens in a sustainable way so in 50yrs there are still an
increased number of people living on the island.
System solution: • Support current businesses [1.0] • Create new businesses [1.0] • Attract unemployed Statians [3.2.1] • Set education minimums for immigration [1.4.1]
0.3.2 Promote island E Attributes: Golf course (M), island promotion (M), hiking (W), golden rock (W), Sustainable (M) Promote the golf course and the island in a sustainable way by attracting the right type of tourists and not mass tourism. Constraints: • Do not attract mass tourism, attract the upper class of the tourist industry • Promote the island as to encourage sustainable tourism taking place
System solution: • Island promotion material [1.2]
0.4.1 Ensure accessibility H Attributes: Airport (W), harbour (W), taxi (M), private jet (W), private yacht (I) Ensure accessibility of the island by providing taxi service to tourist Constraints: • Increase the taxi service on the island so guests can be transported from and
to the point of entry and across the island.
System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1] • Offer shuttle service [1.1.1.4]
0.4.2 Upgrade airport E Attributes: Comfortable (W), drinks (W), dinner (W), VIP room (W), safe (W), promote tourism (W), Business jet parking, taxi / transfer service (M), Sustainable (M)
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Upgrade the airport with a taxi service and or a transfer service to the resort and make sure the airport is sustainable. Constraints: • Provide a taxi/ transfer service from the airport to the resort • Provide an airport that will ensure a sustainable operation of the resort for at
least 50 yrs.
System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1] • Offer shuttle service [1.1.1.4]
0.5.1.1 Offer Tennis court H Attributes: Large (W), safe (M), clean (W), big (W), tropic (W), cool (W), good surface (W), Sustainable (M) Offer four tennis courts that are safe and make sure they are sustainable for at least 50yrs. Constraints: • Four tennis courts • Safe and sustainable for at least 50yrs.
System solution: • Tennis court [1.1.2.2.3] • Tennis equipment rent [1.1.2.2.3.2]
0.5.1.2 Offer swimming pool H Attributes: Safe (M), large (W), clean (M), supervised (W), renewable energy sources (W), limit water use (M), Sustainable (M) Offer a safe, clean swimming pool, that is limited in the use of fresh water and is sustainable for at least 50yrs. Constraints: • Offer at least a 500m2-pool • Limited use of water • Sustainable for 50yrs • Supervised
System solution: • Swimming pool [1.1.2.2.2]
0.5.2 Create Beach H Attributes: Clean (W), sandy (W), white (I), safe (M), large (W), offer drinks (W), offer lifeguard (M), renting equipment (I), let out seats (I), let out boats (I) Offer a safe beach, with lifeguard service. Constraints: • Lifeguard service • Block dangerous currents
System solution: • Beach [1.1.2.1]
0.5.3 Create attractions F Attributes: Safe (M), fun (W), for target group (M), Sustainable (M)
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Create other attractions that are safe and intended for the target group and that are sustainable for at least 50 years. Constraints: • Intended for the target group, which is the upper class of the tourists. • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.
System solution: • 5-star+, 18 holes golf resort [1.1.2.2] • Beach [1.1.2.1]
0.6.1.1 Provide water H Attributes: Potable (M), clean (M), cheap (W), reliable (M), cold (W), safe (M), Sustainable (M) Provide a reliable source of water, which delivers potable, clean and safe water in a sustainable way for at least 50 yrs. Constraints: • Potable, reliable, safe and clean water source • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.
System solution: • Water purification plant [1.1.1.2] • Water catchment/ pump [1.1.1.2.1] • Water testing [1.1.1.2.2] • Water storage [1.1.1.2.3] • Water distribution [1.1.1.2.4]
0.6.1.2 Provide electricity H Attributes: Renewable (W), reliable (M), 110v 60hz (W), clean (W), cheap (W), Sustainable (M) Provide reliable energy that is sustainable for at least 50yrs. Constraints: • Reliable 99% uptime. • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.
System solution: • Reliable power plant [1.1.1.1.1] • Backup power plant [1.1.1.1.2]
0.7.1.1.2 Increase facilities H Attributes: Supermarkets (W), shops (W), Restaurants (W), Sustainable (M), Upscale market (M) Increase the facilities aimed for tourists from the high end of the tourist market on the island in a sustainable way. Constraints: • Increase the upscale facilities on the island • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.
System solution: • Increase facilities
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0.7.1.1.3 Increase services H Attributes: ATM’s (W), airport (W), taxi (M), bicycle rent (W), car rent (W), harbour (W), Sustainable (M) Increase the services on the island sustainably, offering at the very least an improved taxi service around the island. Constraints: • Increase the services on the island. • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.
System solution: • Offer tourist attractions [1.1] • Offer taxi service [1.1.1.4]
0.7.2.1.1.1 Provide housing (new inhabitants)
H Attributes: Cheap (W), near site (W), Sustainable (M) Provide sustainable housing Constraints: • Sustainable housing for at least 50 yrs.
System solution: • Private houses [1.4.1.4]
0.7.2.1.1.2 Provide schools (new inhabitants)
H Attributes: Good quality (W), Sustainable (M) Sustainably provide schooling Constraints: • Sustainable schools for at least 50 yrs.
System solution: • Extra classrooms [1.4.1.2] • Extra staff at schools [1.4.1.3]
0.7.2.1.1.3 Provide electricity (new inhabitants)
H Attributes: Renewable (W), reliable (M), 110v 60hz (W), clean (W), cheap (W), Sustainable (M) Sustainably provide electricity which is reliable Constraints: • Reliable, 99% of the time. • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.
System solution: • Power plant [1.1.1.1.1] • Backup power plant [1.1.1.1.2]
0.7.2.1.1.4 Provide water (new inhabitants)
H Attributes: Potable (W), clean (M), cheap (W), reliable (W), cold (W), safe (M), Sustainable (M) Sustainably provide water that is reliable, safe, clean and potable. Constraints: • Potable, safe and clean water • Sustainable for at least 50 yrs.
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System solution: • Water catchment/ pump [1.1.1.2.1] • Water storage [1.1.1.2.4]
0.7.2.1.1.5 Provide health care (new inhabitants)
H Attributes: Personal (I), luxurious (I), service (W), basic healthcare service (M), Sustainable (M) Sustainably provide basic health care. Constraints: • Ability to provide basic health care • Ability to provide first aid • Agreements with local hospital • Agreements with other hospitals and transport services
System solution: • Doctors office [1.1.1.3.1] • Hospital/ Airlift agreements [1.1.1.3.3]
0.7.2.1.2 Attract local workers H Attributes: Unemployed (M), government workers (M), Sustainable (M) Attract local workers sustainably by providing jobs and training to make Statians have to opportunity to reach all positions within the organization. Constraints: • Attract local workers, reduce firstly the unemployed, secondly reduce the
surplus government workers • Provide training to make sure Statian involvement is sustainable.
System solution: • Training program [3.3.2] • Attract unemployed Statians [3.3.1]
0.7.2.2 Maintain crimelessness H Attributes: Statians (M), Statians living abroad (W), US (I), EU (I) Maintain crimelessness by attracting mostly people from Statia and Statians living abroad. Constraints: • Attract Statians and Statians living off-island • Discourage others to come to the island by setting education standards
System solution: • Set education standard for immigration [2.6] • Attract Statian workers [3.2.1]
0.7.2.3 Maintain quietness H Attributes: Invisible (M), discreet (W), separated (M) Maintain quietness (and the laidback culture) by separating the resort and making it as invisible as possible from the island. Constraints • Physically separate resort from the main populated areas on St. Eustatius
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System solutions: • Remote location [2.8]
0.7.3.1 Protect Iguana H Attributes: Protect trees (M), inform tourists (M), Sustainable (M) Protect the Iguana in a sustainable way by protecting the trees they feed on and live in, as well as by informing tourist about the presence and the need for protection. Constraints: • Protect the iguana trees and the iguana sustainably over the next 50yrs from
any damage the golf resort may pose to it. • Inform public about Iguana
System solution: • Protect iguana trees [2.3.1] • Environmental information program [2.2]
0.7.3.2 Protect Coral H Attributes: Ensure water quality (M), inform tourists (M), Sustainable (M) Protect the Coral in a sustainable way by ensuring the water quality does not get outside the tolerance of coral for a period of at least 50 yrs, as well as by informing tourist about the presence and the need for protection. Constraints: • Protect the coral sustainably over the next 50yrs from any damage the golf
resort may pose to it. • Inform public about Coral and its protection
System solution: • Discharge clean effluent water [2.5.1] • Environmental information program [2.2]
0.7.3.3 Protect Fishery H Ensure water quality (M), prevent toxic entering the water (W), Sustainable (M) Protect the sustainability of the local fishery by ensuring the water quality does not get outside the tolerance of fish for a period of at least 50 yrs. Constraints: • Protect the fishery over the next 50yrs from any damage the golf resort may
pose to it.
System solution: • Discharge clean effluent water [2.5.1]
0.7.3.4 Protect Sea turtles H Protect beach (W), inform tourists (M), protect eggs (M), limit seashore lights (M), Sustainable (M) Protect the Sea Turtles in a sustainable way, by informing the tourists about the presence of these animals and by protecting their eggs for a period of at least 50yrs. Constraints: • Limit seashore lights • Protect eggs on the beach for at least 50 yrs.
96
• Information program for the tourists System solution: • Discharge clean effluent water [2.5.1] • Egg protection program on beach [2.1.2] • Lighting setup to prevent seashore lights [2.1.1] • Environmental information program [2.2]
0.7.3.5 Fit (golf course) in environment
H Use landscape (M), limit landscaping (W), use island materials (W), Sustainable (M) Fit the golf course into the environment in a sustainable way by using the existing landscape and by preventing erosion or other damages to the landscape a golf resort may bring about. Constraints: • Use existing landscape, which means only a limited amount of landscaping. • Prevent erosion of the landscape due to interference creating a sustainable
landscape for at least 50 years.
System solution: • Erosion prevention [2.7] • Design to fit landscape [2.7.1] • Use existing flora and fauna [2.7.2]
0.7.3.6 Change law H Unbiased (W), completely (W), all effects (W), Sustainable (M) Change law to unblock the Venus Bay area for economic development, but do so in a way that allows for sustainable development of the area and does not spoil it. Constraints: • Change law, in such a way that development for an economic purpose is
allowed, but sustainable development of the area is mandatory.
System solution: • Change law [2.6]
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Appendix II - Rainwater availability
Rainwater is free source of fresh water; it will automatically irrigate the grass without any technical requirements. Rainwater is also a sustainable source, in the sense that it will be available in the future as well. The availability of rainwater is, obviously, not constant though. The average rainfall at the island of St. Eustatius over the period 1971 – 2000 is displayed in table 2 below.
St. Eustatius, Roosevelt Airport (1971-2000)
Element Unit JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR Avg. Rainfall mm 52 50.5 48.8 55.7 87.1 60.6 74.1 106.9 123.2 106.5 128.6 74.6 985.8Table 2 – Source: Meteorological service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba The above table shows an average annual rainfall of 985.8mm at St. Eustatius Roosevelt Airport. The average rainfall does not say anything about the extremes though. It is therefore necessary to find a statistically certain amount of rainfall, which will be available monthly or yearly.
With statistics it is required to select a certainty. For the calculation of the rainfall per month, a certainty of 95% will be used. This means that it is 95% sure that the amount of rain calculated will be reached or surpassed for the month. This also means that in 5% of the cases there will be less than the calculated amount of rainwater available.
To calculate the amounts, more information is needed about the actual rainfall over a period of several years. Unfortunately the underlying data of the averages of table 2 is not available. There is however data available from the period 1919 – 1937. Because there is no reason to suspect that the amount of rainfall will have changed substantially over the last century, this data should still be valid. It is shown in table 3. The data is taken at a different place on the island; Oranjestad instead of the airport. This may explain the different average yearly rainfall, which in this case is 1087,67mm (measured over the years where complete data is available).
St Eustatius, Oranjestad
Year Unit JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC YEAR 1919 mm 66.7 13.6 116.5 102 23 88.4 39.5 33 142.5 299.4 219 X 1143.6
1920 mm 28.5 95 55.3 2 30.4 41.2 42 59.4 102 172.2 115.5 54 797.5
1921 mm 125.2 86.9 96.6 46.2 46.2 22.4 144.5 94.7 109.7 148.3 86.7 66.6 1074
1922 mm 33.1 53.9 73.7 31.2 30.8 93.4 96.8 121.4 149.4 156.7 55 85.6 981
1923 mm 31.4 48.6 125.6 30.7 50.3 171.8 138.7 136.6 63.9 279.3 54.7 50.9 1182.5
1924 mm 75 88.4 5 68.9 113.4 79.2 128.3 175.1 132.6 171.5 51.5 82.8 1171.7
1925 mm 36.8 20.6 28 96 36.4 74.4 58.5 90.3 131.8 181.7 73.5 9.5 837.5
1926 mm 71 86 41 47.3 154 179 76 143 198.2 118 182.2 90 1385.7
1927 mm X 18.6 X 108 76 81 218 46 62 81 158 64 912.6
1928 mm 32 58 134 20 20 89 75 99 85.2 176.5 38 68 894.7
1929 mm 61.5 39 65.4 19 94 158 134 109.5 159 107 146 115 1207.4
1931 mm 12.5 46 26 97 114 69 82.3 125.9 46.5 66.5 208.6 144.6 1038.9
1932 mm 130 26.2 38.5 104.2 36.8 121 134.8 181.8 122 206.5 414 94 1609.8
1933 mm 73 18 58 66 77.5 32.9 150.7 41.1 306.5 42 107 177.3 1150
1934 mm 94.4 33.5 110.9 17.8 35 22.7 101.4 201.6 155.9 66.6 189 136.1 1164.9
1935 mm 76 52.5 21 51 52.5 76 115 81.8 93.6 176 204.2 68.5 1068.1
1936 mm 71.5 75 3 23 101.5 38.5 160 136.3 105 143.5 126 110.3 1093.6
1937 mm 171 31 16 48.5 33 48 39.6 127.8 42.5 94 63.1 30.9 745.4 Table 3 – Source; KNMI 1919 – 1937
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Using the statistic gumbel distribution the 95% certain rainfall per month can be calculated [Smink 2004]. The following formula is used;
( )[ ][ ]1/lnln +−−= niτ For the month February the calculation is as follows:
The figures are placed in a graph and using linear
regression the formula of the black line is calculated. This is 24.428T + 36.791. This T for a certainty of 95% is –ln(-
ln(0.05)) = -1.097. The 95% certain rainfall in February can then be calculated: (24.428 · -1.097) + 36.791 ≈
10mm. For the other months the same calculation has been performed. The 95% certain rainfall is
shown below:
Table 5
These values can be used as the minimum available rainfall per month. The lowest rainfall is in March, with no rainfall at all; the highest rainfall is October with a 95% certainty of 47mm. Using the same calculation, the 95% certain yearly rainfall (calculated over the years with full data available) is 764.8mm.
The conclusion of this calculation is that, with a certainty of 95%, the yearly rainfall will be 764.8mm or more. With the same certainty, the minimum monthly rainfall is as is indicated in table 5. Note that the sum of the 95% monthly rainfall is only 235.7mm. As calculated the yearly rainfall is 764.8mm, which means that even though some months can be very dry, the yearly rainfall will still be relatively high.
F(X) = i /(n+1) Τ = -LN(-LN(F(X))) Rainfall February
0.053 -1.080 13.6
0.105 -0.812 18
0.158 -0.613 18.6
0.211 -0.443 20.6
0.263 -0.289 26.2
0.316 -0.142 31
0.368 0.001 33.5
0.421 0.145 39
0.474 0.291 46
0.526 0.443 48.6
0.579 0.604 52.5
0.632 0.778 53.9
0.684 0.969 58
0.737 1.186 75
0.789 1.442 86
0.842 1.761 86.9
0.895 2.196 88.4
0.947 2.918 95
Table 4
Jan Feb Mrt Apr Mei Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dec 8.239 9.989 0.000 4.381 5.848 11.873 36.525 40.201 32.883 47.136 7.358 31.266
y = 24.428x + 36.791R2 = 0.9514
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
-1.500 -1.000 -0.500 0.000 0.500 1.000 1.500 2.000 2.500 3.000 3.500
Graph 1
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Appendix III – Water system: This study will review the provisional design of the water system for the resort. It will make a choice between different sources of water to reach a durable water delivery solution. To achieve this solution the following questions will be answered: What are the necessary water quantities? What are the water sources and how much can they sustainably provide? Can a sustainable water system for the resort be created and what would it look like? What are the necessary water quantities? The necessary water quantities have been determined in the impact analysis to be the following:
• Potable water: 74.2 m3 / day • Grey: 37 m3 / day • Irrigation: (depending on type of grass)
Seashore paspalum grass: 220,643m3 / year (max: 1,567 m3 / day) Bermuda grass: 337,714 m3 / year (max: 2,507 m3 / day)
What are the water sources and how much can they sustainably provide? Water sources that are available on the island are:
• Rainwater • Seawater • Groundwater • Waste water • Existing RO-plant (Reverse Osmosis)
Rainwater The availability of rainwater is unpredictable; there is no certainty when rain will fall. A yearly or monthly figure can be calculated however. For St. Eustatius this has been done in appendix II. For the calculation, a certainty of 95% was chosen. This means that it is expected that only in 5% of the years there will be less rainfall then 764.8mm per year. Rainwater is ideally suited for use as irrigation water and with the right treatment as drinking water. Rainwater availability depends on the catchment area. On a solid surface, like concrete roads, or roofs, 90% of the rainwater can be collected. On soft surfaces, like grass or the golf course, about 50% of the water will infiltrate immediately. Only about 25% can be collected. The following amounts can be used: • Direct infiltration on the golf course will be: .5 · 764.8 mm = 382.4 mm, with 201,500 m2 of golf
course surface, this means a yearly amount of 77,053 m3 direct infiltration. • Collectable rainwater from soft surface: .25 · 764.8 mm = 191.2 mm, 25% of the water of the golf
course will runoff and can be stored in an irrigation pond. This is 38,526.8 m3 yearly. • Runoff from ground outside the golf course: .10 · 764.8mm = 76.48 mm, the area around the golf
resort in Zeelandia can be landscaped in such a way that the rainwater will partially runoff into the irrigation pond. To be on the safe side only 10% is considered to runoff, this will most likely be higher. With a remaining area of 195,400 m2 the runoff will be 14,940 m2.
• Rainwater from roads and rooftops: .90 · 764.8 mm = 688.3 mm. There is about 6,400m roadway, following the courses. If the road on average is 4.20 m wide (including a gut to transport the water to the pond), the surface would be 26,880 m2. This would deliver 24,192 m3 of water for the irrigation pond.
• Rainwater falling on water: 1.0 · 764.8 mm = 764.8 mm depending on the size of the irrigation pond, 764.8 mm of rainwater would yearly be added to the pond. The evaporation from the pond however is as high as 2,190mm per year.
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77,053 m3 is available for direct infiltration. This will happen regardless of any irrigation solution. From roofs, roads and run-off, another 77,660m3 is available. This amount would have to be stored in an irrigation pond. Because it is unsure when the rain falls, the full amount has to be able to be stored in this pond. Suppose this pond is 5m deep on average, it would measure 125 by 125m. Seawater Seawater is available in unlimited quantities. A large problem however is the salinity of seawater. On average there is about 3.5% salts in the water. If no desalination takes place, the salt makes this water unfit for consumption or irrigation. It could be used for the toilet, so as source for grey water. For seawater catchment a pump would be required. If desalination takes place it would most likely be with a reverse osmosis plant, which converts seawater into (nearly) salt free water. A 1,500 m2 RO-plant uses around 4.2 kWh per cubic meter of water produced3. In the case of Seashore paspalum it would be around 924,494 kWh per year (2,533 kWh/ day average), in the case of Bermuda grass, it would be 1,415,021 kWh per year (3,877 kWh/ day average). Groundwater Due to the size of the island, groundwater is limited. Since the solid waste is dumped in a landfill and the toilet and other wastewater of houses is also dumped into the ground, the groundwater is either already or will in the future be of a very poor quality. For both these reasons, groundwater should not be used as it is not sustainable or of reliable quality. Wastewater Wastewater can be reused. For example water that was used for the shower or the sink is clean enough to be reused in the toilet. The daily production of grey water, which is the water from the shower and sink, is 70.85m3. Using wastewater for the toilet will reduce the demand on other sources of water, which increases the sustainability. Since no sewer or sewage treatment plants are available on the island, the black wastewater will also have to be treated on the resort. After treatment this water can also be reused (40.35m3). Existing reverse osmosis plant The existing reverse osmosis plant has a capacity of 250 m3 per day of potable reverse osmosis water. At the moment only a small number of offices and hotels that are located on the Caribbean sea coast are connected to the plant. A plan to lay water pipes up to some parts of the island and connect more houses to the plant exists. The 250 m3 is far too little for the golf resort, so this is no source that can be used. Can a sustainable water system for the resort be created and what would it look like? Seen over a full year, the direct rainwater infiltration on the golf course would be 77,053m3. This happens in all cases. This would leave 143,590 m3 to be supplied by other sources in the case of Seashore Paspalum and 260,661 m3 in case of Bermuda grass. For the resort 74.2 m3 of potable water and 37 m3 of grey water would be required. The maximum capacity of the irrigation water supply has to be 1,567 – 2,507 m3 / day. These quantities cannot be delivered by a rainwater system without extensive landscaping. The choice here has to go to a system that uses reverse osmosis water. The Temenos resort that is currently build on Anguilla for example uses an RO-plant4 that produces up to 4,732 m3 of water per day, of this amount, a maximum of 1,817m3 can be produced as drinking water, with the remaining part used for irritation. For the golf resort on Statia a reverse osmosis plant could produce the required 74.2 m3 of potable water and 1,567 – 2,507 m3 of irrigation water from seawater. The maximum capacity should then be around 1,800 – 2,850 m3 / day. At an energy usage of 4.19 kWh per m3 of water, this would give an electricity usage of 715,120 – 1,205,648 kWh / year. If taken from the net, that would cost NAF. 107,535 – 181,114 / year.
3 http://www.desalco.ky/d-pdfs/valley.pdf 4 http://www.tsgwater.com/client_9.htm
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Constructing an infiltration pond could reduce the amount of required water. 77,660m3 is available for storage; this would be a lake, 5m deep, and 125 by 125m. If constructed, 34,219 m3 will evaporate from this lake yearly, 11,950 m3 will be added by rainfall. The total yearly available amount from this lake will therefore be 55,481 m3. This means an annual saving of US$ 4,600. It is therefore not economically feasible to construct a large lake for a relatively small saving. A smaller lake should still be used to catch excess irrigation water, so it can be reused. The grey water could be provided by either the rainwater from the roofs of the houses, or by the effluent water from the tap and the shower. The first source will deliver about 11,203 m3 of water, or 30.7 m3 daily. The 2nd source will deliver around 74m3 daily. This together is more then enough to provide a sustainable source for grey water, which is to be used in the toilet. Conclusion No matter what kind of grass is chosen, the irrigation will always have to rely for a large part on a RO-plant. The RO-plant will also provide the resort with drinking water. If the Bermuda grass is used, a RO-plant is needed with a maximum capacity of around 2,850m3 per day. The yearly cost for powering this installation are expected to be around US$ 100,650 per year. A large saving could be the use of Seashore Paspalum instead. This grass uses about 34% less water. The maximum capacity of the RO-plant in that case could be 1,800 m3 / day. The electricity consumption per year would be around US$ 59,750. Creating a large irrigation pond would save around US$ 4,623 annually. The resorts grey water supply, for flushing the toilet, can be provided by collecting the water from the shower and rainwater from the roofs.
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Appendix IV - Definitions: Sustainable Able to be continued indefinitely without a significant negative impact
on the environment or its inhabitants www.weblife.org/humanure/glossary.html
Appendix V - References: Benevolent foundation (USA) Mr. W. Berkel – Director
Census Office Mr. D. Simmons, Census Office
Dienst Openbare werken (Public works) Mr. M. Timber, D.R.O.B. Executive
Eutel Mr. G. Berkel, Managing director
GEBE (Electricity company) Mr. F. Cuvalay, GEBE Executive
Mr. P. Pompier, GEBE Mr. P. Ideler, Distribution manager GEBE
Goldenrock elementary school Mrs. D. Brown, School principal
Government of Anguilla (Anguilla) Dr. A. Hariggan, Director of Economic planning
Gwendalyn van Putten School Mrs. J. Lopez, School principal
Harbour Office Mr. M. Gittens, Harbour executive
Hensel Phelps (Anguilla) Mr. C. Molson, Construction manager
Island government Mr. R. Hooker, Commissioner
Labour Office Mrs. C. Duinkerk, Executive
Marriot resort, golf facilities (St. Kitts) Mr. G. Downer – Director of Golf Mr. G. Lende – Resort manager
Queen Beatrix Hospital Mr. Odongo, General practitioner Mrs. M. Pantophlet, Head nurse
Raffles Resort (Canouan Island) Mr. C. Ganster, Executive Assistant Manager
St Eustatius National Parks (STENAPA) Mrs. N. Esteban, STENAPA Executive Mr. R. Courtar, STENAPA Executive
St. Eustatius Business Association Mr. K. Sneek, STEBA president
St. Eustatius Housing Foundation Mr. V. R. Fortin, Managing director
Tourist Office Mrs. A. Francis, Tourist Office Executive
0.0Self-
sustainable island
0.7.1Economic
sustainablility
0.7.2Social
sustainability
0.7.3Biophysical
sustainability
0.1Create golf-resort
0.1.4Create golf-
course
0.7.2.1Offer
employment
0.7.2.2Maintain
crimelessness
0.7.3.1Protect Iguana
0.7.3.2Protect Coral
0.7.3.3Protect Fishery
0.7.3.4Protect Sea-
Turtle
0.1.1Provide
accommodation
0.1.2Provide eating
facilities
0.1.3Provide health care facilities
0.5.1Provide facilities
0.7.2.1.1Attract non-local
workers
0.7.2.1.2Attract local
workers
0.7.2.1.1.3Provide electricity
0.7.2.1.1.2Provide schools
0.7.2.1.1.4Provide water
0.7.2.1.1.5Provide health
care
0.7.2.1.1.1Provide housing
1.1.2.2.4.25-Star+ Time-share
appartments
1.1.2.2.4.15-Star+ hotel
1.1.2.2.7Catering facilities
1.1.1.3.1Doctors office
1.1.1.3.3Local hospital agreements
1.1.1.3.2Other hospital
agreements and transport services
1.1.2.2.3Tennis court
1.4.1.4Private houses
1.4.1.2Extra classrooms
30.0Increase water
supply
3.2.1Attract umemployed
Statians
0.5.1.1Create
tenniscourt
0.5.1.2Create
swimmingpool
2.3.1Protect iguana trees
1.4.2Education standard for
immigration
1.4.1Recruit people living off
island
2.5.1Discharge clean effluent
water
2.2Inform tourist about
environment
2.1.2Egg protection on beach
Scope Function bearers
0.3.2Promote Island
0.7.1.1Self-supporting
Island
How Why
0.2.1Increase tax-
revenues
0.6.1Provide services
1.1.1.2.2Water purification plant
1.1.1.1.2Power backup
0.7.3.5Fit (golf course) in environment
2.7.1Use existing landscape
2.7.2Use existing flora and
fauna
2.4Recruit Statian living
abroad first
0.2.2Decrease
unemployment
0.6.1.1Provide water
0.6.1.12Provide electricity
0.7.3.6Change law
2.8Change environmental
law
0.2Increase economy
0.3Promote business
0.3.1Increase
inhabitants
Basic functions
Supporting functions
0.4Guarantee ease
0.6Guarantee reliability
0.5Captivate
stakeholders
0.7Satisfy
stakeholders
0.5.2Create Beach
0.5.3Create
attractions
0.4.2Upgrade airport
1.1.1.4Offer taxi/shuttle service
0.4.1Ensure
accessability
1.1.2.2 Golf resort 5-star+
1.1Offer tourist attractions
1.0Support current
businesses
1.0Create new businesses
1.2Island promotion material
1.4.2Set educational minimums for immigration
1.1.2.2.3.2Tennis equipment rent
1.1.1.2.2Water purification
1.1.1.2.1Water catchment/
obtaining
1.1.1.2.4Water Storage
1.1.1.1Engery plant
1.4.1.3Extra staff at schools
3.2.2 Training program
2.1.1Lighting setup to prevent
seashore lights
2.7Erosion prevention
1.1.1.2.5Water distribution
1.1.2.2.1.2Fitness
1.1.2.2.1.1Beautifarm
0.5.1.2Create Spa
3.0Increase government
income
1.1Offer tourist attractions
2.9Remote location
0.7.2.3Maintain quietness
1.1.2.1Beach
0.6.1.3Provide
telecommunication
1.1.1.5 Telecommunication
infrastructure
Customer FAST – Golf resort St. Eustatius
1.1.
2.2.
4.2
5-St
ar+
Con
dom
iniu
ms
1.1.
2.2.
4.1
5-S
tar+
hot
el
1.1.
1.3.
3O
ther
hos
pita
l ag
reem
ents
and
tra
nspo
rt se
rvic
es
1.1.
2.2.
3Te
nnis
cou
rt1.
1.2.
2.2
Pool
1.4.
1.4
Priv
ate
hous
es1.
4.1.
2E
xtra
cla
ssro
oms
3.2.
1At
tract
une
mpl
oyed
St
atia
ns
2.3.
1P
rote
ct ig
uana
tree
s
1.4.
2E
duca
tion
min
imum
for
imm
igra
tion
2.4
Attr
act S
tatia
n w
orke
rs
(from
isla
nd o
r abr
oad)
2.5
Cle
an d
isch
arge
of w
aste
2.2
Info
rm to
uris
t abo
ut
envi
ronm
ent
2.1.
2Eg
g pr
otec
tion
on b
each
1.1.
1.2.
2W
ater
pur
ifica
tion
plan
t1.
1.1.
1.2
Pow
er b
acku
p
2.7.
1U
se e
xist
ing
land
scap
e
2.7.
2U
se e
xist
ing
flora
and
fa
una
1.4.
1R
ecru
it pe
ople
livi
ng o
ff-is
land
1.1.
1.4
Offe
r tax
i/shu
ttle
serv
ice
1.1.
2.2.
518
-hol
e go
lf co
urse
1.1.
2.2.
5.1
Gol
f sho
p
1.1.
2.2.
5.2.
1D
rivin
g ra
nge
1.1.
2.2.
5.2.
2Pu
tting
gre
ens
1.1.
2.2.
5.3
Res
taur
ant &
cl
ubho
use
1.1.
2.2.
5.4
Irrig
atio
n sy
stem
1.1
Offe
r tou
rist a
ttrac
tions
1.0
Supp
ort B
usin
ess
(Sup
port
curr
ent a
nd n
ew
star
tups
)
1.2
Isla
nd p
rom
otio
n m
ater
ial
2.6
Set e
duca
tiona
l m
inim
ums
for
imm
igra
tion
1.1.
2.2.
3.1
Cou
rt
1.1.
1.2.
1W
ater
cat
chm
ent/
obta
inin
g
1.1.
1.2.
4W
ater
Sto
rage
1.1.
1.1.
1En
ergy
pla
nt
1.4.
1.3
Extra
sta
ff at
sch
ools
1.1.
1.3.
1D
octo
rs o
ffice
3.2.
2Tr
aini
ng p
rogr
am
2.1.
1Li
ghtin
g se
tup
to p
reve
nt
seas
hore
ligh
ts
2.7
Ero
sion
pre
vent
ion
1.1.
2.2.
1Sp
a
1.1.
2.2.
1.1
Bea
utyf
arm
1.
1.2.
2.1.
2Fi
tnes
sroo
m
1.1.
2.2.
5.2
Pra
ctic
e fa
cilit
ies
1.1.
2.2
Gol
f Res
ort 5
-Sta
r+
1.1.
2.2.
4St
ayin
g ac
com
odat
ions
1.1.
2.1
Bea
ch
2.0
Sus
tain
able
dev
elop
men
t
1.4
Incr
ease
inha
bita
nts
1.1.
2In
crea
se fa
cilit
ies
1.1.
1In
crea
se s
ervi
ces
3.2
Dec
reas
e un
empl
oym
ent
1.1.
2.2.
7C
ater
ing
faci
litie
s
2.1
Pro
tect
sea
turtl
e2.
3P
rote
ct ig
uana
tree
s
1.1.
1.2
Prov
ide
wat
er1.
1.1.
1Pr
ovid
e el
ectri
city
1.1.
1.3
Prov
ide
med
ical
ser
vice
1.1.
1.2.
5W
ater
dis
tribu
tion
2.8
Cha
nge
(env
ironm
enta
l) la
w
1.1.
2.2.
3.2
Tenn
is
equi
pmen
t ren
t
1.1.
2.2.
5.5
Cou
rse
1.1.
2.2.
6Tr
ansp
orta
tion 1.
1.2.
2.6.
2O
n th
e gr
ound
s1.
1.2.
2.6.
1O
ff th
e gr
ound
s
2.5.
1D
isch
arge
cle
an e
fflue
nt
wat
er
2.5.
2D
isch
arge
cle
an s
olid
w
aste
3.0
Incr
ease
gov
ernm
ent
inco
me
1.4.
1.1
Find
peo
ple
1.1.
2.2.
8C
onst
ruct
ion
PR
OG
RAM
Self-
sust
aina
ble
isla
nd
3.1
Incr
ease
tax
inco
me
1.1.
1.5
Tele
com
mun
icat
ion
infra
stru
ctur
e
1.1.
1.6
Prov
ide
harb
our f
acili
ties
2.9
Rem
ote
loca
tion
Pro
visi
onal
des
ign
bloc
k di
agra
m –
Gol
f res
ort S
t. E
usta
tius
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