nature of hydrogen demand for fuel cells
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Nature Of Hydrogen Demand forFuel Cells
And NMRLs Experience on Onsite
Hydrogen Generation
S Roy Choudh ury, J. Rangarajan
Naval Materials Research Labo ratory , Ambernath -421506
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Hydrogen Provision Distributed hydrogen retail outlets for
mobile / stationary applications
Compressed H2transport by pipelines likeCNG network
Onsite H2generation from other feed stocks Coal
Hydrocarbons
Alcohols
Ammonia
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Hydrogen Provision
Online/onboard hydrogen generation
for mobile systems
Reforming /cracking of hydrocarbon feed
stocks
Reforming/cracking of alcohols
Other inorganic/organic feed stocks
Ammonia crackingHydride hydrolysis/cracking
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H2quality
Impurity tolerance increases with increase
in operating temperature of fuel cells
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Low temperature acid FCs
Phosphoric acid fuel cell
Operates at 130-
2000C CO tolerance < 2%
S and Cl in ppm level
Polymer electrolyte fuel
cells
Operates at 60-800C CO tolerance in ppm
level
S & Cl in ppm level
Limits the primary source of fuel
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Low temperature alkaline FCs
Operates around 120-1700C
High CO tolerance
CO2tolerance in ppm level Cl and S in ppm level
Difficult for terrestrial application
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High temperature FCs
Solid Oxide FCs
Can take CO as
fuel
S & Cl in ppm
level
Molten Carbonate FCs
Can take high CO
S & Cl in ppm level
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The Key issues
The Fuel Quality
Fuel cells are advanced powergeneration devices
requires quality feedstock, free fromsulfur
The oil refineries have to provideuniform low sulfur fuels.
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The Key issues
The conversion Devices
High cost for CO removalPEMFC
Low reformer costPAFC, SOFC,MCFC
Compact thermal systems to realizemini converters
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Fuel cell program in NMRL
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Fuel cell
Our mission
To develop totally indigenous fuelcell for Indian armed forces &
commercial use All necessary subsystems like fuel
processor, startup systems etc.
Spin off benefits
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Achievements so far
Catalyst
Electrode
Acid holder
matrixGraphite gas
distributor plate
Acid managementsystems
Humidifiers
Thermal systems Power conditioners
Online hydrogen generation devicesHydrogen filter systems
Prototypes :- Fuel cell based power packs with all
accessories
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NMRLs View
Onsite hydrogen generation is the way
to introduce Fuel Cells successfully
For mobile application supply purified H2from onsite
local generation center PEMFCs, PAFCs
For stationary applicationbuild onsite H2generation
plant PAFCs, SOFC
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Generation of H2for possible fuel cell applications
From organic feedstocks
From inorganicfeed stocks
Alcohols Hydrocarbons
methanol
ethanol
CNG LPG Naptha,
diesel etc.
NH3
Hydrazine
NMRLs interest
Bio H2
using algae
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storage of H2for possible fuel cell applications
Compressed gas Metal hydrideNaAlH4etc.
Occluded H2C SWNT,
Organo-
metallic
framework
etc.
Chemicalhydrides
Low
temperature
storage
High pressure
light weight
storage
NaBH4, CaH2
NMRLs interest
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H2Content & requirement
Material H2wt % H2lit/lit@NTP
CH3OH 18.75 5250
CNG 50.00 8
CaH2 9.52 2133**
NaBH4 21.05 4715**
Comp H2@200atm
100.00 200
** considering powder density=1
1 kWatt power H2consumption
(lpm @ NTP)
At 100 %
efficiency
5.88
At ~65%efficiency
(~0.6V cell pot)
9.04
At ~65%
efficiency(~0.6V cell pot)
With 70%
utilization
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Hydrogen generation devices
Reformers
Online generation of
hydrogen by methanol
reforming
Various configurations,
for 2lpm (100W), 80
lpm (5kW),900 lpm
(60kW) power packs
Output CO level
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Pilot methanol reformer8-10 lpm
hydrogen output for process design
and scale up studies (1997)
Compact reformer 1999
(80 lpm hydrogen)
Bukhari reformer 2003
2-5 lpm of hydrogen
Instrument free, very compact,
zero powered / rotating device
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High capacity methanol
reformer , 50nM3/hr2003
hydrogen, suitable to~60kW PAFC power pack
Process design ofreformerNMRL
Detail engineering,
control systems and
installationXytel India
Commissioning - NMRL
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Hydrogen generator for small fuel cells
Liquid phase refillable cracker-NaBH4in
caustic
Catalytic (Pt on IRA-100 resin) hydrolysis
Capacity 0-2watt
Protable, orientation free usage,
Floating type
Super corroding alloy, one shot cartridge
Capacity 5-25 watt
Controlled water hydrolysis
CaH2 based, one shot cartridge
Capacity 50-150 watt
Controlled water hydrolysis
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Thermal systems Snadwich type steam heater/cooler for
quick pre-heating and heat removing of
PAFC stacks
Bayonet type forced methanol based
catalytic heater for compact reformer
Capillary action based natural methanol
catlytic burner
Bayonet type natural & fan based
hydrogen heaterCartridge type humidifier with hydrogen heater
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NMRLs Fuel Cells Products available for commercial
usage
700-1000 watt PAFC based UPS / generator
with built in compact methanol reformer
Delivers 220V AC, 700-1000VA
PAFC battery (35 Kg) Nova-1 / 2
Nominal power of 1000 watt
100 watt self contained power pack
Output :- 12+0.05 V DC upto 100 watt (max)Size 52x27x25 cm (12Kg)
Hydrogen source by hydride cracking
Hydrogen source by compact catalytic
burner based reformer
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Conclusion
Hydrogen source, generation methodology &
fuel cell typecritical for successful
application
Available supply infrastructure can be
catered for hydrogen application
This is possible through onsite hydrogen
generation
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Generally Hydrogen is produced in industry
at the expense of utility
For fuel cell application utility is
generated at the expense of
hydrogen
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