monitoring of surface water pollution based on biological
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Monitoring of Surface Water Pollution Based on
Biological Indicators
Royal Botanic Garden1st Annual Scientific Day
Thursday January 12, 2012Amman, Jordan
Stephan Fuchs, Ahmad Katbeh-Bader, Mai Mohammad Alkhateeb
Outline
• General Introduction
• Legal Background for Water Protection in Europe
• Aim of the Project
• Methods
• First Results
• Summary and Outlook
Institute for Water and River Basin Management
Water Resource Management HydrologyAquatic Environmental Engineering
Hydrology and Scales
Water and Material Fluxes
Hydrological Processes
Hydrological Engineering
Hydraulics of Surface Waters
Hydraulic Structures and Concepts
Adaptive Water Resource Management
Modeling Tools
River Basin Management
Urban Water Management
Resources and Energy Management
Appropriated Technologies
Modeling of Regionalized Emissions
The European Water Framework Directive (WFD)
To establish a framework for the protection of:
• inland surface waters (Rivers and Lakes)
• transitional waters (estuaries & coastal lagoons)
• coastal waters andgroundwater
To prevent further deterioration and to protect and enhance the status of aquatic ecosystems and their dependant terrestrial ecosystems and wetlands
Principles and Objectives of WFD
Principles:
• Watershed-based
• Combined approachEmission Limit Values plus Environmental Quality Standards
• Integrated monitoring
Objectives:
• Good ecological status by 2015
• No decline in status
• Stakeholder involvement
• Integrated resource management
based on River Management Plans
Biological Elements
Chemical and Physical-Chemical Elements
Hydromorological Elements
Main Objectives of River Basin Management
Management of Water Quantity: • Water scarcity• Floods
Management of Water Quality:• Water pollution• Ecological status (biodiversity, integrity)
Management of the Hydro-Morphological Status of rivers and their floodplains:• Deterioration of structure of aquatic and land ecosystems of rivers • Interruption of connectivity of river systems
Aims of the Project
A feasibility study focusing on surface water quality integrated in the SMART II Program (Sustainable Management of Available Water Resources with Innovative Technologies)
• Check Applicability of Biological Methods in Jordan Rivers and Wadis– Biofilm monitoring for the assessment of water pollution e.g. heavy metals
– Macro-invertebrate survey to evaluate the overall ecological status
• Why Biological Methods?– Results of Biofilm monitoring are directly related to ecological impacts
– Macro-invertebrates are Integrating over several environmental parameters such as organic load, discharge, bottom substrates, pollutants,…
Biofilm Monitoring
• Based on aquatic biofilms – Representing a microbial community with various species like
sessile bacteria, protozoa, fungi – Abundant on any surface exposed to water– Incorporate contaminants– Grow rapidly and offer easy sampling
• Advantages– Low cost– Easy handling– Low site specific
requirements – Integrated results
Plastic Tube
PVC 200 mm
Glass sheets
5 mm
Guard grid to
protect glass
sheets
What is Biofilm?
• Created by microorganisms excreting a slimy substance (extracellular polymeric saccharides)
• A basis of the aquatic food net• Fine suspended solid and pollutants (particulate and solute) are
accumulated• Even low environmental concentrations are detectable
Macro-Invertebrate Survey
• Based on Macro-Invertebrates – Representing a community of insect larvae, crustacean, snails, clams and
worms – Abundant in almost all surface water bodies – Reflecting predominate environmental conditions– Allowing detailed analysis of specific eco-factors
• Advantages– Low cost– Low site specific requirements– Integrated results
• Disadvantages– Species are difficult to determine– Detailed knowledge of aquatic
fauna is required
Classification Based on Chances in Invertebrate Community
Class IVery Good
1 Stonefly
2 Mayfly
3 Flatworm
1 Sphaerotilus
2 Midge
3 Hoverfly
4 Mudworm
1 Soldierfly
2 Waterlouse
3 Leech
1 Waterbug
2 Fingernail-clam
3 Leech
4 Mudsnail
1 Mayfly
2 FreshwaterShirimp
3 Leech
4 Ramshorn Snail
1 Caddisfly
2 Mayfly
3 Snail
4 Flatworm
1 11
1
3
2 3
2
4
2
3
3
2
4
1
22
3 3
4
4
1
Class VBad
Class IVPoor
Class IIIModerate
Class II Good
The Investigation Area
Royal Botanic Garden
First Results – Biofilm Monitoring
• Two Samples of Wadi Ar Rumman– Indicating no pollution – Show very constant values
• Further ten Samples from the Reservoir– Collected and dried– Ready to be analyzed for heavy metals
Fe Pb Cu Zn Cd
mg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg µg/Kg
Sample 1 17 397 4.52 8.21 61.8 0.097
Sample 2 10 360 6.38 4.82 36.7 0.228
Two German Rivers -- 33 21 156 2,1
First Results – Macro-Invertebrate Survey Community of Wadi Ar Rumman
• Odonata / Dragonflies– Euphaeidae– Epallage fatime– Orthetrum sp.
• Ephemeroptera / Mayflies– Baetidae– Sphlonuridae– Caenis sp.
• Trichoptera / Caddisflies– Hydropsyche sp.
• Diptera– Ceratopogonidae– Tabanidae– Chrinomidea– Simulium sp.
• Crustacea– Assellus aquaticus– Freshwater crab
Summary and Outlook
• Based on the two samples of Wadi Ar Rumman Biofilm Monitoring shows almost no pollution with heavy metals
• The Macro-Invertebrate survey in the Wadi Ar Rumman result in 16 different indicator organisms
• No biological indicators for organic pollution have be identified
• Al Zarqa River shows a reduced invertebrate community indicating the organic loading of the water
• Continuation of Biofilm Monitoring in Wadi Ar Rumman• Start of Biofilm Monitoring Al Zarqa River• Determination of the Macro-Invertebrates on species level • Building up a reference collection of the Macro-invertebrates of the
region• Analyzing main water constituents in both systems
Thank you
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