medicinal plants and medical plant materials that contain phenol compounds, simple phenols and their...
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Medicinal plants and medical plant materials that contain phenol
compounds, simple phenols and their glycosides
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1. Phenolic compounds and their classification.
2. Biosynthesis of phenolic compounds.3. MP and MPM containining simple phenols
and phenolic glycosides
Phenolic compounds are the substances containing benzoic nucleus with one or several hydroxylic groups and their derivatives. If the molecule contains two or more hydroxylic groups there is polyphenols.
Basic skeleton
Class Examples
C6 Simple phenols, Benzoquinones
Catechol, Hydroquinone, 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoquinone, phenol, pirocatechol
C6-1 AlkilphenolPhenolic alcoholPhenolic aldehydes Phenolic acids
p-cresolSaligeninVanilin, SalicylicGallic, salicylic
C6-C2 Acetophenones, Tyrosine derivatives, Phenylacetic acids
3-Acetyl-6-methoxybenzaldehyde, Tyrosol, p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid
C6-C3 Hydroxycinnamic acids, Phenylpropenes, Coumarins, Isocoumarins, Chromones
Caffeic, ferulic acids, Myristicin, Eugenol, Umbelliferone, aesculetin, Bergenon, Eugenin
C6-C4Naphthoquinones Juglone, Plumbagin
Phenolic compounds with one benzoic nucleus
Basic skeleton Class Examples
C6-C1-C6 Xanthonoids Mangiferin
C6-C2-C6 Stilbenoids, Anthraquinones Resveratrol, Emodin
C6-C3-C6 Chalconoids, Flavonoids, Isoflavonoids, Neoflavonoids
Quercetin, cyanidin, Genistein
(C6-C3)2 Lignans, Neolignans Pinoresinol, Eusiderin, rosmarinic acid
Phenolic compounds with two benzoic nucleus
Polymeric compounds (polyphenols) (C6-C3)n,(C6)n,(C6-C3-C6)n
Lignins,Catechol melanins,Flavolans (Condensed tannins),Polyphenolic proteins,Polyphenols
Raspberry ellagitannin,Tannic acid
reducing,dimerizationpolymerisation
LignansLignins Coumarins
oxidation
+ malonat3 molecules
Phlavonoids
Stilbens
p-hydroxycinnamic (p-coumaric) acid
Phenolic acid
AcetophenonesPhenilacetate acids
Combined forms of hydroxycinnamic acids
Biosynthesis some natural compounds
PhenolHydroquinone
PyrocatechinPyrogalol Phloroglucinol
Salicylic alcohol
Salicylic aldehyde Salicine Salidroside
Physicochemical properties of phenol glycosides
• Phenolic glycosides are white crystal substances, soluble in water, ethanol and insoluble in ether or chlorophorm. They can hydrolyse while heated with mineral acids.
Uvae ursi folia Uvae ursi cormi Arctostaphylos uva-ursi- BearberryEricaceae
BAS: leaves – arbutin glicosides (8-12 %), methylarbutin, hydroquinon, galic, elagic acids, tannin (7-19 %), (+)-catechol, ursone and the flavone derivative quercetin.
It can be used to treat arthritis, back pain, bed wetting, bile problems, bladder infections, bloating, cystitis, diabetes (by removing excessive sugar from the blood), diarrhoea, gallstones, gonorrhoea, haemorrhoids, kidney stones and other diseases
It has a strong bacteriostatic action against Staphylococci and E. coli
It is advised to use bearberry no more than 7-10 days at a time.
Decoctum is the component of the diarrhoea composition
Vaccinium vitis idaea and Chimaphyla umbellate can be collected by
mistake as Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Vitis idaea folia Vitis idaea cormi
Vaccinium vitis idaea- Lingonberry, cowberry, foxberry, mountain cranberry
Ericaceae
• Medicines have diuretic and antiseptic action and are used in treatment of cystitis, gonorrhea, pyelonephritis and urolithiasis.
• “Brusniver” has diuretic and nephrolitic action.
• Leaves of lingonberry contain less tannins than leaves of bearberry and thus can be prescribed for people with kidney disease.
• Inhalations and sprays from lingonberry extract can be used for complex treatment of pneumonia and bronchitis.
• For treatment of stomatitis, parodontitis, angina, chronic tonsillitis, gingivitis, mouth ulcers the decoction is prescribed as rinsing agent
Rhodiolae roseae rhizomata et radices Rhodiola rosea- Golden root, roseroot,
Aaron’s rootCrassulaceae
• Liquid extract has tonic and anti-stress action. A clinical trial showed significant effect for a golden rose extract in doses 340-680 mg per day in 18-70-year-old male and female patients with mild-to-moderate depression
Violae herba Viola tricolor- Heartsease, wild pansy
Viola arvensis- Field pansyViolaceae
• Herb of heartsease has expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic and anti-inflammation action.
• Viola is the part of diuretic and chest (pectoral) mixes.
• In homeopathy fresh flowering plant is used for treatment of diathesis in babies, skin problems and night bed wetting
Peoniae anomale herba Peoniae anomale rhizomata et radices
Paeonia anomala- PeonyPaeoniaceae
• Tincture of peony has sedative effect on the central nervous system and used for treatment of neurasthenia, insomnia and neuroses.
• In folk medicine- treatment of gastrointestinal system diseases and epilepsy
Salicis cortex Salix acutifolia- long-leaved violet
willowSalicaceae
• Willow is employed as an anti-inflammatory in the treatment of rheumatism, arthritis and muscular pains due to the high content of salicylic acid
Rubi idaei fructus
Rubus idaeus- raspberry Rosaceae
• From fruits we can do a tincture with diaphoretic and diuretic action which can be used to treat infection diseases and high temperature.
• Syrup is very tasty and used to correct the taste of medicines
Cynarae folia et anthodia
Cynara scolymus- Artichoke
Asteraceae
• Leaves and/or stems are used to increase bile production, have cholegogic, diuretic, hepatoprotective action. Induce the metabolism of cholesterol and lipids in blood.
• Extract, tincture, Cynarin (increases bile flow), Chophytol.
Filicis maris rhizomata Dryopteris filix-mas- Male fern
Dryopteridaceae ( Aspidiaceae)
• Extracts of male fern were traditionally employed as taenicides, particularly for tape worms, but safer drugs are now available and used in preference
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