manifest destiny 1800-1850. manifest destiny section 1 migrating to the west what were the causes of...

Manifest Destiny1800-1850

Manifest Destiny

Section 1

Migrating to the West

What were the causes of westward migrations?

Manifest Destiny

•Manifest Destiny – the belief that America was destined to stretch across continent. •This suggested that expansion was not only good but bound to happen. •Popular among many for different reasons•Southern expansionists & Northern abolitionists saw opportunities to expand their power in Congress•Manifest Destiny became a gov’t policy under James K. Polk (11th president)

Manifest Destiny•Expansion came at the expense of Indians and Mexicans•“Manifest Destiny” mentioned in an 1845 newspaper editorial:•“The American claim is by the right to our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and . . . self-government entrusted to us.” -John L. O’Sullivan - New York Morning News - December 27, 1845

Manifest Destiny“The American claim is by the right to our manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and . . . self-government entrusted to us.”

-John L. O’Sullivan- New York Morning News

December 27, 1845

Buffalo & Indians are driven into obscurity…

“American Progress” by John Gast, 1872

Lady Liberty

“Star of Empire”

Carries a schoolbook… …and

telegraph wire

…as settlers move westward

“The tools of progress”

Americans Look Westward

•1821 – Revolution overturned Spanish rule in Mexico, U.S. recognized Mexico as a republic•American expansionists – those who favored U.S. territorial growth – looked at Texas, New Mexico, California as targets for American expansion•Few people living there•Rich in resources•Mexican government and economy weak after revolution•Mexicans did not deserve to keep territory Americans needed

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

•1776

•Great Britain

•US declared independence from Great Britain

A - 13 Original Colonies

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

•1783

•Great Britain

•Part of results of Treaty of Paris (ended Revolutionary War) B

B - Western Lands

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

•1803

•France

•Napoleon needed $

•Jefferson wanted to buy New Orleans

•He got all of this instead!

B

C - Louisiana Purchase

C

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

•1819

•Spain

•Andrew Jackson invaded

•Spain then sold it to us for $5 million

B

D - Florida

D

C

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

•1845

•Republic of Texas (Independent Country)

•Texas independent from Mexico in 1836

•Northerners feared it would become a slave state

•Fears finally overcome in 1844 Presidential election

B

E - Texas

D

C

E

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

•1846

•Great Britain

•Claimed by four countries (G. Britain, Russia, Spain, & US)

•Americans demanded “54° 40’ or fight!”

•Britain compromised 49° & US accepted

B

F - Oregon Territory

D

C

E

F

US Territorial Expansion

A

When?

From Where?

Why?

•1848

•Mexico

•Polk offers to buy G from Mexico & they refuse

•War!

•US wins

•In Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, US offers $15 million for G

B

G - Mexican Cession

D

C

E

F

G

Obstacles•Technology•Indian Tribes•Law and Order•Forests had to be cleared to make way for new cities- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT?

Technology•Interchangeable Parts (1801)•Cotton Gin (1793) & McCormick Reaper (1831) – accelerated farming•Steamboats (1807) & railroads (1850’s) – provide faster movement of goods & services•Telegraph (1837) – speeds up the pace of business

•Different kinds of people move westward than had done during the 1600’s/1700’s (IN ORDER)•Land Speculators overran the tribes looking for quick profits & ignoring treaties (which the gov’t also ignored)•“The Law” (Gov’t, Police) follow the criminals •Religious Zealots - People who are extremely religious

Not Your Father’s Migration!

1. Sharing of Knowledge

•Trappers like Jedediah Smith and Jim Bridger explored the west taking beaver pelts•Explored the Rockies

finding routes throughthe mountains to the west coast

•Shared knowledge of routes with pioneers

Explorations of Jedediah Smith

Southern Route Protected Pioneers!

2. Trade with Other Countries•Mexican independence (1821) encouraged trade•Merchants from Missouri opened trade across Great Plains with Santa Fe, capital of New Mexico•Welcomed by

Mexico•Trade moved along

what become known as the Santa Fe Trail

3. Opportunities to Own Land

•In 1836 missionaries Marcus and Narcissa Whitman followed what would be the Oregon Trail to the Willamette Valley in Oregon territory•Founded Indian mission

at Walla Walla •Later led wagon trains

to Oregon establishingthe trail as the way toget to Oregon

•Killed by Cayuse Indiansin 1847

Oregon Trail

4. Religious Reasons•Mormons move west – after Joseph Smith was killed in Illinois in 1844, leadership of Mormon Church passed to Brigham Young•1847 Young led Mormon Exodus

to east shore of Great Salt Lake•Successful settlement

in desert•By 1860 over 40,000

Mormons in the West

5. Land Speculation•Some Americans wanted to take away rich lands from Natives•Louisiana Purchase (1803) legitimized expansion•Speculators saw Natives as savages and not worthy of the land

The Results??•Wagons West – trains of 10 to 100 wagons moved settlers the 2000 miles from Missouri to Oregon or California•260,000 Americans

made the trip•Trip took 5 months•Donner Party (cannibalism)

showed the danger •Those that made it

got better farms

A Massive Migration•Census reports record the new movement

westward (1800-1840)•Ohio: 50,000-1.5 million•Illinois: 12,000-500,000•Alabama: 22,000-127,000• By 1837, the number of

states doubled to 26• Michigan, Ohio, Illinois,

Kentucky, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Indiana

Effects on Nation

•Events directly affected by “Manifest Destiny” 1. Indian Wars and Removal (1830’s)2. The Alamo (1835)

3. Mexican War (1846)4. Gold Rush (1849)5. Reliance on slavery spins nation into

Civil War (1861)